GTK

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GTK (formerly GIMP ToolKit[1] and GTK+[2]) is a free software cross-platform widget toolkit for creating graphical user interfaces (GUIs).[3] It is licensed under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License, allowing both free and proprietary software to use it. It is one of the most popular toolkits for the Wayland and X11 windowing systems.[4]

The GTK team releases new versions on a regular basis.[5] GTK 4 and GTK 3 are maintained, while GTK 2 is end-of-life.[6] GTK1 is independently maintained by the CinePaint project.[7]

Software architecture

File:The GTK toolkit.png
The GTK toolkit
File:GTK+ software architecture.svg
Simplified software architecture of GTK. Pango, GDK, ATK, GIO, Cairo and GLib
File:GDK software architecture.svg
GDK contains back-ends to X11, Wayland, Broadway (HTTP), Quartz, and GDI and relies on Cairo for the rendering. Its new SceneGraph is work-in-progress.

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The GTK library contains a set of graphical control elements (widgets); version 3.22.16 contains 186 active and 36 deprecated widgets.[8] GTK is an object-oriented widget toolkit written in the programming language C; it uses GObject (that is, the GLib object system) for object orientation. While GTK is mainly used with windowing systems based on X11 and Wayland, it works on other platforms, including Microsoft Windows (interfaced with the Windows API), and macOS (interfaced with Quartz). There is also an HTML5 back-end named Broadway.[9][10]

GTK can be configured to change the look of the widgets drawn; this is done using different display engines. Several display engines exist which try to emulate the look of the native widgets on the platform in use.

Starting with version 2.8, released in 2005, GTK began the transition to using Cairo to render most of its graphical control elements widgets.[11] Since GTK version 3.0, all rendering is done using Cairo.[12]

On January 26, 2018 at DevConf.cz, Matthias Clasen gave an overview of the current state of GTK 4 development, including a high-level explanation of how rendering and input worked in GTK 3, what changes are being made in GTK 4 (>3.90), and why.[13] On February 6, 2019 it was announced that GTK 4 will drop the “+” from the project's name.[2]

GTK Drawing Kit (GDK)

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GDK acts as a wrapper around the low-level functions provided by the underlying windowing and graphics systems.

GTK Scene Graph Kit (GSK)

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GSK is the rendering and scene graph API for GTK. GSK lies between the graphical control elements (widgets) and the rendering. GSK was finally merged into GTK version 3.90 released March 2017.

GtkBuilder

GtkBuilder allows user interfaces to be designed without writing code. The interface is described in an Extensible Markup Language (XML) file which is written by hand or generated by a GUI designer, which is then loaded at runtime and the objects created automatically. The description of the user interface is independent from the programming language being used.

Language bindings

Template:Main article

Language bindings are available for using GTK from languages other than C, including C++, Genie, JavaScript, Perl, Python, Vala, and others.[14]

Backends

GTK supports various backends, which provides different ways to display GTK applications depending on the system and environment. Examples of GTK backends are:

  • Wayland – Used with the Wayland display server on Linux systems, it is a modern replacement for X11.
  • X11 – The default on Linux systems using the X.Org display server.
  • Win32 – For running GTK applications on Windows.
  • Quartz – For macOS support.
  • Broadway – Allows GTK applications to run in web browsers using HTML5 and WebSocket.[9][10]

Development tools

GUI designers

File:Camabalache's interface.png
A screenshot of Cambalache Interface Designer

There are several GUI designers for GTK. Here is a selection of GTK GUI designers:

GTK Inspector

File:Gtk-inspector.png
A screenshot of the GTK Inspector

The GTK Inspector is a built-in interactive debugging tool in GTK, allowing developers to inspect and modify UI elements, test CSS changes, and analyze widget structure in real time. It can be enabled using the Control + Shift + I or Control + Shift + D shortcuts, or by setting the GTK_DEBUG=interactive environment variable.[19] It was introduced with GTK version 3.14.[20][21]

Features

  • Interactive debugging
  • Real-time CSS testing and modifications
  • Widget magnification for detailed inspection
  • UI structure analysis and object property examination
  • Customizable display settings via environment variables
  • Detailed object inspection (type, state, properties, CSS, actions, etc.)
  • Global application information display
  • CSS rule debugging
  • Rendering pipeline recording and inspection

Development

GTK is mainly developed by The GNOME Project, which also develops the GNOME Development Platform and the GNOME Desktop Environment.[22] GTK is mainly written in C.[23] Many language bindings are available. GTK development is loosely managed.

GNOME developers and users gather at an annual GNOME Users And Developers European Conference GUADEC meeting to discuss GNOME's current state and future direction.[24] GNOME incorporates standards and programs from freedesktop.org to better interoperate with other desktops.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Many GNOME applications have been ported to GTK 4, which was released in December 2020, [25] however some still use GTK+ 3 (GIMP being a major one).

Build automation

The master branch of GTK utilizes Meson for its build automation. GTK (and GNOME, GLib, etc.) formerly utilized the GNU Build System (named Autotools) as the build automation system of choice. Since August 14, 2017, the Autotools build system files have been dropped.[26]

Criticism

The most common criticism of GTK is the lack of backward-compatibility in major updates, most notably in the application programming interface (API)[27] and theming.[28] The result is that application developers or theme developers have to rewrite parts of their code to make it work with a newer version of GTK.

The compatibility breaks between minor releases during the GTK 3.x development cycle was explained by Benjamin Otte as due to strong pressures to innovate, such as providing the features modern users expect and supporting the increasingly influential Wayland display server protocol. With the release of GTK 4, the pressure from the need to innovate will have been released and the balance between stability and innovation will tip toward stability.[29] Similarly, recent changes to theming are specifically intended to improve and stabilise that part of the API, meaning some investment now should be rewarded later.

  • Aurélien Gâteau started Gwenview as GTK application but switched to qt early in development.[30]
  • Dirk Hohndel, codeveloper of Subsurface and member of Intel's Open-Source Technology Center, criticized the GTK developers for being abrasive and ignoring most community requests.[31]
  • Hong Jen Yee, developer of LXDE (the GTK version of which was dropped and all efforts focused on the Qt port), expressed disdain for version 3 of the GTK toolkit's radical API changes and increased memory usage, and ported PCMan File Manager (PCManFM) to Qt. PCManFM is being developed with a GTK and with a Qt backend at the same time.[32]
  • The Audacious music player moved to Qt in version 3.6.[33] The reasons stated by the developers for this include a transition to client-side window decorations, which they claim cause the application to look "GNOME-y and out of place."[34]
  • Wireshark has switched to Qt due to not having a good experience with GTK's cross-platform support.[35]

Use

File:Free and open-source-software display servers and UI toolkits.svg
GTK's support for Wayland requires applications to be adapted to Wayland as well.
File:GIMP 2.8 in Single Window Mode running on Ubuntu.png
Screenshot of GIMP 2.8 - GTK is responsible for managing the interface components of the program, including the menus, buttons, and input fields.

Applications

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Some notable applications that use GTK as a widget toolkit include:

GTK programs can be run on desktop environments based on X11 and Wayland, or others including ones not made with GTK, provided the needed libraries are installed; this includes macOS if X11.app is installed. GTK can be also run on Microsoft Windows. It is used by some popular cross-platform applications like Pidgin and GIMP. wxWidgets, a cross-platform GUI toolkit, uses GTK on Linux by default.[36] Other ports include DirectFB (for example used by the Debian installer).

Desktop environments

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Several desktop environments utilize GTK as the widget toolkit.

Current

Inactive

Window managers

The following window managers use GTK:

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GtkSourceView

For syntax highlighting there is GtkSourceView, "source code editing widget". GtkSourceView is maintained by GNOME separately from GTK as a library: gtksourceview. There are plans to rename to gsv.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

GtkSpell

GtkSpell is a library separate from GTK. GtkSpell depends on GTK and Enchant. Enchant is a wrapper for ispell, hunspell, etc., the actual spell checker engine/software. GtkSpell uses GTK's GtkTextView widget, to highlight misspelled words and offer replacement.

History

GTK was originally designed and used in the GNU Image Manipulation Program (GIMP) as a replacement of the Motif toolkit; at some point Peter Mattis became disenchanted with Motif and began to write his own GUI toolkit named the GIMP toolkit and had successfully replaced Motif by the 0.60 release of GIMP.[37] Finally GTK was re-written to be object-oriented and was renamed GTK+.[38] This was first used in the 0.99 release of GIMP. GTK was subsequently adopted for maintenance by the GNOME Foundation, which uses it in the GNOME desktop environment.

GTK 2

The GTK 2.0.0 release (2002[39]) series introduced new features which include improved text rendering using Pango, a new theme engine, improved accessibility using the Accessibility Toolkit, transition to Unicode using UTF-8 strings, and a more flexible API. Starting with version 2.8, GTK 2 depends on the Cairo graphics library for rendering vector graphics.

GTK 3

GTK version 3.0.0 (2011[40]) included revised input device handling, support for themes written with CSS-like syntax, and the ability to receive information about other opened GTK applications.

The '+' was dropped returning to simply 'GTK' in February 2019 during a Hackathon.[41]

GTK 4

Release of the first GTK 4 version was in December 2020. At the 2018 edition of DevConf.cz, Matthias Clasen gave an overview of the then-current state of GTK 4 development, including a high-level explanation of how rendering and input worked in GTK 3, what changes were being made to GTK 4, and the reasons for those changes. Examples of things that have become possible with GTK 4 were given as well.[42]

One of the main changes made during the GTK 4 development cycle (i.e. GTK 3.92, etc.) was the removal of user customization options (like individual keyboard shortcuts that could be set in GTK+ 2), and the delegation of functionality to ancillary objects instead of encoding it into the base classes provided by GTK. Other changes include:

  • Event handling from signal handlers described by GtkWidget is delegated to event controllers.
  • Rendering is delegated to GtkSnapshot objects.
  • The layout mechanism is delegated from GtkWidget to GtkLayoutManager.

Releases

Release series Initial release Major enhancements Latest minor version
Template:Version 1998-04-13[43] First stable version 1.0.
Template:Version 1999-02-25[44] New widgets:
  • GtkFontSelector
  • GtkPacker
  • GtkItemFactory
  • GtkCTree
  • GtkInvisible
  • GtkCalendar
  • GtkLayout
  • GtkPlug
  • GtkSocket
 1.2.10
Template:Version 2002-03-11[45] GObject

Overall support for UTF-8

2.0.9
Template:Version 2002-12-22[46] Multihead support 2.2.4
Template:Version 2004-03-16[47] New widgets:
  • GtkFileChooser
  • GtkComboBox
  • GtkComboBoxEntry
  • GtkExpander
  • GtkFontButton
  • GtkColorButton
 2.4.14
Template:Version 2004-12-16[48] New widgets:
  • GtkIconView
  • GtkAboutDialog
  • GtkCellView

The last to support Windows 98/Me

2.6.10
Template:Version 2005-08-13[49] Most widgets are rendered by Cairo 2.8.20
Template:Version 2006-07-03[50] New widgets:
  • GtkStatusIcon
  • GtkAssistant
  • GtkLinkButton
  • GtkRecentChooser

Print support: GtkPrintOperation

2.10.14
Template:Version 2007-09-14[51] GtkBuilder 2.12.12
Template:Version 2008-09-04[52] JPEG 2000 load support 2.14.7
Template:Version 2009-03-13[53] New widget: GtkOrientable

Caps Lock warning in password entry

Improvements on GtkScale, GtkStatusIcon, GtkFileChooser

2.16.6
Template:Version 2009-09-23[54] New widget: GtkInfoBar

Improvement on file chooser, printing

To remove much of the necessary IPC between the X11 application and the X11 server, GDK is rewritten (mainly by Alexander Larsson) to use "client-side windows", i.e., the GdkWindow, which every widget must have, belongs now to the client

2.18.9
Template:Version 2010-03-23[55] New widgets:
  • GtkSpinner
  • GtkToolPalette
  • GtkOffscreenWindow

Improvement on file chooser, keyboard handling, GDK

Introspection data is now included in GTK

2.20.1
Template:Version 2010-09-23[56] GdkPixbuf moved to separate module

Most GDK drawing are based on Cairo

Many internal data are now private and can be sealed in preparation to GTK 3

2.22.1
Template:Version 2011-01-30[57] New widget: GtkComboBoxText which had previously been a custom widget shipped with Gtkmm

The CUPS print backend can send print jobs as PDF

GtkBuilder has gained support for text tags and menu toolbuttons and many introspection annotation fixes were added

Migrating from GTK+ 2.x to GTK+ 3

2.24.33
(2020-12-21)[58]
Template:Version 2011-02-10[59] Development and design of the GTK 3 release of the toolkit started in February 2009 during the GTK Theming Hackfest held in Dublin[60]
  • The first draft of the development roadmap was released on April 9, 2009[61]

Completed mostly Project Ridley

  • the attempt to consolidate several libraries that were external to GTK+
  • including libgnome, libgnomeui, libgnomeprint22, libgnomeprintui22, libglade, libgnomecanvas, libegg, libeel, gtkglext, and libsexy[62]

All the rendering is done using Cairo

GDK became more X11 agnostic

XInput2, theme API is based on Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), worsening the achievable performance for 60 Hz frame rates

3.0.12
Template:Version 2011-09-25[63] New widgets:
  • GtkLockButton
  • GtkOverlay

New Font Chooser dialog

New experimental backends:

3.2.4
Template:Version 2012-03-26[64] Menu support in GtkApplication

A new color chooser

Added support for touch devices

Added support for smooth scrolling

GtkScrolledWindow will do kinetic scrolling with touch devices

macOS support is improved

This is the first version of GTK 3 that works well on Windows

The Wayland backend is updated to the current Wayland version

Spin buttons have received a new look

Accessibility: the treeview accessible support is rewritten

More complete CSS theming support

3.4.4
Template:Version 2012-09-24[65] New widgets:
  • GtkSearchEntry
  • GtkMenuButton
  • GtkLevelBar

Vertical spin buttons

CSS animations, blur shadows

Support for cross-fading and transitions in themes

3.6.5
Template:Version 2013-03-25[66] Wayland 1.0 stable support

Support for the broadwayd server

Improved theming

Better geometry management

Touch improvements

Support with the window manager for the frame synchronization protocol

GdkFrameClock added[67]

3.8.9
Template:Version 2013-09-23[68] New widgets:
  • GtkHeaderBar
  • GtkPlacesSidebar
  • GtkStack
  • GtkStackSwitcher
  • GtkRevealer
  • GtkSearchBar
  • GtkListBox

Support for Wayland 1.2

  • maximization
  • animated cursors
  • multiple monitors
  • settings
  • custom surfaces
  • frame synchronization

Added:

  • client-side decorations
  • scaled output support on high-dpi screens
  • fine-adjustment mode for scrolling

Removed:

  • support for the Motif DND protocol
  • support for multiple screens per display
  • gdk_window_get_display
  • gtk_widget_push_composite_child

Tear-off menu-items, plus many GTK settings

The modern GTK drawing model

3.10.9
Template:Version 2014-03-25[69] Client-side decorations[70]

Support for Wayland 1.5

New widget: GtkPopover (an alternative to menus and dialogs)

3.12.2
Template:Version 2014-09-22[71] GtkInspector (a copy of gtkparasite) introduced[72][73]

Improved support for gestures/multi-touch merged[74][75]

Deprecated:[76]

  • GtkMisc
  • GtkAlignment
  • GtkArrow
  • GdkColor
  • Style regions
  • support for .icon files
  • gdk_window_flush
  • drawing outside of begin/end paint

Most widgets converted to use gestures internally

Wayland supports GNOME Shell classic mode[77]

3.14.15
Template:Version 2015-03-22[78] GDK supports rendering windows using OpenGL for X11 and Wayland using libepoxy

New widgets:

  • GtkGLArea
  • GtkStackSidebar
  • GtkModelButton
  • GtkPopoverMenu

Scrolling overhauled (scrollbar hidden by default[79])

Experimental Mir backend[80]

3.16.7
Template:Version 2015-09-23[81] Add CSS node infrastructure

More filechooser design refresh and better filechooser search

Dropped Windows XP support

Model support for list and flow box

Kinetic touchpad scrolling

Touchpad gestures (Wayland)

gtk-builder-tool utility

Output-only windows

3.18.9
Template:Version 2016-03-21[82] Further Integration of CSS nodes[83]

Move drag and drop down to GDK

New widget: GtkShortcutsWindow (shows keyboard shortcuts and gestures of an application)

3.20.10
Template:Version 2016-09-21[84] Last 3.x release[85]

Wayland tablet support is merged,[86] support for graphics tablets is considered feature complete[87]

GTK 3.22 shall be as rock-stable (and hence "boring") as GTK 2[29][88][89]

for 3+ years
3.22.29
Template:Version 2018-09-03[90] 3.22 was supposed to be the last version of GTK 3 series
  • 3.24 was mainly released to ease migrating from GTK+ 3.x to GTK+ 4

Dependency bumps – require:

  • libepoxy 1.4
  • pango 1.41

New font chooser features:

  • allow setting OpenType font features
  • show examples for OpenType font features
  • allow selecting OpenType font variations
  • support levels of details for selection

New Emoji features:

  • support a completion popup for Emoji
  • drop Ctrl-Shift-e shortcut

Other new APIs: gdk_window_move_to_rect

Wayland: use anonymous shared memory on FreeBSD

Backported event controllers from GTK 4:

  • GtkEventControllerScroll
  • GtkEventControllerMotion
  • GtkEventControllerKey
  • GtkGestureStylus

Deprecate a few APIs that are gone in GTK 4:

  • focus chains in GtkContainer
  • stepper sensitivity in GtkRange
 3.23.0
3.23.1
3.23.2
3.23.3
3.24.0
...3.24.5
3.24.14
...

3.24.29

Template:Version 2017-03-31[91] GTK Scene Graph Kit (GSK) merged[5]

Remove any API marked as deprecated

Heavy development

A new Vulkan-renderer augments the old Cairo-renderer[92]

3.89.1

3.89.2
3.89.4
3.89.5
3.90

Template:Version 2017-10-18[93][94] As GNOME 3.26 was released already on September 13, 2017,[95] it was not based on GTK 3.92.

GNU autotools was replaced with Meson.

3.91.0

3.91.1
3.91.2
3.92.1

Template:Version 2018-06-26[96] 3.93
  • GdkScreen, GdkVisual removed
  • GdkDeviceManager replaced by GdkSeat
  • Clipboard handling is moved from GTK to GDK
  • GdkEvent is converted to an opaque GObject
  • the GL renderer in GSK is substantially completed, and is now on par with the Vulkan renderer
  • the use of GdkPixbuf in APIs is reduced
    • and the GskTexture object is moved to GDK as GdkTexture, to take its place
  • the Wayland backend now implements the KDE server-side decoration protocol
  • Broadway is ported to GSK.

GdkWindow renamed to GdkSurface

New abstraction for drawable content: GdkPaintable

There is support for displaying media with:

  • GtkVideo
  • GtkMediaFile
  • GtkMediaStream
  • GtkMediaControls
 3.93
3.94.0
Template:Version 2019-05-07[97] The <templatestyles src="Mono/styles.css" />gtk4-builder-tool <templatestyles src="Kbd/styles.css"></templatestyles>simplify command has gained a <templatestyles src="Kbd/styles.css"></templatestyles>--3to4 option to convert GTK3 ui files to GTK4; though with AMTK menus, toolbars or other objects like GtkShortcutsWindow are created programmatically (not with a *.ui file), but with convenient APIs.[98]

GtkWidget can now use a GtkLayoutManager for size allocation

  • layout managers can optionally use layout children holding layout properties
  • GtkBinLayout, GtkBoxLayout, GtkGridLayout, GtkFixedLayout and GtkCustomLayout are currently available
  • more layout manager implementations will appear in the future

Focus handling has been rewritten, and focus-change event generation has been unified with crossing events

Events have been simplified and are just used for input:

  • expose events have been replaced by a GdkSurface::render signal
  • configure events have been replaced by a GdkSurface::size-changed signal
  • map events have been replaced by a GdkSurface::mapped property
  • gdk_event_handler_set has been replaced by a GdkSurface::event signal
  • key events no longer contain a string
  • events on unmapped widgets are ignored
 3.93
3.94.0
Template:Version 2020-02-10[97]
  • Performance improvements
  • Drag and drop refactoring
  • Moving GDK towards Wayland
  • Removals
    • GtkMenu, GtkToolbar and similar classes have been replaced by GMenu.
  • Additions
    • Emoji chooser
    • Text widgets now have undo stacks
    • A new layout manager[99]
 3.96.0
Template:Version 2020-07-31[100]
  • Introduced successor to Accessibility Toolkit (ATK).[101] The new approach will implement WAI-ARIA (World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Accessibility Initiative – Accessible Rich Internet Applications).
  • Updated headers to use standard C types instead of GLib types
  • New widgets
  • Fixes and improvements[100]
 3.99.4
Template:Version 2020-12-16[102] 4.0.3
Template:Version 2021-03-30[103] 4.2.1
Template:Version 2021-08-23[104] 4.4.1
Template:Version 2021-12-30[105] 4.6.9
Template:Version 2022-09-06[106] 4.8.3
Template:Version 2023-03-04[107] GtkFileChooser deprecated (use GtkFileDialog)[108] 4.10.5
Template:Version 2023-08-05[109] 4.12.5
Template:Version 2024-03-12[110] 4.14.6
Template:Version 2024-06-09[111] 4.16.12
Template:Version

See also

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References

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  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  58. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  59. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  60. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  67. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  68. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  74. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  77. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  81. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  82. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  83. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  84. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  85. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  86. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  87. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  88. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  89. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  90. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  91. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  92. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  93. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  94. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  95. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  96. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  97. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  98. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  99. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  100. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  101. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  102. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  103. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  104. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  105. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  106. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  107. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  108. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  109. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  110. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  111. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Bibliography

<templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />

  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

External links

Script error: No such module "Side box". Script error: No such module "Side box".

  • Script error: No such module "Official website".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Template:GTK Script error: No such module "Navbox". Script error: No such module "Navbox". Template:GUI builders

Script error: No such module "Authority control".

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