Gaura
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Template:Short description Template:Hatnote group Template:Automatic taxobox
Gaura was a genus of flowering plants in the family Onagraceae, native to North America. The name was derived from Greek Script error: No such module "Lang". (gaûros) meaning "superb" and named in reference to the stature and floral display of some species in this genus.[1] The genus included many species known commonly as beeblossoms. Genetic research showed that the genus was paraphyletic unless the monotypic genus Stenosiphon is included within Gaura, increasing the number of species in the genus to 22.[2][3][4] Gaura is now a synonym of Oenothera,[5] with the bulk of the Gaura taxa in genus Oenothera sect. Gaura (L.) W.L.Wagner &HochScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"..[6]
Gauras are annual, biennial or perennial herbaceous plants; most are perennials with sturdy rhizomes, often forming dense thickets, crowding or shading out other plant species. They have a basal rosette of leaves, with erect or spreading flowering stems up to 2 m (rarely more) tall, leafy on the lower stem, branched and leafless on the upper stem. The flowers have four (rarely three) petals; they are zygomorphic, with all the petals directed somewhat upwards. The fruit is an indehiscent nut-like body containing reddish-brown seeds. It reproduces via seeds and also by rhizome growth.[2]
- Species formerly in Gaura
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- Gaura angustifolia
- Gaura biennis
- Gaura boquillensis
- Gaura brachycarpa
- Gaura calcicola
- Gaura coccinea
- Gaura demareei
- Gaura drummondii
- Gaura filipes
- Gaura hexandra
- Gaura lindheimeri
- Gaura linifolia (syn. Stenosiphon linifolius)
- Gaura longiflora
- Gaura macrocarpa
- Gaura mckelveyae
- Gaura mutabilis
- Gaura neomexicana
- Gaura parviflora (syn. G. mollis)
- Gaura sinuata
- Gaura suffulta
- Gaura triangulata
- Gaura villosa
Several species of the former Gaura are regarded as noxious weeds, especially in disturbed or overgrazed areas where it easily takes hold. They can become a nuisance in situations involving disturbed habitat, such as trampled rangeland and clearings. Efforts to control Gaura focus mainly on prevention of misuse of land. There is no biological control method for plants of genus Gaura, and removing existing infestations is difficult, due in large part to the plants' ability to reproduce from bits of rhizome left in the ground.[7]
Despite the poor reputation of these plants, some species are cultivated as garden plants, such as G. lindheimeri (white gaura).
Synonymy
In 2007, Warren L. Wagner, Peter C. Hoch, and Peter H. Raven published a Revised Classification of the Onagraceae,[6] which moved the bulk of the Gaura taxa into genus Oenothera sect. Gaura (L.) W.L.Wagner &HochScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". and made Gaura a synonym of Oenothera.[5] The following table shows where the Gaura taxa have been placed.[8][9]
| Synonym | Accepted Name | Common Name[10] |
|---|---|---|
| Gaura L. 1753Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Oenothera L. 1753Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | beeblossom |
| Oenothera sect. Gaura subsect. Gauridium | ||
| Gaura mutabilis Cav. 1795Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | O. anomala Curtis 1797Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | anomalous Oenothera |
| Oenothera sect. Gaura subsect. Stenosiphon | ||
| Stenosiphon virgatus Spach 1835Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | O. glaucifolia W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | false gaura |
| Stenosiphon linifolius (Nutt. ex E.James) Heynh. 1840Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | ||
| Oenothera sect. Gaura subsect. Schizocarya | ||
| Gaura mollis Kunth 1823Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | O. curtiflora W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | velvetweed, smallflowered gaura, velvety gaura, willow gaura |
| Gaura parviflora Douglas ex Lehm. 1830Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | ||
| Script error: No such module "String".G. parviflora var. lachnocarpa Weath. 1925Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | ||
| Script error: No such module "String".G. parviflora var. parviflora | ||
| Oenothera sect. Gaura subsect. Xerogaura | ||
| Gaura macrocarpa Rothr. 1866Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | O. arida W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Trans-Pecos beeblossom |
| Oenothera sect. Gaura subsect. Campogaura | ||
| Gaura boquillensis P.H.Raven & D.P.Greg. 1972Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | O. boquillensis (P.H.Raven & D.P.Greg.) W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
Rio Grande beeblossom |
| Gaura coccinea Pursh 1814Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | O. suffrutescens (Ser.) W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
scarlet beeblossom, scarlet gaura |
| Script error: No such module "String".G. coccinea var. arizonica Munz 1938Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | ||
| Script error: No such module "String".G. coccinea var. epilobioides (Kunth) Munz 1938Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | ||
| Script error: No such module "String".G. coccinea var. glabra (Lehm.) Munz 1938Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | ||
| Script error: No such module "String".G. coccinea var. parvifolia (Torr.) Rickett 1934Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | ||
| Script error: No such module "String".G. coccinea var. coccinea | ||
| Gaura glabra Lehm. 1830Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | ||
| Gaura odorata Sessé ex Lag. 1816Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | ||
| Oenothera sect. Gaura subsect. Stipogaura | ||
| Gaura calcicola P.H. Raven & D.P.Greg. 1972Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | O. calcicola (P.H.Raven & D.P.Greg.) W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
Texas beeblossom |
| Gaura villosa Torr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | O. cinerea (Wooton & Standl.) W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
woolly beeblossom, woolly gaura |
| Script error: No such module "String".G. villosa ssp. villosa Torr. 1827Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Script error: No such module "String".O. cinerea ssp. cinerea (Wooton & Standl.) W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
woolly beeblossom |
| Script error: No such module "String".G. villosa var. villosa | ||
| Script error: No such module "String".G. villosa var. arenicola Munz 1938Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | ||
| Script error: No such module "String".G. villosa ssp. parksii (Munz) P.H.Raven & D.P.Greg. 1972Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Script error: No such module "String".O. cinerea ssp. parksii (Munz) W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
hairy gaura, Parks' beeblossom |
| Script error: No such module "String".G. villosa var. parksii Munz 1938Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | ||
| Script error: No such module "String".G. villosa var. mckelveyae Munz 1938Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | O. mckelveyae (Munz) W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
Mckelvey's beeblossom |
| Gaura mckelveyae (Munz) P.H.Raven & D.P.Greg. 1972Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | ||
| Gaura filipes Spach 1835Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | O. filipes (Spach) W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
slenderstalk beeblossom |
| Script error: No such module "String".G. filipes var. major Torr. & A. Gray 1840Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | ||
| Gaura michauxii Spach 1835Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | ||
| Gaura sinuata Nutt. ex Ser. 1828Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | O. sinuosa W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | wavyleaf beeblossom, wavyleaf gaura |
| Oenothera sect. Gaura subsect. Xenogaura | ||
| Gaura drummondii (Spach) Torr. & A. Gray 1840Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | O. xenogaura W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Drummond's beeblossom, scented gaura |
| Oenothera sect. Gaura subsect. Gaura | ||
| Gaura neomexicana Wooton 1898Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | O. coloradensis ssp. neomexicana (Wooton) W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
New Mexico beeblossom |
| Script error: No such module "String".G. neomexicana ssp. neomexicana | ||
| Script error: No such module "String".G. neomexicana var. neomexicana | ||
| Script error: No such module "String".G. neomexicana ssp. coloradensis (Rydb.) P.H.Raven & D.P.Greg. 1972Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
O. coloradensis ssp. coloradensis (Rydb.) W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
Colorado beeblossom, Colorado butterfly plant |
| Script error: No such module "String".G. neomexicana var. coloradensis (Rydb.) Munz 1938Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | ||
| Gaura demareei P.H.Raven & D.P.Greg. 1972Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | O. demareei (P.H.Raven & D.P.Greg.) W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
Demaree's beeblossom |
| Gaura biennis L. 1743Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | O. gaura W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | biennial beeblossom |
| Script error: No such module "String".G. biennis var. pitcheri Torr. & A. Gray 1840Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | O. filiformis (Small) W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
longflower beeblossom |
| Gaura pitcheri (Torr. & A.Gray) Small 1903Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | ||
| Gaura filiformis Small 1898Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | ||
| Gaura longiflora Spach 1835Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | ||
| Gaura tripetala Cav. 1797Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | O. hexandra ssp. hexandra (Ortega) W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
harlequin bush, slender gaura |
| Gaura hexandra Ortega 1797Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | ||
| Script error: No such module "String".G. hexandra var. hexandra | ||
| Script error: No such module "String".G. hexandra ssp. hexandra | ||
| Script error: No such module "String".G. hexandra ssp. gracilis (Wooton & Standl.) P.H.Raven & D.P.Greg. 1972Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
O. hexandra ssp. gracilis (Wooton & Standl.) W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
harlequin bush |
| Gaura gracilis Wooton & Standl. 1913Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | ||
| Script error: No such module "String".G. hexandra var. coryi (Munz) Munz 1965Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | O. patriciae W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
plains beeblossom |
| Script error: No such module "String".G. tripetala var. coryi Munz 1938Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | ||
| Gaura brachycarpa Small 1903Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | ||
| Script error: No such module "String".G. hexandra var. triangulata (Buckley) Munz 1965Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | O. triangulata (Buckley) W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
prairie beeblossom, three-petal gaura |
| Gaura triangulata Buckley 1862Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | ||
| Script error: No such module "String".G. tripetala var. triangulata (Buckley) Munz 1938Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | ||
| Gaura angustifolia Michx. 1803Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | O. simulans (Small) W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
southern beeblossom |
| Gaura eatonii Small 1913Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | ||
| Gaura simulans Small 1905Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | ||
| Gaura suffulta Engelm. ex A. Gray 1850Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | O. suffulta (Engelm.) W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
kisses, roadside gaura |
| Script error: No such module "String".G. suffulta ssp. suffulta | ||
| Script error: No such module "String".G. suffulta ssp. nealleyi (J.M. Coult.) P.H.Raven & D.P.Greg. 1972Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
O. suffulta ssp. nealleyi (J.M. Coult.) W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
Nealley's kisses |
| Gaura nealleyi J.M. Coult. 1890Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | ||
| Gaura lindheimeri Engelm. & A.Gray 1845Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | O. lindheimeri (Engelm. & A.Gray) W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
Lindheimer's beeblossom, white gaura |
| Clarkia sect. Phaeostoma subsect. Heterogaura | ||
| Gaura heterandra Torr. 1857Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | C. heterandra (Torr.) F.H.Lewis & P.H.Raven 1992Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
mountain clarkia |
| Eremothera | ||
| Gaura decorticans Hook. & Arn. 1841Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | E. boothii ssp. decorticans (Hook. & Arn.) W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
Shredding suncup |
References
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- ↑ Gledhill, David (2008). "The Names of Plants". Cambridge University Press. Template:ISBN (hardback), Template:ISBN (paperback). pp 175, 238
- ↑ a b Raven P. H., & Gregory, D. P. (1972). A revision of the genus Gaura (Onagraceae). Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 23: 1-96.
- ↑ Carr, B. L., Crisci, J. V., & Hoch, P. C. (1990). A cladistic analysis of the genus Gaura (Onagraceae). Systematic Botany 15 (3): 454-461.
- ↑ Hoggard, G. D., Kores, P. J., Molvray, M., & Hoggard, R. K. (2004). The phylogeny of Gaura (Onagraceae) based on ITS, ETS, and trnL-F sequence data. Amer. J. Bot. 91: 139-148 full text.
- ↑ a b Gaura Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 13 Dec 2011
- ↑ a b Onagraceae Wagner,W.L et al. Revised Classification of the Onagraceae (2007)
- ↑ EncycloWeedia: Genus Gaura
- ↑ Oenothera Wagner, W. L. and P. C. Hoch. 2005-. Onagraceae, The Evening Primrose Family. 2011-12-07
- ↑ Oenothera Template:Webarchive USDA Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) 2011-12-13
- ↑ Common Names The Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) 2011-12-13
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