Günther Scheel

Günther Scheel (23 November 1921 – MIA 16 July 1943) was a German Luftwaffe fighter ace during World War II. A flying ace or fighter ace is a military aviator credited with shooting down five or more enemy aircraft during aerial combat.Template:Sfn He is credited with 71 enemy aircraft shot down in only 70 combat missions, all of which he claimed over the Eastern Front. He is the only pilot with over ten victories known to have scored a strike rate higher than 1:1, having achieved more combat kills than his missions flown. He also was "ace-in-a-day" four times, shooting down five or more aircraft on a single day.

Born in Dannenberg, he was trained as a fighter pilot and was posted to Jagdgeschwader 54 (JG 54—54th Fighter Wing) in early 1943. At the time JG 54 was based at airfields near Leningrad where he claimed his first aerial victory on 9 February 1943 during the Siege of Leningrad. In July 1943, his unit was moved to an airfield at Oryol, where it fought in Operation Citadel. In 12 days of combat during the Battle of Kursk, Scheel claimed 31 further aerial victories. On 16 July, he claimed his 71st and last aerial victory before he had a mid-air collision with a Soviet fighter. Crashing behind enemy lines, he was reported missing in action, presumed killed in action. Posthumously, Scheel was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross.

Early life and career

Scheel was born on 23 November 1921 in Dannenberg in the Province of Hanover of the Weimar Republic.Template:Sfn In early 1943, Scheel had completed flight training and was posted to 2. Staffel (2nd squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 54 (JG 54—54th Fighter Wing), a squadron of I. Gruppe (1st group) in late January.Template:SfnTemplate:Refn At the time, I. Gruppe was commanded by Major Hans Philipp and was based at an airfield at Krasnogvardeysk, present day Gatschina, which is located approximately southwest of Leningrad.Template:Sfn

World War II

On Friday 1 September 1939 German forces invaded Poland which marked the beginning of World War II, and in June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union which created the Eastern Front. In February 1943, I. Gruppe of JG 54 was equipped with the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 A-4 and engaged in the Siege of Leningrad. The combat area was predominantly in the east and southeast of Leningrad where Soviet forces had created a corridor to the city in Operation Iskra.Template:Sfn

File:Focke-Wulf Fw 190A-4 JG 54 Nowotny, modello (Museo del modellismo storico Voghenza).JPG

Scale model of Focke-Wulf Fw 190A-4 JG 54.

Scheel claimed his first two aerial victories on 9 February in combat east and south of Shlisselburg, east of Leningrad. That day, I. Gruppe claimed seven aerial victories, including a Lavochkin La-5 and Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov LaGG-3 fighter by Scheel.Template:Sfn On 14 February, weather conditions over Leningrad improved and air operations picked up again resulting in 19 aerial victories plus a tethered balloon claimed by I. Gruppe. This number includes two Ilyushin Il-2 ground attack aircraft shot down by Scheel northeast of Lyuban.Template:Sfn On 18 February, the Gruppe again flew missions to Lyuban and claimed four victories, among them an Il-2 credited to Scheel.Template:Sfn On 23 February, Soviet forces launched an attack south of Leningrad as part of Operation Polyarnaya Zvezda. The attack was repelled by forces under the command of Generalleutnant Carl Hilpert. That day, all available aircraft of I. Gruppe flew missions in defense of this attack, predominantly attacking Soviet ground attack aircraft. By nightfall, the Gruppe reported 32 Soviet aircraft destroyed, including another Il-2 claimed by Scheel in the vicinity of Mga, southeast of Leningrad.Template:Sfn

In late March, Soviet forces continued to pressure the 18th Army while in parallel an attack at Novgorod was launched. In defense of these attacks, I. Gruppe claimed four aerial victories, including a LaGG-3 north of Pushkin by Scheel on 21 March.Template:Sfn Three days later, he claimed one of five aerial victories credited to I. Gruppe, an Il-2, taking his total to eight.Template:Sfn After a period of bad weather, I. Gruppe flew several missions to the east and southeast of Leningrad on 3 April, reporting ten aerial victories. Additionally, 11 Fw 190s were sent on a ground attack mission against anti-aircraft artillery and infantry positions southeast of Woronowo as well as the train station at Lebjashje where some damage was inflicted. Scheel was credited with the destruction of a Bell P-39 Airacobra southeast of Leningrad that day.Template:Sfn Weather conditions limited flight operations for the next few days until 8 April. I. Gruppe was in the air again and encountered Soviet fighters in the vicinity of Lomonosov where Scheel claimed a La-5 shot down.Template:Sfn Sources vary with respect to the number, location and time of aerial victories Scheel was credited with on 16 April. According to the authors Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike and Bock, Scheel claimed two La-5s between 12:04 and 12:25 in an unknown location.Template:Sfn According to Mathews and Foreman. Scheel was credited with a La-5 destroyed at 19:05 west of Lomonosov.Template:Sfn That day, I. Gruppe claimed five aerial victories in combat near Leningrad.Template:Sfn

The weather continued to impact flight operations for both sides and on 1 May, Scheel was the only pilot of I. Gruppe to claim an aerial victory (his 13th), an La-5.Template:Sfn Although the weather had improved on 5 May, flight operations on both sides were limited to the front lines of Leningrad. In defense of a few attacks by ground attack aircraft and their escort fighters, Scheel claimed two LaGG-3 fighters south of the city, the only two claims filed that day by I. Gruppe.Template:Sfn On 24 May, I. Gruppe was deployed over the combat area of the 16th Army, east of Soltsy where Soviet forces had attacked elements of Generalleutnant Gustav Höhne's forces south of Lake Ilmen. Scrambling from Soltsy airfield, I. Gruppe intercepted a flight of Il-2 ground attack aircraft on their mission to bomb and strafe the airfield at Rjelbitzi, located north of Dno and west-southwest of Soltsy on the northern bank of the Shelon. In total, the Gruppe claimed twelve aircraft shot down, including two Il-2s by Scheel.Template:Sfn On 30 May, I. Gruppe escorted a number of Heinkel He 111 bombers from Kampfgeschwader 53 (KG 53—53rd Bomber Wing) on their mission to bomb the bridges spanning the Volkhov River at Volkhov. In addition to a LaGG-3 claimed at 13:48, he was credited with three aerial victories in defense of the bombers, two LaGG-3s and a Curtiss P-40 Warhawk.Template:Sfn

On 5 June, I. Gruppe flew combat air patrols in the area of Volkhov and escort missions for KG 53 attacking the locks at Novaya Ladoga. That day, Scheel claimed two victories over LaGG-3 fighters.Template:Sfn I. Gruppe saw little combat on 10 June; only Scheel was credited with an aerial victory. In combat north of Grusino, which is part of Chudovo, he shot down a La-5 fighter.Template:Sfn He was credited with the destruction of another La-5 on 18 June. In combat near Volkhov, I. Gruppe claimed seven victories that day.Template:Sfn On 21 June, Scheel claimed aerial victories numbering 26 to 29 which included three LaGG-3s and a La-5. That day, I. Gruppe predominantly flew missions over Leningrad and claimed 19 victories.Template:Sfn Scheel flew his 50th combat mission on 22 June and claimed his 30th aerial victory.Template:Sfn That day, I. Gruppe claimed five aircraft destroyed, including a LaGG-3 by Scheel.Template:Sfn The Gruppe flew its last combat missions before relocating on 24 June.Template:Sfn In addition to his 30 aerial victories claimed in the greater vicinity of Leningrad, Scheel also flew a number of ground attack missions, destroying a number of locomotives and other vehicles.Template:Sfn

Operation Citadel

File:Battle of Kursk (map).jpg

German penetration during the Battle of Kursk

In early July, I. Gruppe of JG 54 was ordered to move to Oryol, in the southern sector of Army Group Centre, where it fought in Operation Citadel which initiated the Battle of Kursk. Subordinated to Luftflotte 6 (Air Fleet 6), the Gruppe began relocating on 2 July and arrived at the airfield name Panikowo, a makeshift airfield created for the attack on the Kursk salient, on 4 July.Template:Sfn The next day, the Wehrmacht launched Operation Citadel and I. Gruppe supported the attack of the 9th Army on the northern sector of the salient, escorting bombers of Kampfgeschwader 4, 51 and KG 53 (KG 4, KG 51—4th, 51st Bomber Wing), as well as Junkers Ju 87 dive bombers of Sturzkampfgeschwader 1 (StG 1—1st Dive Bomber Wing) to their target areas. That day, I. Gruppe claimed 59 aerial victories, including eight by Scheel in the vicinity of Maloarkhangelsk, making him an "ace-in-a-day" for the first time.Template:Sfn The next day, I. Gruppe targeted the airspace near Ponyri and during multiple combat missions claimed 29 aerial victories which included a La-5 shot down by Scheel at 11:48 northeast of Ponyri.Template:Sfn On 7 July, the German attack had been halted near Ponyri and Olkhovatka by Soviet forces. I. Gruppe claimed 35 victories and Scheel again made "ace-in-a-day", claiming seven victories which included four Il-2 ground attack aircraft shot down between 08:30 and 08:32.Template:Sfn

On 8 July, I. Gruppe flew fighter escort missions for StG 1 as well as a number of combat air patrols in the vicinity of Ponyri. Although Luftwaffe fighters maintained local air superiority over the combat area of the 9th Army, German ground forces were hard pressed by a Soviet armor attack. That day, I. Gruppe claimed ten aerial victories, including a Douglas A-20 Havoc "Boston" bomber, a La-5 fighter and P-39 fighter by Scheel.Template:Sfn The next day, Scheel claimed three further aerial victories which included his 50th in total, a P-39 shot down southwest of Maloarkhangelsk.Template:Sfn On the sixth day of the operation, 10 July, the German advance in the north had completely come to a halt. I. Gruppe flew escort missions and combat air patrols over Maloarkhangelsk resulting in 24 aerial victories claimed. Scheel claimed five victories, becoming an "ace-in-a-day" for the third time.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The objectives for I. Gruppe did not change on the next day. In total the Gruppe claimed seven victories, including three fighters shot down by Scheel on the early morning mission taking his total to 60.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

On 12 July the Soviets launched Operation Kutuzov, their counter-offensive upon the Oryol salient, which threatened the flank and rear of the 9th Army. In support of German forces near Novosil and Mtsensk, I. Gruppe claimed ten victories, including an Il-2 ground attack aircraft by Scheel.Template:Sfn The next day, Scheel became an "ace-in-a-day" for the fourth and last time during his combat career. All day, the Gruppe flew missions over the Oryol salient, claiming 32 aerial victories. This figure includes Scheel's aerial victories numbering 62 to 67, including three Yakovlev Yak-9 fighters in just two minutes.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn On 14 July, the Soviet attacks on the 2nd Panzer Army forced the 9th Army to strengthen its defenses, effectively making Operation Citadel a failure on the northern sector. Rainy weather impacted air operations on both sides, nevertheless I. Gruppe claimed eight aircraft shot down, including an Il-2 shot down by Scheel northwest of Bolkhov.Template:Sfn The next day, weather conditions deteriorated further, significantly limiting air operations and no victories were claimed by I. Gruppe.Template:Sfn

Missing in action

On the morning of 16 July 1943, flying Fw 190 A-5 (Werknummer 710002—factory number) on his second combat mission of the day, he shot down two Yak-9 fighters taking his total to 71. During this encounter, he collided with the wreckage of the second and crashed northeast Bolkhov.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

The loss report read: "Ltn Scheel took off at 07:07 hours together with 3. Staffel of I./JG 54 in order to provide a Stuka formation with fighter escort in the vicinity of Orel. After completion of this mission, Ltn Scheel shot down two Yak-9s, during a subsequent fighter sweep. During the second combat, his 71st in total, his left wing hit the enemy aircraft. The wing broke off at the fuselage, which caused the aircraft to immediately start descending from an altitude of 800 metres. In 50 metres altitude the aircraft caught fire and exploded on impact in Planquadrat 64356, at 8.06 hours. Point of impact: about 15 kilometres northeast of Bolkhov".Template:Sfn

Weal claims that Scheel may have been the first pilot to claim 50 aerial victories while flying the Fw 190.Template:Sfn According to Spick, Scheel, of all Luftwaffe fighter pilots, flew the fewest combat missions per aerial victory claimed. Posted to a front line unit in early 1943, he flew 70 combat missions and was credited with 71 aerial victories, all of which claimed on the Eastern Front.Template:Sfn He was posthumously awarded the German Cross in Gold () on 31 August 1943, the Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe () on 13 September 1943, and the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross () on 5 December 1943.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Reports of his fate vary, Weal states that he was killed in the crash and subsequent explosion,Template:Sfn while Obermaier indicates that he may have bailed out at and landed behind enemy lines. Scheel was reportedly seen in a camp at Yelabuga in 1946, and receiving medical treatment in a camp at Solny in 1948. However, he officially remains missing in action.Template:Sfn

Summary of career

Aerial victory claims

According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Scheel was credited with 71 aerial victories claimed in 70 combat missions, making it the highest kill-to-mission ratio.Template:Sfn All of his aerial victories were claimed on the Eastern Front.Template:Sfn Heaton, Lewis, Olds and Schulze also list him with 71 aerial victories.Template:Sfn Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and state that Scheel was credited with 70 aerial victories, all of which claimed on the Eastern Front.Template:Sfn

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 36 Ost 10123". The Luftwaffe grid map () covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about . These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area in size.Template:Sfn

Chronicle of aerial victories
This and the ♠ (Ace of spades) indicates those aerial victories which made Scheel an "ace-in-a-day", a term which designates a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more airplanes in a single day.   This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock, Mathews and Foreman.
Claim	Date	Time	Type	Location	Claim	Date	Time	Type	Location
– 2. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 54 –Template:Sfn Eastern Front — 4 February – 16 July 1943
1	9 February 1943	09:20	La-5	PQ 36 Ost 10123Template:Sfn east of Shlisselburg	36♠	5 July 1943	18:37	Il-2	PQ 35 Ost 63364Template:Sfn north-northwest of Maloarkhangelsk
2	9 February 1943	15:25	LaGG-3	PQ 36 Ost 10142Template:Sfn south of Shlisselburg	37♠	5 July 1943	18:38	Il-2	PQ 35 Ost 63473Template:Sfn north of Maloarkhangelsk
3	14 February 1943	13:21	Il-2	PQ 36 Ost 10473Template:Sfn northeast of Lyuban	38♠	5 July 1943	18:39	Il-2	PQ 35 Ost 63451Template:Sfn northeast of Maloarkhangelsk
4	14 February 1943	13:35?Template:Refn	Il-2	PQ 36 Ost 10452Template:Sfn northeast of Lyuban	39	6 July 1943	11:48	La-5	PQ 35 Ost 63568, northeast of PonyriTemplate:Sfn southwest of Maloarkhangelsk
5	18 February 1943	08:20	Il-2	PQ 36 Ost 10532Template:Sfn northeast of Lyuban	40♠	7 July 1943	08:30	Il-2	PQ 35 Ost 53561Template:Sfn southeast of Dmitrovsk
6	23 February 1943	10:59	La-5	PQ 36 Ost 10172Template:Sfn vicinity of Mga	41♠	7 July 1943	08:31	Il-2	PQ 35 Ost 56563, northeast of PonyriTemplate:Sfn southeast of Dmitrovsk
7	21 March 1943	08:45	LaGG-3	PQ 36 Ost 00193Template:Sfn north of Pushkin	42♠	7 July 1943	08:32	Il-2	PQ 35 Ost 53592Template:Sfn east-northeast of Dmitrovsk
8	24 March 1943	08:53	Il-2	PQ 36 Ost 10193Template:Sfn east of Mga	43♠	7 July 1943	08:32	Il-2	PQ 35 Ost 53591Template:Sfn southeast of Dmitrovsk
9	3 April 1943	17:57	P-39	PQ 36 Ost 10141Template:Sfn southeast of Leningrad	44♠	7 July 1943	14:12	Boston	PQ 35 Ost 63691Template:Sfn west-southwest of Maloarkhangelsk
10	8 April 1943	16:28?Template:Refn	La-5	PQ 26 Ost 90252Template:Sfn southeast of Lomonosov	45♠	7 July 1943	14:15	Yak-7	PQ 35 Ost 63514Template:Sfn west-northwest of Maloarkhangelsk
11?Template:Refn	16 April 1943	12:04	La-5Template:Sfn		46♠	7 July 1943	14:20	Pe-2	PQ 35 Ost 63592Template:Sfn south-southwest of Maloarkhangelsk
12?	16 April 1943	12:25	La-5Template:Sfn		47	8 July 1943	08:04	Boston	PQ 35 Ost 63561Template:Sfn southwest of Maloarkhangelsk
?Template:Refn	16 April 1943	19:05	La-5	west of Lomonosov	48	8 July 1943	17:31	La-5	PQ 35 Ost 63531Template:Sfn northwest of Maloarkhangelsk
13	1 May 1943	15:55	La-5	PQ 36 Ost 00164Template:Sfn southeast of Leningrad	49	8 July 1943	17:40	P-39	PQ 35 Ost 53693Template:Sfn west-southwest of Maloarkhangelsk
14	5 May 1943	11:45	LaGG-3	PQ 36 Ost 00152Template:Sfn south of Leningrad	50	9 July 1943	04:45	P-39	PQ 35 Ost 63576Template:Sfn southwest of Maloarkhangelsk
15	5 May 1943	11:48	LaGG-3	PQ 36 Ost 00161Template:Sfn southeast of Leningrad	51	9 July 1943	05:11	Il-2	PQ 35 Ost 63575Template:Sfn southwest of Maloarkhangelsk
16	24 May 1943	19:37	Il-2	PQ 35 Ost 09791Template:Sfn	52	9 July 1943	05:11?Template:Refn	Il-2	PQ 35 Ost 63579Template:Sfn southwest of Maloarkhangelsk
17	24 May 1943	19:38	Il-2	PQ 35 Ost 09872Template:Sfn	53♠	10 July 1943	07:19	P-39	PQ 35 Ost 63753Template:Sfn southwest of Maloarkhangelsk
18	30 May 1943	13:48	LaGG-3?Template:Refn	PQ 36 Ost 10113Template:Sfn vicinity of Shlisselburg	54♠	10 July 1943	07:20	P-39	PQ 35 Ost 63754Template:Sfn southwest of Maloarkhangelsk
19	30 May 1943	19:50	LaGG-3	PQ 36 Ost 11783Template:Sfn Lake Ladoga	55♠	10 July 1943	07:22	P-39	PQ 35 Ost 63743Template:Sfn southwest of Maloarkhangelsk
20	30 May 1943	19:51	LaGG-3	PQ 36 Ost 11784Template:Sfn Lake Ladoga	56♠	10 July 1943	13:33	LaGG-3	PQ 35 Ost 63543Template:Sfn west-southwest of Maloarkhangelsk
21	30 May 1943	20:18	Curtiss P-40	PQ 36 Ost 10123Template:Sfn east of Shlisselburg	57♠	10 July 1943	18:50	Yak-1	PQ 35 Ost 63714Template:Sfn southwest of Maloarkhangelsk
22	5 June 1943	12:01?Template:Refn	LaGG-3	PQ 36 Ost 10451Template:Sfn northeast of Lyuban	58	11 July 1943	04:24	LaGG-3	PQ 35 Ost 63572Template:Sfn southwest of Maloarkhangelsk
23	5 June 1943	12:10	LaGG-3	PQ 36 Ost 20151, WolchowstrojTemplate:Sfn southwest of Volkhov	59	11 July 1943	04:26	LaGG-3	PQ 35 Ost 63573, west of PonyriTemplate:Sfn southwest of Maloarkhangelsk
24	10 June 1943	18:16	La-5	PQ 36 Ost 10692Template:Sfn northeast of Chudovo	60	11 July 1943	04:33	La-5	PQ 35 Ost 63597Template:Sfn south-southwest of Maloarkhangelsk
25	18 June 1943	02:02?Template:Refn	La-5	PQ 36 Ost 00334Template:Sfn east of Volkhov	61	12 July 1943	07:09	Il-2	PQ 35 Ost 64753Template:Sfn northeast of Oryol
26	21 June 1943	10:14	LaGG-3	PQ 36 Ost 10261Template:Sfn west-southwest of Shlisselburg	62♠	13 July 1943	11:11	La-5?Template:Refn	PQ 35 Ost 73144Template:Sfn
27	21 June 1943	10:15	LaGG-3	PQ 36 Ost 10262Template:Sfn west-southwest of Shlisselburg	63♠	13 July 1943	11:13	Yak-9	PQ 35 Ost 73123Template:Sfn
28	21 June 1943	15:25	La-5	PQ 36 Ost 20112, VolkhovstroyTemplate:Sfn west of Volkhov	64♠	13 July 1943	11:13	Yak-9	PQ 35 Ost 73123Template:Sfn
29	21 June 1943	20:05	LaGG-3	PQ 36 Ost 20131Template:Sfn	65♠	13 July 1943	14:04	Il-2	PQ 35 Ost 54413Template:Sfn west-southwest of Belyov
30	22 June 1943	02:25	LaGG-3	PQ 26 Ost 90634Template:Sfn southwest of Gatchina	66♠	13 July 1943	14:12	Il-2	PQ 35 Ost 54442Template:Sfn west-northwest of Bolkhov
31♠	5 July 1943	04:18	La-5	PQ 35 Ost 63612Template:Sfn vicinity of Maloarkhangelsk	67♠	13 July 1943	19:12	La-5	PQ 35 Ost 64221Template:Sfn southeast of Mtsensk
32♠	5 July 1943	10:02	Curtiss P-40	PQ 35 Ost 63531Template:Sfn west-southwest of Maloarkhangelsk	68	14 July 1943	15:45	Il-2	PQ 35 Ost 54481Template:Sfn northwest of Bolkhov
33♠	5 July 1943	10:06	Curtiss P-40	PQ 35 Ost 63334Template:Sfn northwest of Maloarkhangelsk	69	16 July 1943	05:25	Spitfire	PQ 35 Ost 54443Template:Sfn northwest of Bolkhov
34♠	5 July 1943	12:02	Curtiss P-40	PQ 35 Ost 63583Template:Sfn southwest of Maloarkhangelsk	70	16 July 1943	07:55	Yak-9	PQ 35 Ost 54412Template:Sfn west-southwest of Belyov
35♠	5 July 1943	18:35	Il-2	PQ 35 Ost 63481Template:Sfn northeast of Maloarkhangelsk	71	16 July 1943	08:05	Yak-9	PQ 35 Ost 54356Template:Sfn southeast of Zhizdra

Awards

• Iron Cross (1939) 2nd and 1st Class
• German Cross in Gold on 31 August 1943 (posthumously) as Leutnant in the I./Jagdgeschwader 54Template:Sfn
• Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe on 13 September 1943 (posthumously) as Leutnant and pilotTemplate:Sfn
• Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 5 December 1943 (posthumously) as Leutnant and Staffelführer of the 3./Jagdgeschwader 54Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Refn

See also

• List of people who disappeared