Gardner Pinnacles
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The Gardner Pinnacles (Template:Langx) are two barren rock outcrops surrounded by a reef and located in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands.
The Pūhāhonu volcano responsible for the pinnacles is Template:Convert northwest of Honolulu and Template:Convert from French Frigate Shoals. The total area of the two small islets, remnants of an ancient shield volcano, the world's largest, is Template:Convert.[1] The highest peak is Template:Convert.[2]Template:Efn The surrounding reef has an area in excess of Template:Convert.[3]
The Gardner Pinnacles were discovered and named in 1820 by the whaling ship Maro.[4] The island may be the last remnant of one of the largest volcanoes on Earth.[5] It holds the record for the largest and hottest shield volcano.[2]Template:Efn
History
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The Gardner Pinnacles were first discovered on June 2, 1820, by the American whaler Maro, commanded by Captain Joseph Allen.[4]
In 1859, the position of the Gardner Pinnacles was determined by the survey schooner USS Fenimore Cooper.[6]
The Gardner Pinnacles are home to the giant opihi (Cellana talcosa), a limpet known in Hawaiian as the Script error: No such module "Lang"., which is not found anywhere else in the world outside the Hawaiian Islands.[3] Numerous insects live on the island.[3][7]
In 1903 the Gardner Pinnacles became a part of the Hawaiian Islands Bird Reservation.[6] In 1940 it became a part of the Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge.[8] In the 21st century it is part of Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument wildlife refuge.[2]Template:Efn
The Gardner Pinnacles were used as an emergency helicopter landing spot for the Hawaiian HIRAN project, an effort to determine the locations of area islands with great precision for navigational purposes.[9] In the Hawaiian Archipelago, adjacent islands/reefs are French Frigate Shoals to the southeast, and Maro Reef to the northwest.
Geology
The island is made up of basalt rock,[6] which comes from lava erupted between 14 and 12 million years ago.[2]Template:Efn The rock is dark grey and dense,[6] and has a high forsterite content implying the magma source was at Template:Convert.[2]Template:Efn
According to a 2020 report in Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Pūhāhonu contains approximately Template:Convert of rock, based on a 2014 sonar survey.[2]Template:Efn This would make it Earth's largest single volcano. Only about one-third of that volume is exposed above the sea floor while the rest is buried beneath a ring of debris, broken coral, and other material that has eroded from the peak. By comparison, from sea floor to peak, Mauna Kea, on Hawaii's Big Island, is the tallest shield volcano on Earth, but it is nowhere near as massive as Pūhāhonu. Another volcano on the Big Island is Mauna Loa; a 2013 study estimates Mauna Loa's volume at Template:Convert which is believed to be an overestimate.[2]Template:Efn Pūhāhonu is so heavy, researchers note, that it has caused Earth's crust nearby—and thus the volcano itself—to sink hundreds of meters over millions of years.[10] The Puhahonu volcano (Gardner) would be twice as big as Mauna Loa's based on that research.[5] Template:Efn
The Pūhāhonu and West Pūhāhonu volcanoes result from the Hawaii hotspot which is fed by the Hawaiian plume which had a major magmatic flux pulse at the time.[2]Template:Efn A longer magmatic flux pulse produced the Hawaiian Islands.[2]Template:Efn The five seamounts of the Naifeh Chain to the north of Pūhāhonu have a completely different tectonic origin, and are older (Late Cretaceous).[11] At one time they were hypothesised to be related to the Pūhāhonu volcano because of arch volcanism, which can not be the case, given the newly determined age difference.[11]
Ecology
The island has one plant known to grow on it, the succulent sea purslane.[12] However, there are over a dozen species of bird observed here, many nesting.[12] There is also a variety of insect species on the island.[12]
In the surrounding waters there is a variety of sealife, which is noted as habitat for a limpet, the giant ophi which lives in tidal areas of the rocky island.[12] There are many species of fish and coral life in the nearby waters.[12]
The large numbers of birds have coated many surfaces of the island in guano, giving it a whitish appearance.[6]
Some of the fish species in the nearby waters include red lip parrotfish, doublebar goatfish, and reef triggerfish.[13]
Name
The name Gardner comes from its discovery in 1820, when the Captain Joseph Allen of the ship Maro named it Gardner's Island.[12] They also discovered Maro Reef, which is named for that sailing ship.[14]
It has sometimes been called Gardner Rock or Gardner Island, besides the Gardner Pinnacles.[15]
The Hawaiian name, Pūhāhonu, means 'turtle surfacing for air', from pūhā 'to breathe at the surface' and honu 'turtle'.[16]
See also
- List of volcanoes in the Hawaiian – Emperor seamount chain
- Nikumaroro (aka Gardner Island)
Notes
References
External links
- Gardner Pinnacles Islands of the Hawaiian Chain
- Gardner Pinnacles Page Template:Webarchive ~ Bishop Museum
- Quick Facts on the Gardner Pinnacles – from the PBS Ocean Adventures
- Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument Information Management System
- Gardner Pinnacles (Pūhāhonu)
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- ↑ a b c Gardner Pinnacles - Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge. U.S Fish and Wildlife Service. December 14, 2016
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- ↑ Gardner Pinnacles (Pūhāhonu) Papahānaumokuākea (Northwestern Hawaiian Islands) Marine National Monument
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