Gaura

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Gaura was a genus of flowering plants in the family Onagraceae, native to North America. The name was derived from Greek Script error: No such module "Lang". (gaûros) meaning "superb" and named in reference to the stature and floral display of some species in this genus.[1] The genus included many species known commonly as beeblossoms. Genetic research showed that the genus was paraphyletic unless the monotypic genus Stenosiphon is included within Gaura, increasing the number of species in the genus to 22.[2][3][4] Gaura is now a synonym of Oenothera,[5] with the bulk of the Gaura taxa in genus Oenothera sect. Gaura (L.) W.L.Wagner &HochScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"..[6]

Gauras are annual, biennial or perennial herbaceous plants; most are perennials with sturdy rhizomes, often forming dense thickets, crowding or shading out other plant species. They have a basal rosette of leaves, with erect or spreading flowering stems up to 2 m (rarely more) tall, leafy on the lower stem, branched and leafless on the upper stem. The flowers have four (rarely three) petals; they are zygomorphic, with all the petals directed somewhat upwards. The fruit is an indehiscent nut-like body containing reddish-brown seeds. It reproduces via seeds and also by rhizome growth.[2]

Species formerly in Gaura

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Several species of the former Gaura are regarded as noxious weeds, especially in disturbed or overgrazed areas where it easily takes hold. They can become a nuisance in situations involving disturbed habitat, such as trampled rangeland and clearings. Efforts to control Gaura focus mainly on prevention of misuse of land. There is no biological control method for plants of genus Gaura, and removing existing infestations is difficult, due in large part to the plants' ability to reproduce from bits of rhizome left in the ground.[7]

Despite the poor reputation of these plants, some species are cultivated as garden plants, such as G. lindheimeri (white gaura).

Synonymy

In 2007, Warren L. Wagner, Peter C. Hoch, and Peter H. Raven published a Revised Classification of the Onagraceae,[6] which moved the bulk of the Gaura taxa into genus Oenothera sect. Gaura (L.) W.L.Wagner &HochScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". and made Gaura a synonym of Oenothera.[5] The following table shows where the Gaura taxa have been placed.[8][9]

Synonym Accepted Name Common Name[10]
Gaura L. 1753Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Oenothera L. 1753Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". beeblossom
Oenothera sect. Gaura subsect. Gauridium
Gaura mutabilis Cav. 1795Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". O. anomala Curtis 1797Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". anomalous Oenothera
Oenothera sect. Gaura subsect. Stenosiphon
Stenosiphon virgatus Spach 1835Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". O. glaucifolia W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". false gaura
Stenosiphon linifolius (Nutt. ex E.James) Heynh. 1840Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Oenothera sect. Gaura subsect. Schizocarya
Gaura mollis Kunth 1823Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". O. curtiflora W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". velvetweed,
smallflowered gaura,
velvety gaura,
willow gaura
Gaura parviflora Douglas ex Lehm. 1830Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Script error: No such module "String".G. parviflora var. lachnocarpa Weath. 1925Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Script error: No such module "String".G. parviflora var. parviflora
Oenothera sect. Gaura subsect. Xerogaura
Gaura macrocarpa Rothr. 1866Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". O. arida W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Trans-Pecos beeblossom
Oenothera sect. Gaura subsect. Campogaura
Gaura boquillensis P.H.Raven & D.P.Greg. 1972Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". O. boquillensis (P.H.Raven & D.P.Greg.)
W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Rio Grande beeblossom
Gaura coccinea Pursh 1814Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". O. suffrutescens (Ser.)
W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
scarlet beeblossom,
scarlet gaura
Script error: No such module "String".G. coccinea var. arizonica Munz 1938Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Script error: No such module "String".G. coccinea var. epilobioides (Kunth) Munz 1938Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Script error: No such module "String".G. coccinea var. glabra (Lehm.) Munz 1938Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Script error: No such module "String".G. coccinea var. parvifolia (Torr.) Rickett 1934Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Script error: No such module "String".G. coccinea var. coccinea
Gaura glabra Lehm. 1830Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Gaura odorata Sessé ex Lag. 1816Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Oenothera sect. Gaura subsect. Stipogaura
Gaura calcicola P.H. Raven & D.P.Greg. 1972Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". O. calcicola (P.H.Raven & D.P.Greg.)
W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Texas beeblossom
Gaura villosa Torr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". O. cinerea (Wooton & Standl.)
W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
woolly beeblossom,
woolly gaura
Script error: No such module "String".G. villosa ssp. villosa Torr. 1827Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Script error: No such module "String".O. cinerea ssp. cinerea
(Wooton & Standl.)
W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
woolly beeblossom
Script error: No such module "String".G. villosa var. villosa
Script error: No such module "String".G. villosa var. arenicola Munz 1938Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Script error: No such module "String".G. villosa ssp. parksii (Munz) P.H.Raven & D.P.Greg. 1972Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Script error: No such module "String".O. cinerea ssp. parksii (Munz)
W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
hairy gaura,
Parks' beeblossom
Script error: No such module "String".G. villosa var. parksii Munz 1938Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Script error: No such module "String".G. villosa var. mckelveyae Munz 1938Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". O. mckelveyae (Munz)
W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Mckelvey's beeblossom
Gaura mckelveyae (Munz) P.H.Raven & D.P.Greg. 1972Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Gaura filipes Spach 1835Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". O. filipes (Spach)
W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
slenderstalk beeblossom
Script error: No such module "String".G. filipes var. major Torr. & A. Gray 1840Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Gaura michauxii Spach 1835Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Gaura sinuata Nutt. ex Ser. 1828Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". O. sinuosa W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". wavyleaf beeblossom,
wavyleaf gaura
Oenothera sect. Gaura subsect. Xenogaura
Gaura drummondii (Spach) Torr. & A. Gray 1840Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". O. xenogaura W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Drummond's beeblossom,
scented gaura
Oenothera sect. Gaura subsect. Gaura
Gaura neomexicana Wooton 1898Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". O. coloradensis ssp. neomexicana
(Wooton) W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
New Mexico beeblossom
Script error: No such module "String".G. neomexicana ssp. neomexicana
Script error: No such module "String".G. neomexicana var. neomexicana
Script error: No such module "String".G. neomexicana ssp. coloradensis
(Rydb.) P.H.Raven & D.P.Greg. 1972Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
O. coloradensis ssp. coloradensis
(Rydb.) W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Colorado beeblossom,
Colorado butterfly plant
Script error: No such module "String".G. neomexicana var. coloradensis (Rydb.) Munz 1938Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Gaura demareei P.H.Raven & D.P.Greg. 1972Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". O. demareei (P.H.Raven & D.P.Greg.)
W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Demaree's beeblossom
Gaura biennis L. 1743Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". O. gaura W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". biennial beeblossom
Script error: No such module "String".G. biennis var. pitcheri Torr. & A. Gray 1840Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". O. filiformis (Small)
W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
longflower beeblossom
Gaura pitcheri (Torr. & A.Gray) Small 1903Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Gaura filiformis Small 1898Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Gaura longiflora Spach 1835Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Gaura tripetala Cav. 1797Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". O. hexandra ssp. hexandra
(Ortega) W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
harlequin bush,
slender gaura
Gaura hexandra Ortega 1797Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Script error: No such module "String".G. hexandra var. hexandra
Script error: No such module "String".G. hexandra ssp. hexandra
Script error: No such module "String".G. hexandra ssp. gracilis
(Wooton & Standl.) P.H.Raven & D.P.Greg. 1972Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
O. hexandra ssp. gracilis
(Wooton & Standl.)
W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
harlequin bush
Gaura gracilis Wooton & Standl. 1913Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Script error: No such module "String".G. hexandra var. coryi (Munz) Munz 1965Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". O. patriciae
W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
plains beeblossom
Script error: No such module "String".G. tripetala var. coryi Munz 1938Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Gaura brachycarpa Small 1903Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Script error: No such module "String".G. hexandra var. triangulata (Buckley) Munz 1965Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". O. triangulata (Buckley)
W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
prairie beeblossom,
three-petal gaura
Gaura triangulata Buckley 1862Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Script error: No such module "String".G. tripetala var. triangulata (Buckley) Munz 1938Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Gaura angustifolia Michx. 1803Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". O. simulans (Small)
W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
southern beeblossom
Gaura eatonii Small 1913Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Gaura simulans Small 1905Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Gaura suffulta Engelm. ex A. Gray 1850Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". O. suffulta (Engelm.)
W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
kisses,
roadside gaura
Script error: No such module "String".G. suffulta ssp. suffulta
Script error: No such module "String".G. suffulta ssp. nealleyi
(J.M. Coult.) P.H.Raven & D.P.Greg. 1972Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
O. suffulta ssp. nealleyi
(J.M. Coult.) W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Nealley's kisses
Gaura nealleyi J.M. Coult. 1890Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Gaura lindheimeri Engelm. & A.Gray 1845Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". O. lindheimeri (Engelm. & A.Gray)
W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Lindheimer's beeblossom,
white gaura
Clarkia sect. Phaeostoma subsect. Heterogaura
Gaura heterandra Torr. 1857Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". C. heterandra (Torr.)
F.H.Lewis & P.H.Raven 1992
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
mountain clarkia
Eremothera
Gaura decorticans Hook. & Arn. 1841Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". E. boothii ssp. decorticans
(Hook. & Arn.)
W.L.Wagner & Hoch 2007
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Shredding suncup

References

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  1. Gledhill, David (2008). "The Names of Plants". Cambridge University Press. Template:ISBN (hardback), Template:ISBN (paperback). pp 175, 238
  2. a b Raven P. H., & Gregory, D. P. (1972). A revision of the genus Gaura (Onagraceae). Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 23: 1-96.
  3. Carr, B. L., Crisci, J. V., & Hoch, P. C. (1990). A cladistic analysis of the genus Gaura (Onagraceae). Systematic Botany 15 (3): 454-461.
  4. Hoggard, G. D., Kores, P. J., Molvray, M., & Hoggard, R. K. (2004). The phylogeny of Gaura (Onagraceae) based on ITS, ETS, and trnL-F sequence data. Amer. J. Bot. 91: 139-148 full text.
  5. a b Gaura Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 13 Dec 2011
  6. a b Onagraceae Wagner,W.L et al. Revised Classification of the Onagraceae (2007)
  7. EncycloWeedia: Genus Gaura
  8. Oenothera Wagner, W. L. and P. C. Hoch. 2005-. Onagraceae, The Evening Primrose Family. 2011-12-07
  9. Oenothera Template:Webarchive USDA Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) 2011-12-13
  10. Common Names The Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) 2011-12-13

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