GM High Feature engine

The GM High Feature engine (also known as the HFV6, and including the 3600 LY7 and derivative LP1) is a family of modern DOHC V6 engines produced by General Motors. The series was introduced in 2004 with the Cadillac CTS and the Holden VZ Commodore.

It is a 60° 24-valve design with aluminum block and heads and sequential multi-port fuel injection. Most versions feature continuously variable cam phasing on both intake and exhaust valves and electronic throttle control. Other features include piston oil-jet capability, forged and fillet rolled crankshaft, sinter forged connecting rods, a variable-length intake manifold, twin knock control sensors and coil-on-plug ignition. It was developed by the same international team responsible for the Ecotec, including the Opel engineers responsible for the 54° V6, with involvement with design and development engineering from Ricardo plc.

GM's Australian auto division Holden produced a HFV6 engine under the name "Alloytec."

History

The HFV6 was designed, tested, and produced in a joint program by Holden and Cadillac. A majority of designs into the new alloy construction, transmission pairing, and first use in production were all undertaken in Detroit (and manufactured in St. Catharines, Ontario). Holden was charged with developing smaller engines (Holden 3.2 LP1 and Saab 2.8 Turbo LP9) as well as their own Holden 3.6 and 3.0 HFV6 (called the Alloytec V6) for local models.

Cadillac and Holden both tested variations of these engines in the United States and Australia.

2.8

LP1

A LP1 variant was introduced in the 2005 Cadillac CTS. It was also used on the Chinese 2008 CTS. It has a bore and stroke, sequential multi-port fuel injection and a 10.0:1 compression ratio. The LP1 was built in St. Catharines, Ontario.

Applications:

Year(s)	Model	Power	Torque
2004–2006	Buick Royaum (China)	@ 6500 rpm	@ 3200 rpm
2007–2009	Buick Park Avenue (China)	@ 6500 rpm	@ 2600 rpm
2005–2007	Cadillac CTS	@ 6500 rpm	@ 3300 rpm
2008-2010	Cadillac CTS	@ 6800 rpm	@ 3600 rpm
2007–2009	Cadillac SLS (China)	@ 6500 rpm	@ 3300 rpm

LP9

File:2006 Saab 9-3 SportCombi engine.jpg

2.8 L turbo V6 in a 2006 Saab 9-3

This engine is also known as a A28NET, Z28NET, Z28NEL or B284.

The LP9 is a 2.8L turbocharged version used for the Saab 9-3, Saab 9-5, and other GM vehicles. It has the same bore and stroke as the naturally aspirated LP1, however the compression ratio is reduced to 9.5:1. The engine is manufactured at Holden's Fishermans Bend engine factory in Port Melbourne, Australia, while GM Powertrain Sweden (formerly Saab Automobile Powertrain) is responsible for turbocharging the engine. Global versions of this engine use the same horsepower rating for both metric and imperial markets – mechanical horsepower – while the Europe-only versions are rated in metric horsepower.

Applications:

Year(s)	Model	Power	Torque
2005–2008	Opel/Vauxhall Vectra	@ 5500 rpm	@ 1900-4500 rpm
2005–2008	Opel/Vauxhall Signum	@ 5500 rpm	@ 1900-4500 rpm
2006–2008		@ 5500 rpm	@ 1900-4500 rpm
2005	Opel/Vauxhall Vectra OPC/VXR	@ 5500 rpm	@ 1900-4500 rpm
2006–2008		@ 5500 rpm	@ 1900-4500 rpm
2006–2009	Cadillac BLS	@ 5500 rpm	@ 1900-4500 rpm
2006–2008	Saab 9-3 Aero	@ 5500 rpm	@ 1900-4500 rpm
2009		@ 5500 rpm	@ 1900-4500 rpm
2008	Saab 9-3 Turbo X	@ 5500 rpm	@ 1900-4500 rpm
2008	Saab 9-3 Aero Convertible	@ 5500 rpm	@ 1900-4500 rpm
2009		@ 5500 rpm	@ 1900-4500 rpm

LAU

The LAU is GM's new code for the LP9 Turbo engine, its usage starting with the 2010 Cadillac SRX. In 2011, production of the Cadillac SRX with the LAU engine ceased, but the engine remained in use in the Saab 9-4X until 2012, when production of that model came to an end.

Applications:

Year(s)	Model	Power	Torque
2010–2011	Cadillac SRX	at 5500 rpm	at 2000 rpm
2011–2012	Saab 9-4X	at 5500 rpm	at 2000 rpm
2009–2013	Opel/Vauxhall Insignia V6 4x4	@ 5500 rpm	@ 1900–4500 rpm
2009–2013	Opel/Vauxhall Insignia OPC/VXR	@ 5250 rpm	@ 1900–4500 rpm
2010–2012	Saab 9-5 Turbo6 XWD /Aero	@ 5500 rpm	@ 2000 rpm

3.0

LF1

The LF1 is a version with a bore and stroke of produced between 2010 and 2014, equipped with spark ignition direct injection (SIDI) and a 11.7:1 compression ratio.

Applications:

Year(s)	Model	Power	Torque
2010	Buick LaCrosse	@ 6950 rpm	@ 5600 rpm
2010–2012	Buick Park Avenue (China)	@ 6700 rpm	@ 2900 rpm
2010–2011	Cadillac CTS	@ 7000 rpm	@ 5700 rpm
2011–2013	Cadillac SLS (China)	@ 7000 rpm	@ 5600 rpm
2010–2011	Cadillac SRX	@ 6950 rpm	@ 5100 rpm
2010–2012	Chevrolet Equinox	@ 6950 rpm	@ 5100 rpm
2010–2012	GMC Terrain	@ 6950 rpm	@ 5100 rpm
2010	Holden VE Commodore	@ 6700 rpm	@ 2900 rpm
2011	Saab 9-4X	@ 6950 rpm	@ 5100 rpm
2011	Chevrolet Captiva	@ 6900 rpm	@ 5800 rpm
2012	Chevrolet Malibu (Middle East)	@ 6900 rpm	@ 5600 rpm

LFW

The LFW is a flexible fuel version of the LF1, capable of running on E85, gasoline, or any mixture of the two. Output is identical to the LF1.

Applications:

Year(s)	Model	Power	Torque
2011-2017	Buick GL8 (China only)	@ 6800 rpm	@ 5200 rpm
2011–2012	Chevrolet Equinox	@ 6950 rpm	@ 5100 rpm
2011–2012	GMC Terrain	@ 6950 rpm	@ 5100 rpm
2012–2013	Cadillac CTS	@ 7000 rpm	@ 5700 rpm
2012–2013	Chevrolet Captiva Sport	@ 6950 rpm	@ 5100 rpm
2010–2017	Holden VE Commodore and Holden VF Commodore	@ 6800 rpm	@ 5200 rpm

3.2

Holden has built its own version of the High Feature engine in Australia produced between 2005 and 2010 with a bore and stroke of . Branded with the Alloytec name like the 3.6L version, this version produces at 6600 rpm and at 3200 rpm. It has a 10.3:1 compression ratio. Its fuel economy is in city, and on highway.. Holden also produced the 3.2L engines that were used by Alfa Romeo as the basis of its JTS V6 engine.

Applications:

• 2006-2010 Daewoo Winstorm / Chevrolet Captiva / Holden Captiva
• 2006-2010 Opel Antara / Daewoo Winstorm MaXX / Holden Captiva MaXX
• 2008-2012 Suzuki Grand Vitara

3.6

LY7

The LY7 engine was developed primarily by Holden and introduced in the 2004 Holden VZ Commodore and 2004 Cadillac CTS sedan. It has a 10.2:1 compression ratio, Sequential multi-port fuel injection, and a bore and stroke of . Lower-powered versions only have variable cam phasing on the inlet cam (LE0). Selected models also include variable exhaust. The engine weighs as installed.

This engine is produced in several locations: St. Catharines (Ontario), Flint Engine South (Michigan), Melbourne (Australia), Ramos Arizpe (Mexico), and Sagara (Japan) by Suzuki.

Suzuki's engine designation is N36A.

The dual-fuel LW2 version was able to run on petrol and autogas. The LW2 engine was based on the low-output LE0 V6. It featured a factory-fitted dual-fuel system developed by IMPCO, different valves, and hardened titanium valve seats. This motor was available exclusively in Holden vehicles from 2005–2012.

Applications:

Year(s)	Model	Power	Torque
2004–2007	Buick Rendezvous CXL/Ultra	@ 6000 rpm	@ 3500 rpm
2004–2007	Cadillac CTS	@ 6200 rpm	@ 2800 rpm
2008–2009	Cadillac CTS	@ 6200 rpm	@ 3100 rpm
2004–2009	Cadillac SRX	@ 6500 rpm	@ 2800 rpm
2004–2005	Holden VZ Commodore	@ 6000 rpm	@ 2800 rpm
2006–2007		@ 6000 rpm	@ 2800 rpm
2004–2006	Holden VZ Commodore Holden WL Statesman, VZ Calais, VZ SV6	@ 6500 rpm	@ 3200 rpm
2006–2007		@ 6500 rpm	@ 3200 rpm
2005–2008	Buick LaCrosse CXS	@ 6000 rpm	@ 2000 rpm
2005–2007	Cadillac STS	@ 6500 rpm	@ 3200 rpm
2006–2007	Holden VE Commodore Omega	@ 6000 rpm	@ 2600 rpm
2008–2009		@ 6500 rpm	@ 2400 rpm
2006–2009	Holden WM Statesman/Caprice	@ 6500 rpm	@ 2600 rpm
2007–2009	Buick Park Avenue (China)	@ 6600 rpm	@ 2800 rpm
2007–2009	Cadillac SLS (China)	@ 6500 rpm	@ 3200 rpm
2006–2011	Holden Rodeo/Colorado	@ 6500 rpm	@ 2600 rpm
2007–2008	GMC Acadia	@ 6600 rpm	@ 3200 rpm
2007	Pontiac G6 GTP	@ 6300 rpm	@ 3200 rpm
2007–2009	Saturn Aura XR	@ 6300 rpm	@ 3200 rpm
2007–2008	Saturn Outlook XE single exhaust	@ 6600 rpm	@ 3200 rpm
2007–2008	Saturn Outlook XR dual exhaust	@ 6600 rpm	@ 3200 rpm
2008	Buick Enclave	@ 6600 rpm	@ 3200 rpm
2008–2012	Chevrolet Malibu	@ 6300 rpm	@ 3200 rpm
2008–2009	Chevrolet Equinox Sport	@ 6500 rpm	@ 2300 rpm
2008–2009	Pontiac G6 GXP	@ 6300 rpm	@ 3200 rpm
2008–2009	Pontiac G8	@ 6300 rpm	@ 2100 rpm
2008–2009	Pontiac Torrent GXP	@ 6500 rpm	@ 2300 rpm
2008–2009	Saturn Vue XR / Red Line	@ 6500 rpm	@ 2100 rpm
2007–2009	Suzuki XL-7	@ 6500 rpm	@ 2300 rpm

LLT

The LLT is a direct injected version based on the earlier LY7 engine. It was first unveiled in May 2006, and the DI version was claimed to have 15% greater power, 8% greater torque, and 3% better fuel economy than its port-injected counterpart. The LLT engine has a compression ratio of 11.3:1, and has been certified by the SAE to produce at 6300 rpm and of torque at 5200 rpm on regular unleaded (87 octane) gasoline. This engine debuted on the 2008 Cadillac STS and CTS. GM used an LLT in all 2009–2017 Lambda-derived crossover SUVs to allow class-leading fuel economy in light of the new Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards. In these crossovers, the LLT engine produced up to and of torque.

Applications:

Year(s)	Model	Power	Torque
2008–2011	Cadillac CTS	@ 6400 rpm	@ 5200 rpm
2008–2011	Cadillac STS	@ 6300 rpm	@ 5200 rpm
2009–2017	Buick Enclave	@ 6300 rpm	@ 3400 rpm
2009–2017	Chevrolet Traverse single exhaust	@ 6300 rpm	@ 3400 rpm
2009–2017	Chevrolet Traverse dual exhaust	@ 6300 rpm	@ 3400 rpm
2009–2016	GMC Acadia	@ 6300 rpm	@ 3400 rpm
2009	Saturn Outlook single exhaust	@ 6300 rpm	@ 3400 rpm
2009	Saturn Outlook dual exhaust	@ 6300 rpm	@ 3400 rpm
2009–2011	Daewoo Veritas
2009–2011	Holden VE Commodore SV6	@ 6400 rpm	@ 2900 rpm
2009–2011	Holden WM Statesman/Caprice	@ 6400 rpm	@ 2900 rpm
2010–2011	Buick LaCrosse CXS	@ 6400 rpm	@ 5200 rpm
2010–2011	Chevrolet Camaro	@ 6400 rpm	@ 5200 rpm
2010–2011	Cadillac SLS (China)	@ 6400 rpm	@ 5200 rpm

LFX

The LFX is an enhanced version of the LLT engine developed jointly by Holden and Cadillac. Introduced in the MY 2012 Holden VE Commodore SV6 and the MY2012 Chevrolet Camaro LS/LT, it is lighter than the LLT, thanks to a redesigned cylinder head, integrated exhaust manifold, and composite intake manifold. Other components like the timing chains, fuel injectors, intake valves, and fuel pump have also been updated. They also updated the cam phasing and variable valve timing system compared to the LLT. Power and torque are up slightly from the LLT. The compression ratio is 11.5:1. The LFX also features E85 flex-fuel capability.

Applications:

Year(s)	Model	Power	Torque	Dyno chart
2012–2016	Buick LaCrosse	@ 6800 rpm	@ 5300 rpm	link
2013–2015	Cadillac ATS	@ 6800 rpm	@ 4800 rpm	link
2012–2014	Cadillac CTS (2014 Wagon & Coupe only)	@ 6800 rpm	@ 4900 rpm	link
2012–2015	Cadillac CTS (2012 - 2013 Sedan Performance Trim only)	@ 6800 rpm	@ 4900 rpm	link
2012–2016	Cadillac SRX	@ 6800 rpm	@ 2400 rpm	link
2013–2019	Cadillac XTS	@ 6800 rpm	@ 5200 rpm	link
2012–2015	Chevrolet Camaro	@ 6800 rpm	@ 4800 rpm	link
2012–2017	Chevrolet Caprice PPV	@ 6700 rpm	@ 4800 rpm	link
2015–2016	Chevrolet Colorado	@ 6800 rpm	@ 4000 rpm	link
	GMC Canyon			link
2013–2017	Chevrolet Equinox	@ 6500 rpm	@ 4800 rpm	link
2012–2016	Chevrolet Impala/Impala Limited	@ 6500 rpm	@ 5300 rpm
2014–2020	Chevrolet Impala	@ 6500 rpm	@ 5300 rpm	link
2013–2017	GMC Terrain	@ 6500 rpm	@ 4800 rpm	link
2011–2015	Holden WM II/WN Caprice	@ 6700 rpm	@ 2800 rpm
2011–2013	Holden VE II Commodore (MY 2012)	@ 6700 rpm	@ 2800 rpm
2013–2017	Holden VF Commodore	@ 6700 rpm	@ 2800 rpm

LWR

The LWR is dedicated LPG 3.6-liter engine. Introduced in the MY 2012 Holden VE Commodore, Based on the 3.6-litre LY7 engine, the LWR had a vapour injection system. The vapour injection system injected gas directly into the air intake runner, thereby preventing excess gas from circulating through the air intake system. Although liquid LPG injection generally produces more power, Holden justified vapour injection on the grounds of lower fuel consumption, lower CO₂ emissions, reduced pumping and parasitic losses, and start-up reliability in hot weather.

The dedicated LPG LWR engine produced peak power and torque of at 6000 rpm and at 2000 rpm. The LWR engine was mated to GM's six-speed 6L45 automatic transmission and, over the combined ADR 81/02 test cycle, the Commodore Omega achieved fuel consumption of – an improvement of 1.6 L/100 km compared to its dual-fuel LW2 predecessor. Furthermore, the LWR engine exceeded Euro 6 emissions standards.

• Specially hardened valves and valve seats.
• A redesigned cylinder head and manifold for improved air flow.
• Variable exhaust valve timing (the LW2 engine only had variable intake valve timing)
• Specially-developed fuel injectors.
• New pistons with pentroof-style centre-domes and valve eyelets for a higher compression ratio of 12.2:1 (compared to 10.2:1 for the dual fuel engine).
• A new fuel rail and a new LPG fuel filter.

Applications:

Year(s)	Model	Power	Torque
2012–2013	Holden VE II Commodore (MY 2012)	@ 6000 rpm	@ 2000 rpm
2013–2015	Holden VF Commodore	@ 6000 rpm	@ 2000 rpm
2012–2015	Holden WM II/WN Caprice	@ 6000 rpm	@ 2000 rpm

LCS

The LCS was derived from the direct-injected LLT for use in hybrids, using the two-mode system. Differences from the LLT included a slightly lower compression ratio, 11.3:1, and lower power and torque peaks. It was to debut in the 2009 Saturn Vue Hybrid, where it would have made at 6100 rpm and of torque at 4800 rpm. Fuel economy ratings would have been in city, and on highway. However, GM cancelled its plans for the Saturn Vue Hybrid.

LF3

The 3.6L twin-turbocharged version for the 2014 Cadillac CTS and XTS was announced at the 2013 NYAS.

The engine is rated at of power at 5750 rpm and of torque at 3500–4500 rpm (with 90% of torque being available at 2500–5500 rpm) and helps the CTS achieve time of 4.6 seconds with an 8-speed automatic transmission.

In essence, the twin-turbo 3.6L V6 is the forced-induction variant of the popular LFX V6 found in the Cadillac ATS, XTS, and SRX, among many other GM models, with several important upgrades, including:

• All-new cylinder block casting
• All-new cylinder head castings
• Strengthened connecting rods
• Forged steel crankshaft
• Continuously variable valve timing
• Large intake valves and sodium-filled exhaust valves
• Machined, domed aluminum pistons with top steel ring carrier for greater strength
• 10.2:1 compression ratio
• Patented, integrated charge air cooler system with low-volume air ducts
• Twin turbochargers produce more than
• Vacuum-actuated wastegates with electronic control valves
• All-new direct injection fuel system
• Tuned air inlet and outlet resonators, aluminum cam covers, and other features that contribute to exceptional quietness and smoothness

Applications:

Year(s)	Model	Power	Torque	Dyno chart
2014–2019	Cadillac XTS	@ 6000 rpm	@ 1900–5600 rpm	link
2014–2019	Cadillac CTS	@ 5750 rpm	@ 3500–4500 rpm	link

LF4

The LF4 is a higher-performance variant of the LF3 for use in the Cadillac ATS-V and Cadillac CT4-V Blackwing. Changes to the LF3 include:

• Turbochargers with low-inertia titanium-aluminide turbines and vacuum-actuated wastegates for more responsive torque production
• Compressors matched for peak efficiency at peak power levels, for optimal track performance
• Patent-pending low-volume charge-cooling system that optimizes packaging efficiency and maximizes boost pressure
• To compliment the quick spooling turbochargers, lightweight titanium connecting rods that reduce inertia of the rotating assembly were used on all ATS-V models, while only manual transmission CT4-V Blackwing models featured titanium connecting rods. 10-speed automatic CT4-V Blackwing models featured steel connecting rods.
• Peak boost increased to , from
• Higher-flow fuel injectors
• Oil pan baffling for better oil flow at high cornering speeds

Applications:

Year(s)	Model	Power	Torque	Dyno chart
2016–2019	Cadillac ATS-V, Cadillac ATS-V Coupe	@ 5850 RPM	@ 3500 RPM	2016 link
2022–present	Cadillac CT4-V Blackwing

LFR

The LFR is a bi-fuel variant of the LFX, although multi-point fuel injection is used for both the gasoline and CNG instead of direct-injection.

Applications:

Year(s)	Model	Power	Torque	Dyno chart
2015–2017	Chevrolet Impala Bi-Fuel	CNG @ 6000 RPM	CNG @ 5200 RPM	2016 CNG link
		Gasoline @ 5900 RPM	Gasoline @ 4800 RPM	2016 Gas link

LFY

The LFY is similar to the LFX, but adds stop-start technology and has improved airflow.

Applications:

Year(s)	Model	Power	Torque
2018–2024	Buick Enclave	@ 6800 rpm	@ 2800 rpm
2018–2023	Chevrolet Traverse	@ 6800 rpm	@ 2800 rpm

Fourth generation

Starting with the 2016 Cadillac models, a new generation of High Feature V6s were developed. These new engines have redesigned block architectures with bore centers increased from on prior HFV6 engines to and a redesigned cooling system to target the hottest areas while also facilitating faster warm-up. They also incorporate engine start-stop technology, cylinder-deactivation, 2-stage oil pumps, and updated variable valve timing featuring intermediate park technology for late-intake valve closure. Both engines debuted in the 2016 Cadillac CT6.

3.0 L

LGW

Bore and stroke of are used, along with a 9.8:1 compression ratio and twin turbos with titanium-aluminide turbine wheels. Maximum engine speed is 6500 RPM. Premium unleaded fuel is required.

Applications:

Year(s)	Model	Power	Torque	Dyno chart
2016–2019	Cadillac CT6	@ 5700 RPM	@ 2500-5100 RPM	dyno chart

LGY

Bore and stroke of are used, along with a 9.8:1 compression ratio and twin turbos with titanium-aluminide turbine wheels. Maximum engine speed is 6500 RPM. Premium unleaded fuel is required.

Applications:

Year(s)	Model	Power	Torque	Dyno chart
2020–present	Cadillac CT5	@ 5600 RPM	@ 2400-4400 RPM
		V: @ 5600 RPM	V: @ 2400-4400 RPM

3.6 L

LGX

Along with the increased bore spacing, the new 3.6 L DI V6 has larger bores than before, growing from to with the same stroke as the 3.0L LGW, for a displacement of . Intake and exhaust valves are also increased in size along with other changes to the cylinder head. The only part shared with the prior generation is the hydraulic lash adjusters in the valvetrain. The LGX was benchmarked against the 3.7L VQ37VHR of the 2015 Infiniti Q40. Compression ratio is 11.5:1 and maximum engine speed is 7200 RPM.

Compared to GM's LFX/LFY 3.6 L engine, the LGX features active fuel management, NVH enhancements and slightly more torque.

The LGX was on Ward's 10 Best Engines for 2016.

Applications:

Year(s)	Model	Power	Torque	Dyno chart
2016–2019	Cadillac ATS	@ 6800 RPM	@ 5300 RPM	2016 link
2016–2019	Cadillac CT6	@ 6800 RPM	@ 5300 RPM	2016 link
2016–2019	Cadillac CTS	@ 6800 RPM	@ 5300 RPM	2016 link
2016–2024	Chevrolet Camaro	@ 6800 RPM	@ 5300 RPM	2016 link
2017–2019	Buick LaCrosse	@ 6800 RPM	@ 5200 RPM
2018–2020	Buick Regal GS	@ 6800 RPM	@ 5200 RPM
2018–2020	Holden ZB Commodore	@ 6800 RPM	@ 5200 RPM
2017–2025	Cadillac XT5	@ 6600 RPM	@ 5000 RPM
2017–2023	GMC Acadia	@ 6600 RPM	@ 5000 RPM
2019–present	Chevrolet Blazer	@ 6600 RPM	@ 5000 RPM
2020–2025	Cadillac XT6	@ 6600 RPM	@ 5000 RPM

LGZ

The LGZ is a variant of the LGX designed for use in the Chevrolet Colorado and GMC Canyon.

Applications:

Year(s)	Model	Power	Torque
2017–2022	GMC Canyon	@ 6800 RPM	@ 4000 RPM
	Chevrolet Colorado

7.2L V12

On March 21, 2007, AutoWeek reported that GM was planning to develop a 60-degree V12 based on this engine family to power the top version of Cadillac's upcoming flagship sedan. This Cadillac would essentially have had two 3.6L High Feature V6s attached crankshaft-to-crankshaft and would have featured high-end technologies including direct injection and cylinder deactivation. If this engine were developed, it would have displaced 7.2 liters, and produced approximately and of torque. Development of the engine was reportedly being conducted in Australia by Holden, with a potential HSV or Statesman application.

In August 2008, GM announced that development of the V12 had been cancelled.

Timing chain issues

Earlier production 2.8L, 3.0L, 3.2L, and 3.6L engines with the three chain design suffered from premature timing chain failures because of a faulty PCV system and extended oil change intervals. Most of the problems occurred on pre-LFX engines.

Holden High Feature engine

Holden sold a HFV6 engine under the name Alloytec. The High Feature moniker on the Holden produced engine is reserved for the twin cam phasing high output version. The block was designed to be expandable from 2.8 L to 4.0 L. High Feature V6 engines were previously produced in Fishermans Bend, Port Melbourne, Australia, and remain in production at the following four manufacturing locations: St. Catharines Engine Plant, St. Catharines, Canada; Flint Engine South in Flint, Michigan, United States; Romulus Engine Plant in Romulus, Michigan; and Ramos Arizpe, Coahuila, Mexico. The assembly lines for the St. Catharines and Flint facilities were manufactured by Hirata Corporation at its powertrain facility in Kumamoto, Japan. Most of the designs of this motor happened in Flint. They were first produced for the Cadillac range. The engine block and cylinder heads are cast at Defiance Foundry in Defiance, Ohio.

External links

• Technical article from AutoSpeed Template:Webarchive
• GM Unveils New Direct Injection V-6 - Ward's Auto World
• WebWombat article
• http://www.gminsidenews.com/index.php?page=Engine_Guide
• http://www.chevrolet.com/impala-4-door-sedan.html
• https://web.archive.org/web/20140109174626/http://www.chevrolet.com/2013-traverse-crossover-suv.html