Garratt locomotive

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Characteristics of the Garratt articulated locomotive

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The Garratt with the highest tractive effort in the world was the East African Railways 59 class. Its tractive effort of 83,350 pounds was twice that of a British Railways class 9F 2-10-0

A Garratt locomotive is a type of three-part articulated steam locomotive invented by the engineer Herbert William Garratt.Template:Sfn Its boiler, firebox, and cab are mounted on a centre frame or "bridge". The two other parts, one at each end, have a pivot to support the central frame; they consist of a steam engine unit – with driving wheels, trailing wheels, valve gear, and cylinders, and above it, fuel and/or water storage.

Articulation permits locomotives to negotiate curves that might restrict large rigid-framed locomotives. The design also provides more driving wheels per unit of locomotive weight, permitting operation on lightly engineered track. Garratt locomotives produced as much as twice the tractive effort of the largest conventional locomotives of railways that introduced them, reducing the need for multiple locomotives and crews.

Advantages of the Garratt design

The principal benefit of the Garratt design is that the boiler and firebox unit are slung between the two engine units. A further advantage is that the firebox and ashpan are not restricted in dimensions by running gear; the ashpan can have much larger capacity than on a normal locomotive, allowing longer continuous runs without needing to stop and empty the ashpan to clear combustion products from the grate. A large firebox and its unrestricted air supply also allowed the Garratt to operate with poor-quality fuel without reducing steaming capacity.

Garratts ran equally well in either direction, negating the need for turntables. Often they ran with the cab leading the boiler (sometimes called [fuel] bunker leading), especially on routes with tunnels.

Most Garratts were designed for freight or mixed traffic, but several Garratt classes were designed for passenger service. A French-built Algerian Railways Garratt holds the world speed record for an articulated locomotive at . Garratts operating at higher speeds had one advantage over the Mallet design on account of the geometry of the design. When swinging around curves, the boiler and cab unit moved inward, reducing the centrifugal force, whereas the Mallet's forward articulated unit moved out as the locomotive rounded curves.

As O.S. Nock wrote, the Garratt type holds several advantages over the Mallet type:

This [the Mallet] was so designed to provide a very large engine unit, to be managed by a single crew, but to spread the dead weight over many axles and thus avoid excessive loads on the track and under-line bridges, and at the same time retain flexibility of wheelbase to facilitate operation on severely curved sections of line. The Mallet, having driving-wheel units beneath the boiler, retains the limitation in dimensions inherent in the orthodox type of steam locomotive, while the immense length of some of these machines is itself a handicap. Except with oil firing, ... one cannot put the cab in front. H.W. Garratt ... patented ... the idea of having a single large boiler slung on a cradle carried on two entirely separate engine units. ... The boiler could be developed to ideal proportions, unfettered by any wheels beneath it. It could be kept short, and of large diameter, which is the best possible form for securing a high rate of evaporation.

Although at the end of the steam locomotive era, most conventional steam locomotives had reached their maximum in "critical dimensions", the Garratt still had potential for further development, with larger driving wheels, larger boilers, and greater output still achievable.

Disadvantages of the Garratt concept

The major theoretical disadvantage of a Garratt (shared with all tank engines) was that adhesive weight decreases as water is used up from the front tank and coal and water from the rear tank and bunker. The phenomenon does exist, but was minimised by the adhesion of the multiplicity of driving wheels, sufficient usually to avoid wheel slippage.

Competitors, look-alikes, and variations on the theme

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South African Union Garratt

The Garratt was not alone in the field of articulated locomotives; most notably, articulated locomotives in the United States based on the Mallet design achieved power outputs far exceeding those of Garratts. Away from North America were the Fairlie and Meyer articulated types. Further, similar designs to the Garratt were the Union Garratt, Modified Fairlie, and Golwé. Of these, the closest was the Union Garratt, a type originally prompted by the perceived necessity for a rigid connection between a bunker or tender and a firebox fed by a mechanical stoker. They were, in effect, a hybrid Fairlie and Garratt with the rear bunker attached to the frame instead of being carried on the rear bogie. The class GH and class U Union Garratts of the South African Railways were examples.

Garratt development

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A builder's photo of the K1 locomotive (Tasmanian Government Railways K class), the first Garratt locomotive

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Works drawing of K1

Herbert William Garratt, a British locomotive engineer, invented the articulated locomotive concept that bore his name, for which he was granted a patent (no. 12079). At the time, he was the New South Wales Railways' inspecting engineer in London following a career with British colonial railways. Garratt first approached Kitson and Company with his design, but his idea was rejected, perhaps because that company were already committed to the Kitson-Meyer articulated design. He then approached Beyer, Peacock and Company, which were only marginally more interested.

The first Garratts

In 1907, Beyer, Peacock and Company submitted a proposal for a gauge 0-4-0+0-4-0Template:Whyte suffix Garratt to the New South Wales Government Railways, which was not proceeded with. The following year a design for a gauge Mallet locomotive was submitted in reply to an enquiry from the Government of Tasmania. The company then proposed a Garratt design based on, but a little heavier than, the design for New South Wales, with capacity to negotiate curves of Template:Cvt radius and 1 in 25 gradients. The proposal was accepted, and two locomotives were built in 1909, which became the K class.

The Tasmanian Railways stipulated two features that were not in Herbert Garratt's original concept. The first was a compound configuration in which two high-pressure cylinders were on the rear engine unit and a pipe led to two larger, low-pressure cylinders on the front engine unit. The second was to have the cylinders facing inwards, which would reduce the distances between both the main steam pipe and the high-pressure cylinders and between the high-pressure and low-pressure cylinders. The latter feature made the locomotive unnecessarily complicated and placed the high-pressure cylinders directly underneath the cab, making it uncomfortably hot for the crew on the rare days when Tasmania's West Coast Range was warm. Only one more Garratt locomotive was produced with compound propulsion (by Beyer, Peacock & Co. in 1927 for Burma Railways). The company built no more Garratts with inward-facing cylinders, but two Garratts operated by the Southern Fuegian tourist railway at Ushuaia in Argentina, largely based on the K class, have that feature.Template:Refn

Early design and construction difficulties involved the steam-tight flexible connections between the boiler unit and the power units. However, Beyer, Peacock's engineers solved them after studying a description of the spherical steam joints used on a Fairlie locomotive.

Darjeeling Himalayan Railway

The third Garratt (another 0-4-0+0-4-0Template:Whyte suffix, like the first two) was built in 1910 for the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway and given the class letter "D". The power output was intended to be double that of the line's existing 0-4-0Template:Whyte suffix locomotives, but only a 65% increase in loading was achieved.

First main-line class

In 1911, Beyer, Peacock & Company built six 2-6-0+0-6-2Template:Whyte suffix Garratts for the Western Australian Government Railways. The M class were followed by the Ms class and the Msa class. These locomotives formed the pattern for the Victorian Railways narrow gauge G class and the Australian Portland Cement Garratts.

Final Garratts constructed

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Class NG G16 no. NG115

Beyer, Peacock built more than a thousand Garratt or Beyer-Garratt locomotives.Template:SfnpTemplate:Refn The final built to a Beyer-Peacock design, in 1967–1968, were eight gauge South African Railways Class NG G16 locomotives.Template:Refn

Production list

The following list shows known Garratt construction by all manufacturers.

Type	Gauge	Railway	Class	Units	Year	Builder
0-4-0+0-4-0Template:Whyte suffix		Southern Fuegian Railway, Argentina	Ing.L.D.Porta	1	1994	Argentina
0-4-0+0-4-0Template:Whyte suffix		Southern Fuegian Railway, Argentina	Ing.H.R.Zubieta	1	2006	Girdlestone Rail, South Africa
0-4-0+0-4-0Template:Whyte suffix		C.F.Vicinaux du Mayumbe, Zaïre	E	1	1927	St. Leonard, Belgium
0-4-0+0-4-0Template:Whyte suffix		C.F.Vicinaux du Mayumbe, Zaïre	A	2	1911	St. Leonard, Belgium
0-4-0+0-4-0Template:Whyte suffix		C.F.Vicinaux du Mayumbe, Zaïre	A	2	1911	St. Leonard, Belgium
0-4-0+0-4-0Template:Whyte suffix		C.F.Vicinaux du Mayumbe, Zaïre	B	2	1919	St. Leonard, Belgium
0-4-0+0-4-0Template:Whyte suffix		C.F.Vicinaux du Mayumbe, Zaïre	B	4	1921	St. Leonard, Belgium
0-4-0+0-4-0Template:Whyte suffix		C.F.Vicinaux du Mayumbe, Zaïre		5	1924	St. Leonard, Belgium
0-4-0+0-4-0Template:Whyte suffix		C.F.Vicinaux du Mayumbe, Zaïre	C	4	1926	St. Leonard, Belgium
0-4-0+0-4-0Template:Whyte suffix		Darjeeling Himalayan, India	D	1	1910	Beyer, Peacock
0-4-0+0-4-0Template:Whyte suffix		Tasmanian Government Railways	K	2	1909	Beyer, Peacock
0-4-0+0-4-0Template:Whyte suffix		Mines du Zaccar, Algeria		1	1936	Haine Saint-Pierre
0-4-0+0-4-0		Mines du Zaccar, Algeria		1	1937	Haine Saint-Pierre
0-4-0+0-4-0Template:Whyte suffix		Mines du Zaccar, Algeria		1	1912	St. Leonard, Belgium
0-4-0+0-4-0Template:Whyte suffix		Porto Feliz Sugar Co., Brazil		1	1927	St. Leonard, Belgium
0-4-0+0-4-0Template:Whyte suffix		Piracicaba Sugar Co., Brazil		1	1927	St. Leonard, Belgium
0-4-0+0-4-0Template:Whyte suffix		Vivian & Sons (British Copper/ICI)		1	1924	Beyer, Peacock
0-4-0+0-4-0Template:Whyte suffix		Sneyd Colliery, Burslem		1	1931	Beyer, Peacock
0-4-0+0-4-0Template:Whyte suffix		Guest, Keen & Baldwins		1	1934	Beyer, Peacock
0-4-0+0-4-0Template:Whyte suffix		Baddesley Colliery, Baddesley Ensor		1	1937	Beyer, Peacock
0-6-0+0-6-0Template:Whyte suffix		C.F. du Congo		1	1913	St. Leonard, Belgium
0-6-0+0-6-0Template:Whyte suffix		C.F. du Congo		12	1920-21	St. Leonard, Belgium
0-6-0+0-6-0Template:Whyte suffix		C.F. du Congo		9	1924-25	St. Leonard, Belgium
0-6-0+0-6-0Template:Whyte suffix		C.F. du Congo		10	1925-26	St. Leonard, Belgium
0-6-0+0-6-0Template:Whyte suffix		Buthidaung-Maungdaw Tramway, Burma		2	1913	Beyer, Peacock
0-6-0+0-6-0Template:Whyte suffix		SNCV, Belgium	Type 23	1	1929	St. Leonard, Belgium
0-6-0+0-6-0Template:Whyte suffix		SNCV, Belgium	Type 23	1	1930	St. Leonard, Belgium
0-6-0+0-6-0Template:Whyte suffix		Limburg Tramway, the Netherlands		1	1931	Hanomag & Henschel
2-4-0+0-4-2Template:Whyte suffix		Ceylon Government Railway	H1	1	1929	Beyer, Peacock
2-4-0+0-4-2Template:Whyte suffix		São Paulo Railway Company, Brazil		1	1919	São Paulo Railway
2-4-0+0-4-2Template:Whyte suffix		São Paulo Railway Company, Brazil	Q	3	1915	Beyer, Peacock
2-4-2+2-4-2Template:Whyte suffix		Leopoldina Railway, Brazil		4	1943	Beyer, Peacock
2-6-0+0-6-2		Wells & Walsingham Light Railway		1	1986	Neil Simkins
2-6-0+0-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		Wells & Walsingham Light Railway		1	2010	Wells & Walsingham Light Railway
2-6-0+0-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		South African Railways	NG G11	3	1919	Beyer, Peacock
2-6-0+0-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		South African Railways	NG G11	2	1925	Beyer, Peacock
2-6-0+0-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		Victorian Railways, Australia	G	2	1926	Beyer, Peacock
2-6-0+0-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		São Paulo Railway, Brazil	U	1	1912	Beyer, Peacock
2-6-0+0-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		São Paulo Railway, Brazil	V	1	1936	Beyer, Peacock
2-6-0+0-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		C.F.Madagascar	B	2	1926	St. Leonard, Belgium
2-6-0+0-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		South African Railways	GA	1	1920	Beyer, Peacock
2-6-0+0-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		Australian Portland Cement		1	1936	Beyer, Peacock
2-6-0+0-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		Australian Portland Cement		1	1939	Beyer, Peacock
2-6-0+0-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		Western Australian Government Railways	M	6	1911	Beyer, Peacock
2-6-0+0-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		Western Australian Government Railways	Ms	7	1912	Beyer, Peacock
2-6-0+0-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		Western Australian Government Railways	Msa	10	1930	Midland Railway Workshops
2-6-0+0-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		Argentine North Eastern Railway (FCNEA)		3	1925	Beyer, Peacock
2-6-0+0-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		London Midland & Scottish Railway		3	1927	Beyer, Peacock
2-6-0+0-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		Argentine North Eastern Railway (FCNEA)		4	1927	Beyer, Peacock
2-6-0+0-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		Entre Rios Railway (FCER), Argentina		5	1927	Beyer, Peacock
2-6-0+0-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		London Midland & Scottish Railway		30	1930	Beyer, Peacock
2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		South African Railways	NG G16	8	1939	Beyer, Peacock
2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		South African Railways	NG G16	7	1951	Beyer, Peacock
2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		South African Railways	NG G16	7	1958	Beyer, Peacock
2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		South African Railways	NG G12	2	1927	Franco-Belge, Belgium
2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		South African Railways	NG G14	1	1930	Hanomag
2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		South African Railways	NG G13	3	1927	Hanomag
2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		South African Railways	NG G13	2	1928	Hanomag
2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		South African Railways	NG G13	7	1928	Hanomag
2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		South African Railways	NG G16	8	1967-68	Hunslet-Taylor
2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		South African Railways	NG G16	4	1936	John Cockerill
2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		Nepal Government Railway		1	1932	Beyer, Peacock
2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		Nepal Government Railway		1	1947	Beyer, Peacock
2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		Sierra Leone Government Railway		3	1926	Beyer, Peacock
2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		Sierra Leone Government Railway		2	1928	Beyer, Peacock
2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		Sierra Leone Government Railway		2	1929	Beyer, Peacock
2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		Sierra Leone Government Railway		4	1942	Beyer, Peacock
2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		Sierra Leone Government Railway		2	1943	Beyer, Peacock
2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		Great Western of Brazil		2	1929	Armstrong Whitworth
2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		La Robla Railway, Spain		2	1931	Babcock & Wilcox, Spain
2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		Assam Bengal Railway, India	T	5	1927	Beyer, Peacock
2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		Transandine Railway, Argentina	E12	4	1930	Beyer, Peacock
2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		Minera de Sierra Minera, Spain		2	1930	Euskalduna, Spain
2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		La Robla Railway, Spain		2	1929	Hanomag
2-6-0+0-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		C.G. de F. Catalanes, Spain		4	1922	St. Leonard, Belgium
2-6-0+0-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		C.G. de F. Catalanes, Spain		4	1925	St. Leonard, Belgium
2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		South African Railways	GB	1	1921	Beyer, Peacock
2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		Natal Navigation Collieries, South Africa		1	1925	Beyer, Peacock
2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		South African Railways	GG	1	1925	Beyer, Peacock
2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		Dundee Coal & Coke, South Africa		1	1927	Beyer, Peacock
2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		Trans Zambezia, Moçambique/Nyasaland	E	1	1930	Beyer, Peacock
2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		Consolidated Main Reef Mine, South Africa		1	1935	Beyer, Peacock
2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		Tasmanian Government Railways	L	2	1912	Beyer, Peacock
2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		New Cape Central Railway, South Africa	G	2	1923	Beyer, Peacock
2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		Trans Zambezia, Moçambique/Nyasaland	E	2	1924	Beyer, Peacock
2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		South African Railways	GB	6	1924	Beyer, Peacock
2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		South African Railways	GC	6	1924	Beyer, Peacock
2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		South African Railways	GD	4	1925	Beyer, Peacock
2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		Rhodesia Railways	13	12	1926	Beyer, Peacock
2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		South African Railways	GD	7	1925	Beyer, Peacock
2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		South African Railways	GD	3	1926	Beyer, Peacock
2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		Rhodesia Railways	14	6	1929	Beyer, Peacock
2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		Guayaquil & Quito Railway, Ecuador		3	1929	Beyer, Peacock
2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		Rio Tinto Railway, Spain		2	1928	Beyer, Peacock
2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		Rhodesia Railways	14	10	1930	Beyer, Peacock
2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		Rhodesia Railways	14A	12	1952	Beyer, Peacock
2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		Rhodesia Railways	14A	6	1953	Beyer, Peacock
2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		South African Railways	GCA	26	1928	Krupp
2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		South African Railways	GCA	13	1927	Krupp
2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		South African Railways	GDA	5	1929	Linke-Hofmann-Busch
2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		North Western Railway, India	GAS	1	1925	Beyer, Peacock
2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		Ceylon Government Railway	C1	1	1927	Beyer, Peacock
2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		São Paulo Railway, Brazil	R1	6	1927	Beyer, Peacock
2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix		Ceylon Government Railway	C1A	8	1945	Beyer, Peacock
2-8-0+0-8-2Template:Whyte suffix		Burma Railways	GA.I	1	1924	Beyer, Peacock
2-8-0+0-8-2Template:Whyte suffix		Burma Railways	GA.II	1	1927	Beyer, Peacock
2-8-0+0-8-2Template:Whyte suffix		Burma Railways	GA.III	3	1927	Beyer, Peacock
2-8-0+0-8-2Template:Whyte suffix		War Department, Assam Bengal Railway	Light	10	1943	Beyer, Peacock
2-8-0+0-8-2Template:Whyte suffix		Burma Railways	GA.IV	8	1929	Krupp
2-8-0+0-8-2Template:Whyte suffix		London & North Eastern Railway	U1	1	1925	Beyer, Peacock
2-8-0+0-8-2Template:Whyte suffix		Ottoman Railways, Turkey		1	1927	Beyer, Peacock
2-8-0+0-8-2Template:Whyte suffix		Mauritius Railway		3	1927	Beyer, Peacock
2-8-0+0-8-2Template:Whyte suffix		Bengal Nagpur Railway, India	HSG	2	1925	Beyer, Peacock
2-8-2+2-8-2Template:Whyte suffix		C.F. Franco Ethiopien & Libya		6	1939	Ansaldo, Italy
2-8-2+2-8-2Template:Whyte suffix		War Department, India/Burma		14	1944	Beyer, Peacock
2-8-2+2-8-2Template:Whyte suffix		Royal State Railways of Thailand		6	1929	Henschel
2-8-2+2-8-2		Royal State Railways of Thailand		2	1936	Henschel
2-8-2+2-8-2Template:Whyte suffix		Sierra Leone Development Corporation		1	1937	Beyer, Peacock
2-8-2+2-8-2Template:Whyte suffix		Sierra Leone Development Corporation		1	1937	Beyer, Peacock
2-8-2+2-8-2Template:Whyte suffix		South African Railways	GE	6	1924	Beyer, Peacock
2-8-2+2-8-2Template:Whyte suffix		South African Railways	GE	10	1927	Beyer, Peacock
2-8-2+2-8-2Template:Whyte suffix		Rhodesia Railways		8	1929-30	Beyer, Peacock
2-8-2+2-8-2Template:Whyte suffix		South African Railways	GE	2	1930	Beyer, Peacock
2-8-2+2-8-2Template:Whyte suffix		Sierra Leone Development Corporation		2	1931	Beyer, Peacock
2-8-2+2-8-2Template:Whyte suffix		Rhodesia Railways		6	1938	Beyer, Peacock
2-8-2+2-8-2Template:Whyte suffix		Rhodesia Railways		6	1937	Beyer, Peacock
2-8-2+2-8-2Template:Whyte suffix		War Department, Congo/Gold Coast/Rhodesia		18	1943	Beyer, Peacock
2-8-2+2-8-2Template:Whyte suffix		Rhodesia Railways		30	1953	Beyer, Peacock
2-8-2+2-8-2Template:Whyte suffix		Central of Peru		1	1931	Beyer, Peacock
2-8-2+2-8-2Template:Whyte suffix		Nitrate Railways, Chile		3	1926	Beyer, Peacock
2-8-2+2-8-2Template:Whyte suffix		Nitrate Railways, Chile		3	1928	Beyer, Peacock
2-8-2+2-8-2Template:Whyte suffix		Central of Peru		3	1930	Beyer, Peacock
2-8-2+2-8-2Template:Whyte suffix		Central of Aragon, Spain		6	1931	Babcock & Wilcox, Spain
2-8-2+2-8-2Template:Whyte suffix		Renfe, Spain		10	1960	Babcock & Wilcox, Spain
4-4-2+2-4-4Template:Whyte suffix		Tasmanian Government Railways	M	2	1912	Beyer, Peacock
4-4-2+2-4-4Template:Whyte suffix		Entre Rios Railway (FCER), Argentina		5	1927	Beyer, Peacock
4-4-2+2-4-4Template:Whyte suffix		Argentine North Eastern (FCNAR)		3	1930	Beyer, Peacock
4-6-0+0-6-4Template:Whyte suffix		Ferrocarril Pacifico de Colombia		2	1924	Armstrong Whitworth
4-6-0+0-6-4Template:Whyte suffix		Mogyana Railway, Brazil		2	1912	Beyer, Peacock
4-6-0+0-6-4Template:Whyte suffix		Mogyana Railway, Brazil		3	1914	Beyer, Peacock
4-6-2+2-6-4Template:Whyte suffix		Ferrocarril Dorada, Colombia		2	1938	Beyer, Peacock
4-6-2+2-6-4Template:Whyte suffix		Midland of Buenos Aires, Argentina		2	1929	Beyer, Peacock
4-6-2+2-6-4Template:Whyte suffix		Leopoldina Railway, Brazil		2	1929	Beyer, Peacock
4-6-2+2-6-4Template:Whyte suffix		Leopoldina Railway, Brazil		6	1937	Beyer, Peacock
4-6-2+2-6-4Template:Whyte suffix		Leopoldina Railway, Brazil		8	1943	Beyer, Peacock
4-6-2+2-6-4Template:Whyte suffix		Vicoa Ferrea do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil		10	1931	Henschel
4-6-2+2-6-4Template:Whyte suffix		New Zealand Government Railways	G	3	1928	Beyer, Peacock
4-6-2+2-6-4Template:Whyte suffix		Nigerian Railways		4	1935	Beyer, Peacock
4-6-2+2-6-4Template:Whyte suffix		Nigerian Railways		2	1936	Beyer, Peacock
4-6-2+2-6-4Template:Whyte suffix		Nigerian Railways		6	1937	Beyer, Peacock
4-6-2+2-6-4Template:Whyte suffix		Nigerian Railways		4	1939	Beyer, Peacock
4-6-2+2-6-4Template:Whyte suffix		Nigerian Railways		6	1943	Beyer, Peacock
4-6-2+2-6-4Template:Whyte suffix		South African Railways	GF	37	1927	Hanomag
4-6-2+2-6-4Template:Whyte suffix		South African Railways	GF	18	1928	Henschel
4-6-2+2-6-4Template:Whyte suffix		South African Railways	GF	10	1928	Maffei
4-6-2+2-6-4Template:Whyte suffix		PLM, Algeria	231-132.AT	1	1932	Franco-Belge, France
4-6-2+2-6-4Template:Whyte suffix		C.F.Algeria	231-132.BT	12	1936	Franco-Belge, France
4-6-2+2-6-4Template:Whyte suffix		C.F.Algeria	231-132.BT	4	1937	Franco-Belge, France
4-6-2+2-6-4Template:Whyte suffix		C.F.Algeria	231-132.BT	6	1939	Franco-Belge, France
4-6-2+2-6-4Template:Whyte suffix		C.F.Algeria	231-132.BT	7	1940	Franco-Belge, France
4-6-2+2-6-4Template:Whyte suffix		Central of Aragon, Spain		6	1931	Euskalduna, Bilbao
4-6-4+4-6-4Template:Whyte suffix		Sudan Railways	250	4	1936	Beyer, Peacock
4-6-4+4-6-4Template:Whyte suffix		Sudan Railways	250	6	1937	Beyer, Peacock
4-6-4+4-6-4Template:Whyte suffix		Rhodesia Railways	15th	4	1940	Beyer, Peacock
4-6-4+4-6-4Template:Whyte suffix		Rhodesia Railways	15th	10	1947	Beyer, Peacock
4-6-4+4-6-4Template:Whyte suffix		Rhodesia Railways	15th	20	1948–49	Beyer, Peacock
4-6-4+4-6-4Template:Whyte suffix		Rhodesia Railways	15A	15	1949–50	Beyer, Peacock
4-6-4+4-6-4Template:Whyte suffix		Rhodesia Railways	15A	15	1950	Beyer, Peacock
4-6-4+4-6-4Template:Whyte suffix		Rhodesia Railways	15A	10	1952	Franco-Belge, France
4-8-0+0-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Bengal Nagpur Railway, India	N	16	1929	Beyer, Peacock
4-8-0+0-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Bengal Nagpur Railway, India	NM	10	1931	Beyer, Peacock
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Sierra Leone Government		14	1955-56	Beyer, Peacock
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Kenya Uganda Railway	EC	4	1926	Beyer, Peacock
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Kenya Uganda Railway	EC1	12	1928	Beyer, Peacock
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Kenya Uganda Railway	EC1	8	1928	Beyer, Peacock
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Antofagasta (Chili) & Bolivia Railway		3	1929	Beyer, Peacock
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Cordoba Central Railway, Argentina	E11	10	1929	Beyer, Peacock
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Kenya Uganda Railway	EC1	2	1930	Beyer, Peacock
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Tanganyika Railway	GA	3	1931	Beyer, Peacock
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		War Department, Kenya Uganda Railway	Heavy	7	1943	Beyer, Peacock
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		War Department, Burma	Light	20	1945	Beyer, Peacock
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Kenya Uganda Railway	EC6	6	1949	Beyer, Peacock
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Burma Railways	GE	4	1949	Beyer, Peacock
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Angola: Luanda Railway (CFL)	500	6	1949	Beyer, Peacock
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Antofagasta (Chili) & Bolivia Railway		6	1950	Beyer, Peacock
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		East African Railways	60	4	1954	Beyer, Peacock
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		East African Railways	59	27	1955	Beyer, Peacock
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		East African Railways	60	8	1954	Beyer, Peacock
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		East African Railways	59	7	1955	Beyer, Peacock
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		East African Railways	60	5	1954	Beyer, Peacock
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		CF d'Afrique Occidentale Française	93	10	1938	Franco-Belge, France
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		CF d'Afrique Occidentale Française	93	10	1939	Franco-Belge, France
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		CF d'Afrique Occidentale Française	93	7	1941	Franco-Belge, France
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		East African Railways	60	12	1954	Franco-Belge, France
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Rede Ferrovaria do Noroeste, Brazil		6	1952	Henschel
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Kenya Uganda Railway	EC	10	1931	NBL
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		PLM, Algeria	241-142.YAT	4	1931	Franco-Belge, France
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Queensland Railways	ASG	5	1944	Clyde Engineering
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Tasmanian Government Railways	ASG	2	1945	Clyde Engineering
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Queensland Railways	ASG	3	1944	Clyde Engineering
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Western Australian Government Railways	ASG	6	1945	Clyde Engineering
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Tasmanian Government Railways	ASG	3	1945	Clyde Engineering
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Western Australian Government Railways	ASG	3	1945	Clyde Engineering
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Queensland Government Railways	ASG	9	1943-44	Islington Railway Workshops
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Western Australian Government Railways	ASG	1	1943-44	Islington Railway Workshops
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Western Australian Government Railways	ASG	2	1944 ca	Islington Railway Workshops
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Western Australian Government Railways	ASG	5	1943-44	Midland Railway Workshops
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Western Australian Government Railways	ASG	5	1944 ca	Midland Railway Workshops
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Queensland Government Railways	ASG	5	1943-44	Newport Workshops
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Western Australian Government Railways	ASG	1	1944	Newport Workshops
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Western Australian Government Railways	ASG	2	1945	Newport Workshops
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Australian Portland Cement	ASG	1	1945	Newport Workshops
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Tasmanian Government Railways	ASG	3	1944	Newport Workshops
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Queensland Railways	ASG	1	1944	Newport Workshops
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Angola: Benguela Railway (CFB)	10A	6	1927	Beyer, Peacock
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		South African Railways	GL	2	1930	Beyer, Peacock
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Emu Bay Railway, Tasmania		3	1929	Beyer, Peacock
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Angola: Benguela Railway (CFB)	10B	14	1930	Beyer, Peacock
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Nigerian Railways		2	1930	Beyer, Peacock
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		South African Railways	GL	6	1930	Beyer, Peacock
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		South African Railways	GM	16	1938	Beyer, Peacock
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		South African Railways	GEA	50	1945-47	Beyer, Peacock
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Queensland Government Railways	BG	10	1951	Beyer, Peacock
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Angola: Benguela Railway (CFB)	10C	10	1951	Beyer, Peacock
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Angola: Benguela Railway (CFB)	10C	2	1952	Beyer, Peacock
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		South African Railways	GMA	3	1956	Beyer, Peacock
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Angola: Benguela Railway (CFB)	10C	6	1952	Beyer, Peacock
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Angola: Benguela Railway (CFB)	10D	10	1955-56	Beyer, Peacock
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		South African Railways	GMA	5	1956	Beyer, Peacock
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Rhodesia Railways	20	15	1954-55	Beyer, Peacock
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		South African Railways	GMA	15	1956	Beyer, Peacock
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Rhodesia Railways	20	6	1957	Beyer, Peacock
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Rhodesia Railways	20A	40	1957-58	Beyer, Peacock
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		South African Railways	GMA	10	1958	Beyer, Peacock
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		C.F.Moçambique	951	12	1952	Haine Saint-Pierre
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		C.F. du Bas Congo a Katanga	900	12	1953	Haine Saint-Pierre
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Queensland Government Railways	BG	20	1951	Franco-Belge, France
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		South Australian Railways	400	10	1953	Franco-Belge, France
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Angola: Moçamedes Railway (CFM)	100	6	1953	Henschel
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		C.F.Moçambique	971	5	1956	Henschel
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		South African Railways	GMA	25	1952	Henschel
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		South African Railways	GO	25	1954	Henschel
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		South African Railways	GMA	30	1954	Henschel
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Angola: Luanda Railway (CFL)	550	6	1954	Krupp
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		South African Railways	GMA	12	1956	NBL
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		South African Railways	GMA	10	1958	NBL
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		South African Railways	GMA	10	1958	NBL
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Iranian State Railway	86	4	1936	Beyer, Peacock
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Soviet Railways	? [Ya]	1	1932	Beyer, Peacock
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Buenos Aires and Pacific Railway, Argentina	951	1	1931	Beyer, Peacock
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Buenos Aires Great Southern Railway, Argentina	14	12	1928	Beyer, Peacock
4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Buenos Aires and Pacific Railway, Argentina	951	3	1930	Beyer, Peacock
4-8-2+2-8-4		Bengal Nagpur Railway, India	P	4	1939	Beyer, Peacock
4-8-4+4-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Kenya Uganda Railway	EC3	6	1939	Beyer, Peacock
4-8-4+4-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Kenya Uganda Railway	EC3	6	1940	Beyer, Peacock
4-8-4+4-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		Kenya Uganda Railway	EC3	18	1949	Beyer, Peacock
4-8-4+4-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		New South Wales Government Railways	AD60	25	1952	Beyer, Peacock
4-8-4+4-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		New South Wales Government Railways	AD60	17	1952	Beyer, Peacock
4-8-4+4-8-4Template:Whyte suffix		New South Wales Government Railways	AD60	5	1952	Beyer, Peacock

Garratts around the world

Template:Refsection Garratts were used in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, and South America. No Garratts were used on North American railroads, the most likely explanation being that American rail companies considered the Garratt's coal and water capacities insufficient for their requirements.

Africa

File:Class GMAM 4122 July 2004 (7863980914).jpg

South African Class GMAM Garratt

The Garratt was most widely used in Africa: large numbers were in South Africa, Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Algeria, and smaller numbers in Angola, Congo, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Libya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Uganda and Zaïre.

Algeria

In Algeria, 29 4-6-2+2-6-4Template:Whyte suffix Garratts, constructed between 1936 and 1941 by the Société Franco-Belge de Matériel de Chemins de Fer at Raismes in Northern France, operated until the Algerian independence war caused their withdrawal in 1951. This class, designated 231-132BT,^[fr] was streamlined and featured Cossart motion gear, mechanical stokers and driving wheels, the largest of any Garratt class. On a test in France, one of these achieved a speed of —a record for any Garratt class (and indeed any articulated class).

Angola

All three main railways in Angola used Garratts. The largest user was the gauge Caminho de Ferro de Benguela. Forty-eight were purchased from Beyer, Peacock between 1926 and 1956. They came in four batches: class 10A (301–306); class 10B (311–324) in 1930; class 10C (331–348) in 1954; and class 10D (361–370).

The second-largest user was the Caminhos de Ferro de Luanda, which bought six 4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix locomotives (501–506) from Beyer, Peacock in 1949, and six more (551–556) from Krupp of Germany in 1954.

The third user was the Caminhos de Ferro de Moçâmedes, who bought six 4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix locomotives (101–106) from Henschel & Son of Germany.

Botswana

Garratts operated on Template:TrackGauge gauge through trains from South Africa to Rhodesia.

Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda

Kenya and Uganda Railways and Harbours, which operated railways in British East Africa and the Uganda Protectorate from 1929 to 1948, acquired 77 Garratts between the same years. The Tanganyika Railway also acquired 3 in 1928. In 1948, the railways merged to form the East African Railways and Harbours Corporation, commonly known in the railways context as East African Railways, shown by the letters "EAR" on rolling stock.

In addition to the 80 acquired Garratts, East African Railways operated 63 that it purchased new between 1954 and 1956, making a total of 143. More details are in the following table.

Class	Type	Qty	Loco nos	Built	Formerly	Notes
50	EC1	18	5001–5020	1928	KUR 45–64	1
51	EC1	2	5101–5102	1930	KUR 65–66
52	EC2	10	5201–5210	?	KUR 67–76	2
53	GA	3	5301–5303	1928	TR 700–702	1
55	GB	11	5501–5511	1945	KUR 120–121 plus 9 from Burma
56	EC6	6	5601–5606	1949	KUR 122–127
57	EC3	12	5701–5712	1940	KUR 77–88	3
58	EC3	18	5801–5818	1949	KUR 89–106	3
59	Mountain	34	5901–5934	1955–1956	(new)
60	Governor	29	6001–6029	1954	(new)	2
Notes: Template:Numbered list

The East African Railways 4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix 59 class Garratts were the largest and most powerful steam locomotives to run on metre gauge, having a large grate and a tractive effort of . The 34 oil-fired locomotives remained in regular service until 1980. since 2020Template:Dated maintenance category (articles), the Nairobi Railway Museum held two of them.

Mozambique

4-6-4+4-6-4Template:Whyte suffix and 4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix Garratts operated in Mozambique, some built as late as 1956.Template:Sfn

Rhodesia / Zimbabwe and Zambia

File:Beyer-Garratt locomotive (15th class, Zambia Railways ex Rhodesia Railways) no. 405 at Ndola, Zambia (Basil Roberts).jpg

Locomotive no. 405 (15th class, Zambia Railways, formerly 15th class Rhodesia Railways) at Ndola, Zambia, in 1968

Rhodesia imported 246 Template:TrackGauge gauge Garratts of four different wheel arrangements: 2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffixs of the 13th, 14th and 14A classes; 4-6-4+4-6-4Template:Whyte suffixs of the 15th class, 2-8-2+2-8-2Template:Whyte suffixs of the 16th, 16A, and 18th classes; and 4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffixs of the 20th and 20A classes. Many went to Zambia Railways in 1967 when Rhodesia Railways surrendered the lines in Zambia to its government. Zimbabwe's economic and political situation has extended the life of its Garratts. Five Garratts, including some from the Zimbabwe National Railway Museum, were returned to service in 2004–05 to haul commuter trains. since 2011Template:Dated maintenance category (articles) they were performing shunting duties around the city of Bulawayo.

Sierra Leone

On the Sierra Leone Government Railway, this Template:TrackGauge gauge system had 2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix Garratts starting in the 1920s and in the middle 1950s purchased 14 4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix Garratts.

South Africa

In 1921, the South African Railways held a comparative trial between three locomotives: a class 14B 4-8-2 tender engine; a class MH Mallet 2-6-6-2, and a newly arrived class GA Garratt 2-6-0+0-6-2 – the first Garratt of that gauge to enter service in South Africa. The trial was conducted on the line between Durban and Ladysmith, which had gradients as steep as 1 in 30 and curves as tight as in radius. The Garratt proved the superior locomotive in all regards.

The most powerful of all Garratts irrespective of gauge were the South African Railways' eight Template:TrackGauge gauge GL class locomotives of 1929–30, which delivered of tractive effort. They were all out of service by the late 1960s. There was also a proposal for a quadruplex super Garratt locomotive with a 2-6-6-2+2-6-6-2 wheel arrangement for South African Railways, but this was never built.

File:Class NG G16 no. NG128.jpg

Beyer, Peacock-built no. NG128, c. 1951

On the two foot gauge lines in South Africa, several successive classes of Garratts were made, of which the NG G16 became the most powerful steam locomotive ever built for the gauge. Some of these were imported to Wales for the Welsh Highland Railway.

Sudan

Sudan operated at least one 4-6-4+4-6-4Template:Whyte suffix Garratt.Template:Sfn

Asia

Myanmar (Burma)

Burma had 43 metre gauge Garratts. Five B class 2-8-0+0-8-2Template:Whyte suffix Garratts went to the Burma Railway Company between 1924 and 1927, with seven more built by Krupp of Germany in 1929. They were followed by 31 locomotives transferred from India for War Department service: ten 2-8-0+0-8-2Template:Whyte suffix locomotives, class GB (ex-Indian class MWGL); twelve 2-8-2+2-8-2Template:Whyte suffix locomotives of class GC (ex-Indian class MWGH); and nine 4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix locomotives of class GD (ex-Indian class MWGX). A class of four 4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix locomotives, the GE class, was built for Burma Railways in 1949, but was diverted to the Assam Railway in India.

Two 0-6-0+0-6-0 2 ft 6in gauge Beyer-Garratts were supplied to the Buthidaung-Maungdaw Tramway which became the Arakan Light Railway. BP works Nos. 5702 & 5703 of 1913 refer.

Ceylon (now Sri Lanka)

Ceylon had 10 Garratts: an H1 class 2-4-0+0-4-2Template:Whyte suffix in 1924, a C1 class 2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix in 1927 and eight more C1 class gauge 2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffixs in 1945.

India

File:Beyer Garratt 6594.jpg

Bengal Nagpur Railway 815, Class N (BP 6594 of 1930), at the National Rail Museum, New Delhi

India had 83 Garratts. One gauge 2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix was built for the Indian State in 1925. The gauge Bengal Nagpur Railway had 32 Garratts: a pair of HSG class 2-8-0+0-8-2Template:Whyte suffix locomotives built in 1925; 16 N class and 10 NM class 4-8-0+0-8-4Template:Whyte suffix locomotives built in 1930–31 and four P class 4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix locomotives built in 1939.

The metre gauge Assam-Bengal Railway had six T class 2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix locomotives built in 1927. They later became the GT class on the Bengal Assam Railway. Three types of Garratt were supplied for war service on the BAR: ten MWGL class 2-8-0+0-8-2Template:Whyte suffix locomotives; twelve MWGH 2-8-2+2-8-2Template:Whyte suffix locomotives; and 18 MWGX class 4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix War Department standard light Garratts. Of these, only nine MWGX stayed in India, with the remainder transferred to Burma. After the war, the four Burma Railways GE class 4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffixs were diverted to the Assam Railway.

Iran

The Trans-Iranian Railway had four 4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix Garratts (class 86) built in 1936.

Mauritius

Mauritius had three standard gauge 2-8-0+0-8-2Template:Whyte suffix Garratts that were built in 1927.

Nepal

The Nepal Government Railway (NGR) had 2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix Garratt locomotives manufactured by Beyer, Peacock and Company in 1932 and 1947.

Siam (Thailand)

File:SRT 451 (457 B W).jpg

Preserved Garratt no.457 at Kanchanaburi railway station, Thailand

The Royal State Railway of Siam acquired 8 Garratts built by the German company Henschel during 1929–1937 for heavy freight duties in the Pak Chong highland areas. One has been preserved; it is displayed at Kanchanaburi railway station.

Turkey

Turkish State Railways had just one standard gauge 2-8-0+0-8-2Template:Whyte suffix Garratt that was built in 1927.

Australasia

The Australian Standard Garratt (ASG) was designed in Australia as an emergency measure during World War II, when demand on narrow-gauge railways could not be met by the available stock of locomotives. The ASG was used on the railways of Queensland, Western Australia and Tasmania and, after the war, on the South Australian Railways, the Emu Bay Railway in Tasmania and the Fyansford Cement Works railway in Victoria.

The first was built in a record-breaking four months, entering service in September 1943. Considerable differences between the states, especially in loading gauges, sharpness of curves and limits to axle load, compromised the design, as did the inclusion of features that led to unreliability. A royal commission convened in 1946 to investigate the locomotives, whose deficiencies had caused enginemen to go on strike, concluded: "It is obvious when one analyses the evidence that the new Australian Standard Garratt has put up a poor performance. At times these locomotives have done good work but they cannot compare with the old Beyer Garratts, which have such an enduring record of service."Template:Refn Many were withdrawn in September 1945, weeks after the war ended. Those sold to the South Australian Railways in 1952 (as a stopgap) served for only 18 months, but others lasted longer: on the Queensland Government Railways for two years, at Fyansford and Emu Bay for 11 years, on the Tasmanian Government Railways (including some ex-QR engines) for 13 years, and on the Western Australian Government Railways for 14 years, during which periods many of the defects were rectified or components replaced.

New South Wales

File:AD6029 crossing the viaduct in North Wagga.jpg

Preserved former New South Wales Government Railways AD60 class no. 6029, City of Canberra

New South Wales Government Railways introduced the 4-8-4+4-8-4Template:Whyte suffix AD60 Garratt in 1952, built by Beyer, Peacock. The AD60 weighed 265 tonnes, with a 16-tonne axle loading. As delivered, it developed a tractive effort of ), not as powerful as the South African Railways GMA/M 4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix Garratts of 1954, which developed a tractive effort of . Following modifications in 1958 to thirty AD60s, their tractive effort was increased to . These locomotives remained in service until the early 1970s with a replacement "6042" using the boiler cradle of 6043 (The original was scrapped in 1968) the last withdrawn in February 1973.Template:Sfn Oberg wrote he witnessed an AD60 clear a dead 1220-tonne double-headed diesel freight (total weight 1450 tonnes) from a 1 in 55 grade without wheel slip.Template:Sfn Four AD60's survive today: 6029 (which operates occasionally out of Thirlmere), 6039 (under private ownership at Dorrigo Museum), 6040 (on static display at THNSW, Thirlmere), & 6042 (also owned by the Dorrigo museum but sitting in the middle of a field in Forbes, NSW).

Queensland

Queensland Railways operated 30 Beyer Garratt locomotives. These were mainly based in the Rockhampton area.

South Australia

File:Drawing of South Australian Railways 400 class Beyer-Garratt articulated locomotive (Peter Manning).png

The South Australian Railways 400 class

One of ten Garratts delivered in 1953 to the South Australian Railways – number 409 – is on static display at the National Railway Museum, Port Adelaide, South Australia. The locomotives were ordered in 1951 from Beyer, Peacock & Company, when there was a need for more and bigger motive power to haul the heavy ore trains on the narrow-gauge line between Broken Hill and Port Pirie. The company subsequently subcontracted the order, with main specifications identical to those of the notable 60th class of the East African Railways, to Société Franco-Belge, its European associate based in Raismes.

By 1955, the 400 class had taken over most of the working of the Broken Hill line. They operated as oil-burners, with provision for a mechanical stoker to be installed if converted to burn coal. They were also designed to be easily converted for service on either the broad or standard gauge. They were superseded by diesel power in 1963.

Tasmania

Following the success of the K class Garratts on the North East Dundas Tramway, the Tasmanian Government Railways imported Beyer, Peacock Garratts for their main lines, in particular the 4-4-2+2-4-4Template:Whyte suffix M class for express passenger work. These were the only eight-cylinder Garratts.Template:Sfn The M1 achieved a world speed record of on 30 November 1912. Their 5-foot (1.5 m) diameter driving wheels were at the time the largest on any narrow-gauge locomotive in Australia.Template:Sfn Their eight cylinders proved a nightmare to maintain, and after several fatal and disastrous derailments in the late 1920s, mainly due to inadequate trackwork, they were withdrawn and scrapped.

Victoria

Victorian Railways operated two Beyer Garratts, used on the Crowes and Walhalla narrow-gauge railway lines. The two engines were classified as G class, numbered G41 and G42; the latter engine has been restored. It is currently in use at the Puffing Billy Railway near Melbourne. It was not used in public service on that line prior to the preservation era. Fyansford Cement Works operated a 3'6" gauge line, with an ASG (G33) and 2 Garratts (No.1 and No.2) similar in design to the WAGR Ms class, although these 2 were not designated any class of their own. No.1 was scrapped but No.2 and G33 are preserved at the Bellarine Railway, with G33 currently undergoing restoration work.

New Zealand

File:NZR g class garratt.jpg

A NZR G class Garratt locomotive

Beyer, Peacock built three 4-6-2+2-6-4Template:Whyte suffix NZR G class locomotives in 1928, which were too powerful for the system and had complicated valve mechanisms. Unusually, these engines had three cylinders (Template:Cvt) each, on two sets of engine frames, thus creating a six-cylinder Garratt; they were the second and final Garratts to employ this arrangement, the other being the one-off LNER U1. They entered service in 1929. Walschaerts valve gear operated the outside cylinders with the inner third cylinder linked by a Gresley conjugated valve gear. Photos verify the coal bunker was carried on an extension to the boiler frame rather than on the rear engine frame, as with most Garratts. The engines delivered of tractive effort, which was too powerful for the drawbars on the rolling stock. After a few years they were rebuilt as six Pacifics, also unsuccessful, but which saw nearly twenty years of service.Template:Sfn

Though no NZR Garratts survived, three preserved imported African Garratts are in New Zealand: Rhodesia Railways class 15A No. 398 of the Flying 15 Trust, Pakakarakiki, class 14A No. 509 of Mainline Steam Trust Plimmerton (under restoration), and South African Railways GMAM class No. 4083 at Mercer Auckland with the Mainline Steam Trust awaiting restoration. When it first arrived in NZ in the 1990s, it was steamed and ran in their former Parnell Depot yard. See preservation below.

Europe

Garratts were mainly employed in Great Britain, Russia, and Spain, where some five railway companies employed seven classes. These included the 1931 order for Central of Aragon Railway for six 4-6-2+2-6-4Template:Whyte suffix "Double Pacific" Garratts for fast passenger service. In addition a Dutch and a Belgian tramway also operated one or more engines based on and built to the Garratt design.

Netherlands

In 1931, the Dutch Limburgsche Tramweg Maatschappij (LTM) 'Limburg tramway company' ordered a single standard gauge Garratt, numbered LTM 51, from Henschel (Germany) with builder's number 22063. This design was slightly different in that the coal bunker was located on the boiler frame and both machines only holding the watertanks. More importantly, it was the only Garratt with inside cylinders. The wheel arrangement was C+C (0-6-0+0-6-0Template:Whyte suffix). Due to abandonment of the line in 1938, the locomotive was sold to a metal merchant, who in turn sold it to an engineers' bureau, that sold it in 1941 to Germany. Further whereabouts of this machine are unknown, but it is presumed scrapped.

Spain

Spain had a varied collection of Garratts from most builders; Beyer, Peacock themselves only building a pair of 2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffixs for Rio Tinto in 1929. The first Garratts in Spain, however, were four metre gauge 2-6-0+0-6-2Template:Whyte suffixs built for the Ferrocarriles Catalanes in 1922 by Sociéte Anonyme St. Leonard of Liége, Belgium. Four more followed in 1925. Also on the metre gauge, the Ferrocarril de la Robla bought two pairs of 2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffixs, the first from Hanomag of Germany in 1929, the second from Babcock & Wilcox of Bilbao in 1931. The Compania Minera de Sierra Minera also bought a pair of metre-gauge 2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffixs in 1930.

On the broad gauge, the Central of Aragon Railway bought six 2-8-2+2-8-2Template:Whyte suffixs from Babcock & Wilcox and six 4-6-2+2-6-4Template:Whyte suffixs from Euskalduna of Bilbao, both in 1931. The last Garratts supplied to Spain were 10 2-8-2+2-8-2Template:Whyte suffixs for Renfe by Babcock & Wilcox in 1960.

United Kingdom

File:WHR Garratt 143.jpg

South African Railways gauge NG G16 class Garratt on the Welsh Highland Railway

File:WHR NG138 Dinas.JPG

WHR NG138 at Dinas, 2003

British usage of Garratts was minimal. A single large Garratt (2-8-0+0-8-2Template:Whyte suffix, London and North Eastern Railway Class U1 number 2395/9999/69999) was built in 1925 for banking heavy coal trains on the Woodhead route; 33 2-6-0+0-6-2Template:Whyte suffix Garratts were built for the London, Midland and Scottish Railway between 1927 and 1930, although their undersized axle-boxes made them unreliable and they were withdrawn in the mid-1950s. They were also trialled unsuccessfully on the Lickey Incline between Bromsgrove and Birmingham.

Four standard-gauge Garratt locomotives were supplied by Beyer, Peacock for industrial service in the UK. One survived and is preserved at Bressingham Steam Museum. No. 6841 0-4-0+0-4-0Template:Whyte suffix William Francis was built in 1937 for use at Baddesley Colliery.

On the Welsh Highland Railway, a narrow-gauge tourist line in Wales, a few imported South African NGG16 Garratts haul the greater part of service trains on the railway.

USSR

File:Ya-01.jpg

Soviet Ya.01 class 4-8-2+2-8-4 Garratt

Beyer, Peacock constructed the largest steam locomotive built in Europe, a 4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix for the USSR, works order number 1176, in 1932. The locomotive had the Russian classification Ya.01 (Я.01). This massive machine was built to the Russian standard gauge and a loading gauge height of . It underwent extensive testing and proved to be very able to operate in extremely low temperatures, due to adequate protection of the external plumbing between boiler and engine units. This may have been the lowest temperature operation of a Garratt type. The locomotive was used for a number of years for coal traffic in the Donbass region, but was never replicated. This decision appears to be a combination of unfamiliar maintenance processes and politics.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn

North America

No Garratts appeared in North America, although the American Locomotive Company became the sole licensee to build Garratts there. Alco was unable to garner sufficient interest from US railroads to produce even a prototype or demonstrator. This reluctance was reportedly based on a concern that tractive effort and factor of adhesion would suffer as the weight of water and fuel over the driving wheels diminished.

United States

In 1975, one 2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix Garratt NG class No. 50 formerly of the South African Railways was imported and is used on the private Template:TrackGauge gauge Hempstead & Northern Railroad in Hempstead, Texas, which also operate another former South African Railways 2-8-2Template:Whyte suffix "Mikado" type No. 18.

South America

Argentina

The British-owned gauge Buenos Aires Great Southern Railway operated twelve Garratt 4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix oil-fired locomotives, numbers 4851–4862, built by Beyer, Peacock in 1929. They were used on the Bahía Blanca North Western section, particularly on the Toay line), on the main Bahía Blanca North Western line to General Pico, and between Tres Arroyos and Bahía Blanca. They were withdrawn in the 1950s due to the rapid decline in freight traffic caused by the increasing competition from road transport.Template:Sfn

Other British-owned railway companies in Argentina operated Garratt locomotives built by Beyer, Peacock:

• Argentine North Eastern Railway ( gauge): seven 2-6-0+0-6-2Template:Whyte suffix locomotives built 1925–1927 and three 4-4-2+2-4-4Template:Whyte suffix, built 1930
• Argentine Transandine ( gauge): four 2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix, built 1930
• Buenos Aires and Pacific Railway ( gauge): four 4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix, built 1929–1930
• Buenos Aires Midland Railway ( gauge): two 4-6-2+2-6-4Template:Whyte suffix, 1930
• Cordoba Central Railway ( gauge) : ten 4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix, built 1929
• Entre Rios Railway ( gauge): five 2-6-0+0-6-2Template:Whyte suffix and five 4-4-2+2-4-4Template:Whyte suffix, built 1927

The Southern Fuegian Railway at Ushuaia uses two gauge Garratts to haul tourist trains.

Bolivia

Three meter gauge 4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix were delivered to the Antofagasta and Bolivia Railway in 1929, followed by six more in 1950.Template:Sfn

Brazil

In Brazil after 1927, the São Paulo Railway operated broad-gauge 4-6-2+2-6-4]Template:Whyte suffix Garratts that ran passenger trains at 70 mph.

Colombia

In Colombia, one Template:TrackGauge gauge 4-6-2+2-6-4Template:Whyte suffix Garratt was purchased by the FC Pacifico in 1924 and two more by the La Dorada in 1937.

Peru

Four 2-8-2+2-8-2Template:Whyte suffix standard gauge Garratts were delivered to the Central Railway of Peru from 1929 to 1931. (Donald Binns, The Central Railway of Peru and The Cerro de Pasco Railway, 1996)

War locomotives

During World War II, several Garratt designs were built to meet the wartime needs of narrow-gauge railways in Africa, Asia, and Australia.

Six 2-6-2+2-6-2Template:Whyte suffix Garratts were built for the gauge Sierra Leone Government Railway in 1942, to a design first supplied to that railway in 1926. Five of the older Garratts were converted to a 2-8-0+0-8-2Template:Whyte suffix wheel arrangement to increase their tractive effort.

Seventy Garratts were constructed by Beyer, Peacock for the War Department, to three standard designs. A 2-8-2+2-8-2Template:Whyte suffix based on the South African Railways GE class was constructed on gauge for West Africa and Rhodesia, while a heavier class of 4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix was constructed for East African Railways. A lighter metre-gauge 4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix was constructed for India, Burma, and East Africa. This design was particularly successful, and was the basis for several postwar classes.

The Australian Standard Garratt was designed in 1942, for use on gauge railways, in the critical period of World War II following the Japanese bombing of Darwin in 1942, and aerial attacks on other northern Australian centres. It was a 4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix locomotive, designed in Australia and constructed by a number of Australian railway workshops. Several design problems with the class emerged, and use of the locomotive encountered resistance from the drivers' union, especially in Queensland. Most were withdrawn at the end of the war, although a number continued to operate successfully in Tasmania.

Preservation

File:Preserved South African Railways class GL Beyer-Garratt locomotive no 2352 at Museum of Science and Industry, Manchester, November 2010.jpg

Preserved South African Railways class GL Beyer-Garratt locomotive no 2352 at the Museum of Science and Industry, Manchester, 2010

About 250 Garratts may exist today. However, many are dumped in varying states of disrepair in remoter parts of the world, and the number that may be likely to survive has been estimated as fewer than 100. since 2019Template:Dated maintenance category (articles), about 15 operating Garratt locomotives can be found in Europe, Africa, Argentina, the US and Australia.

The first Garratt locomotive, the K class of the North East Dundas Tramway, has been preserved. After the line closed in 1929 the locomotives were put up for sale. K1 was purchased by Beyer, Peacock in 1947 for their museum. The preserved locomotive has parts from both original engines. When Beyer, Peacock ceased trading, the locomotive was sold to the Ffestiniog Railway, who initially proposed to cut it down to meet their loading gauge. For a number of years it was on loan to the National Railway Museum and was exhibited in York. In 1995 it was removed from York to commence restoration in Birmingham. It was returned to Wales in 2000 where restoration was continued at the Ffestiniog Railway workshops at Boston Lodge. It was fitted with a new boiler and restored to full running order on the Welsh Highland Railway by September 2008. The Welsh Highland Railway owns several former South African SAR NGG 16 Class Garratts, and operates both the first (K1) and last (NG/G16 143) Garratts constructed by Beyer, Peacock.. The K1 ten year boiler ticket expired in 2014. Even though the locomotive had worked infrequently, a full boiler overhaul was required to meet UK regulations. The FR/WHR declined to fund this activity, citing lack of revenue generating opportunities for the locomotive and the need to maintain their core fleet of NG/G16 locomotives. Finally, in 2019 it was decided to move the locomotive to the Statfold Barn Railway in Central England on a ten year loan with two boiler overhauls in the agreement. The first boiler overhaul was quickly completed along with other work at a cost of 60,000 GBP and the locomotive seen in steam at Statfold in February 2020.

In Spain, a 2-8-2+2-8-2Template:Whyte suffix number 282F-0421, nicknamed "Garrafeta", occasionally ran in the Lleida area but no longer. An enormous 4-6-2+2-6-4Template:Whyte suffix, number 462F-0401, is under slow cosmetic restoration. Both locomotives are managed by ARMF, a non-profit organisation which also holds the only main line repair workshop for historical railway vehicles on broad gauge network.

A single Hanomag-built narrow gauge example exists in the USA located in Hempstead Texas. It has been made operational again since November 2015.

Several Australian Garratts have been restored to operating condition. G 42, formerly used on the narrow gauge lines of the Victorian Railways, works regularly on the Puffing Billy Railway in the Dandenong Ranges outside Melbourne. The Puffing Billy Railway is also rebuilding ex SAR NG/G16 129 which entered service in late 2019. The Queensland Railways removed 1009, its sole remaining gauge 4-8-2+2-8-4Template:Whyte suffix Garratt, from an open-air museum and fully restored it to working order. It was out of service by December 2007, awaiting a new boiler. NSWGR AD60 6029 was restored to operating condition in Canberra. As of 2018, 6029 is privately owned and is stored at Thirlmere, NSW. It is occasionally used by the NSW Rail Museum on mainline excursions. 3'6" Garratts No.2 and G33 from Fyansford Cement Works are both preserved with the Bellarine Railway, with G33 undergoing restoration work and No.2 in storage.

In Kenya, East African Railways 59 class 5918 was maintained in operating condition from 2001 to 2011. Likewise in Zimbabwe 20th class 730 and 740 were held in operating condition until 2004. They have not run since 2004 when 730 was briefly used on Bulawayo commuter services. None are likely to operate again without external funding for major repairs as the only work available for them are excursion trains for foreign tourists and rail enthusiasts.

No New Zealand Railways G class Garratts survived, but three more modern Southern African Garratts have been imported for restoration in New Zealand, with No.509's boiler certified and restoration nearing completion as of 2018.

• Beyer Peacock No.7340 of 1950 Rhodesia Railways class 15A No.398 The Flying Fifteen Group, Steam Incorporated Paekakariki (stored).
• Beyer Peacock No.7582 of 1953 Rhodesia Railways class 14A No.509. Mainline Steam Heritage Trust, Plimmerton (under restoration).
• Beyer Peacock No. 7681 of 1956 South African Railways GMAM class No.4083 Mainline Steam Heritage Trust, Mercer (stored).

In December 2007, Zimbabwe class 14A Garratt number 509, overhauled in Bulawayo was offloaded in New Zealand for operational preservation by the Mainline Steam trust. In early 2011 Zimbabwe 15th class 398 was also delivered to New Zealand for restoration to operating condition by Steam Inc.

As of December 2020 there is only one place in the world where one can with reasonable confidence view a Garratt in daily operating service. Ushuaia, Argentina whilst Dinas in North Wales offers the sight of daily operation for about 10 months of the year.

In September 2018, South Eastern Zone of Indian Railways made a successful trial run of a Beyer-Garratt numbered 811 from Kharagpur. A heritage service is planned and scheduled to start from the upcoming festival season.

In fiction

In the movie Big World! Big Adventures! of the television program, Thomas & Friends, an EAR 59 class Garratt, named Kwaku, was introduced.

See also

• 2 ft gauge railways in South Africa

Sources

• Template:Durrant-Garratt-Rev
• Template:Hughes-IndianLocos2
• Template:Hughes-IndianLocos3
• Template:Hughes-IndianLocos4
• Template:Paxton-Bourne

Further reading

• Template:Ramaer-Gari la Moshi