Functional urban area

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File:City and related typologies – an example for Milano.png
Illustration showing the difference between the city, the functional urban area (Milan metropolitan area), and the metropolitan region of Milan.
File:Figure 7.5 DEGURBA2021.png
Illustration of the delimitation process for the functional urban area (red outline) of Genoa (red fill) and its commuting zone (pink fill).

The functional urban area (FUA), previously known as larger urban zone (LUZ),[1] is a measure of the population and expanse of metropolitan and surrounding areas which may or may not be exclusively urban.[2] It consists of a city and its commuting zone,[3] which is a contiguous area of spatial units that have at least 15% of their employed residents working in the city.[4]

The FUA represents an attempt at a harmonised definition of the metropolitan area. Eurostat's objective was to have an area from which a significant share of the residents commute into the city, a concept known as the "functional urban region."[5] To ensure a good data availability, Eurostat adjusts the FUA boundaries to administrative boundaries that approximate the functional urban area.[6]

History

The definition was introduced under the name Larger urban zone (LUZ) in 2004 by Eurostat, the statistical agency of the European Union (EU), in agreement with the national statistics offices in the member states.[7][8] Eurostat data is provided only for zones in the EU countries, candidate countries and EFTA countries. Several cities were excluded by definition from the 2004 list of LUZs on technical, definitional grounds, such as the coincidence of the metropolitan area with the urban zone.[9][10][11]

In 2006 LUZ definitions were changed significantly, improving the comparability of LUZ definitions across different countries, and allowing for almost all cities to be included.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

In 2011, the European Commission has developed a new definition of LUZ in cooperation with the OECD.[12] The term Larger urban zone (LUZ) was later renamed as the Functional urban area (FUA).[1]

In 2020, the Food and Agriculture Organization, the United Nations Human Settlements Programme, the International Labour Organization, and the World Bank have also adopted the Functional urban area as their definition for delimitation of metropolitan areas.[13]

List of functional urban areas by population as of 2017

Template:Duplication

This is a list of functional urban areas by population as of 2017. The 2004 Urban Audit also includes cities from EFTA countries (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland) and EU candidate countries, although the only candidate country for which there is available data is Turkey. Some cities, including Marseille, Lille, Nice, Cordoba, Badajoz, Toulon and Montpellier were excluded from the 2004 list on technical, definitional grounds, such as the coincidence of the metropolitan area with the urban zone.

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  Areas outside of the European Union
Rank Functional urban area Country Population Area (km2)
1 Paris Template:Flagcountry 13,998,000 12,079.87[14]
2 Istanbul Template:Flagcountry 11,154,928
3 London Template:Flagcountry 10,345,124 8,900[14]
4 Madrid Template:Flagcountry 5,804,829 8,022
5 Ruhr Area Template:Flagcountry 5,302,179 4,435
6 Berlin Template:Flagcountry 4,971,331 17,385
7 Naples Template:Flagcountry 4,475,682 564.95
8 Barcelona Template:Flagcountry 4,233,638 1,796.64
9 Athens Template:Flagcountry 4,013,368 3,806.92
10 Ankara Template:Flagcountry 3,736,359
11 Rome Template:Flagcountry 3,457,690 3,666.66
12 Hamburg Template:Flagcountry 3,134,620 7,304
12 Milan Template:Flagcountry 3,076,643 1,348.32
13 Manchester Template:Flagcountry 2,948,633 1,280
14 Katowice metropolitan area Template:Flagcountry 2,710,397 2,650.65
15 Stuttgart Template:Flagcountry 2,663,660 3,654
16 Warsaw Template:Flagcountry 2,631,710 5,201.72
17 Munich Template:Flagcountry 2,531,706 5,504
18 Frankfurt Template:Flagcountry 2,517,561 4,305
19 İzmir Template:Flagcountry 2,459,474
20 Lisbon Template:Flagcountry 2,435,837 1,432.49
21 Budapest Template:Flagcountry 2,393,846 2,538[14]
22 Leeds Template:Flagcountry 2,393,300 5,114[14]
23 Birmingham Template:Flagcountry 2,357,100 1,598
24 Vienna Template:Flagcountry 2,179,769 4,610.93[14]
25 Bucharest Template:Flagcountry 2,140,194 662
26 Prague Template:Flagcountry 1,964,750 6,977[14]
27 Cologne Template:Flagcountry 1,873,580 1,626
28 Stockholm Template:Flagcountry 1,860,872 6,519
29 Copenhagen Template:Flagcountry 1,806,667[14] 2,759[14]
30 Brussels Template:Flagcountry 1,800,663 1,613.91
31 Glasgow Template:Flagcountry 1,747,100 3,346
32 Turin Template:Flagcountry 1,745,221 1,878.97
33 Lyon Template:Flagcountry 1,717,300 5,997.68[14]
34 Belgrade Template:Flagcountry 1,683,962 514
35 Valencia Template:Flagcountry 1,564,145 1,440.58
36 Dublin File:Flag of Ireland.svg Republic of Ireland 1,535,446[14]
37 Düsseldorf Template:Flagcountry 1,525,029 1,201
38 Bursa Template:Flagcountry 1,474,482
39 Amsterdam Template:Flagcountry 1,443,258 859.28
40 Adana Template:Flagcountry 1,394,130
41 Liverpool Template:Flagcountry 1,365,900 821
42 Bielefeld Template:Flagcountry 1,297,876 2,921
43 Hanover Template:Flagcountry 1,294,447 2,966
44 Nuremberg Template:Flagcountry 1,288,797 2,934
45 Sheffield Template:Flagcountry 1,277,100 1,846
46 Kraków Template:Flagcountry 1,264,322 2,988.65
47 Sofia Template:Flagcountry 1,263,807[14] 3,424.2[14]
48 Seville Template:Flagcountry 1,249,346 3,081.9
49 Bremen Template:Flagcountry 1,249,291 5,885
50 Helsinki Template:Flagcountry 1,224,107 2,969.94
51 Rotterdam Template:Flagcountry 1,186,818 611.75
52 Łódź Template:Flagcountry 1,163,516 2,857.51
53 Ostrava Template:Flagcountry 1,153,876 3,889.6[14]
54 Zürich Template:Flagcountry 1,110,478 1,086.14
55 Tricity Template:Flagcountry 1,105,203 3,457.32
56 Porto Template:Flagcountry 1,099,040 562.32
57 Oslo Template:Flagcountry 1,090,513 6,920
58 Newcastle upon Tyne Template:Flagcountry 1,055,600 3,385
59 Gaziantep Template:Flagcountry 1,052,795
60 Toulouse Template:Flagcountry 1,052,497 4,706.93[14]
61 Wrocław Template:Flagcountry 1,031,439 4,582.2
62 Poznań Template:Flagcountry 1,018,511 3,719.2
63 Gothenburg Template:Flagcountry 1,015,974 3,694.86
64 Bristol Template:Flagcountry 1,006,600 1,635
65 Riga Template:Flagcountry 1,003,949 5,382.5

List of functional urban areas

This is a list of functional urban areas. The Urban Audit also includes cities from EFTA countries (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland) and EU candidate countries. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) uses a similar definition of Functional Urban Area to represent population sizes of cities in OECD countries.[15] This data is also included.

The figures in the Eurostat database are an attempt at a compromise between harmonised data for all of the European Union, and with availability of statistical data, making comparisons more accurate.[16]

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  Areas outside of the European Union
Functional urban area Country OECD Population (2014) [15] Eurostat Population (2006)[17] Eurostat Population (2016)[18]
Amsterdam metropolitan area Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:NtsTemplate:Efn Template:Nts
Antwerp Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:NtsTemplate:Efn Template:Nts
Athens Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:Nts Template:Nts
Barcelona metropolitan area Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:NtsTemplate:Efn Template:Nts
Berlin Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:Nts Template:Nts
Bilbao Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:Nts Template:Nts
Birmingham (West Midlands) Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:Nts Template:Nts
Bordeaux Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:NtshNo data Template:Nts
Bremen Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:Nts Template:Nts
Bristol Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:Nts Template:Nts
Brussels-Capital Region Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:NtsTemplate:Efn Template:Nts
Bucharest metropolitan area Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:Nts Template:Nts
Budapest metropolitan area Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:Nts Template:Nts
Cardiff Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:Nts Template:Nts
Copenhagen Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:NtsTemplate:Efn Template:Nts
Dublin Metropolitan Area File:Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland Template:Nts Template:Nts Template:Nts
Frankfurt/Rhine-Main Region Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:NtsTemplate:Efn Template:Nts
Gdańsk Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:NtshNo data Template:NtsTemplate:Efn
Greater Glasgow Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:Nts Template:Nts
Metropolitan Gothenburg Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:NtshNo data Template:NtsTemplate:Efn
The Hague Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:NtsTemplate:Efn Template:Nts
Hamburg Metropolitan Region Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:Nts Template:Nts
Hanover Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:NtshNo data Template:Nts
Helsinki Metropolitan Area Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:Nts Template:Nts
Katowice metropolitan area Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:NtsTemplate:Efn Template:Nts
Kraków metropolitan area Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:Nts Template:Nts
West Yorkshire (Leeds – Bradford) Template:Flagcountry Template:NtsTemplate:Efn Template:Nts Template:Nts
Lille–Kortrijk–Tournai Template:Flagcountry/
Template:Flagcountry 		Template:NtsTemplate:Efn Template:NtsTemplate:Efn Template:Nts
Lisbon metropolitan area Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:Nts Template:Nts
Liverpool/Birkenhead Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:Nts Template:Nts
Łódź Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:Nts Template:Nts
London metropolitan area Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:Nts Template:Nts
Lyon Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:Nts Template:Nts
Madrid metropolitan area Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:Nts Template:Nts
Greater Manchester Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:Nts Template:Nts
Mannheim Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:NtshNo data Template:Nts
Marseille Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:Nts Template:NtsTemplate:Efn
Milan metropolitan area Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:NtsTemplate:Efn Template:Nts
Munich Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:NtsTemplate:Efn Template:Nts
Naples metropolitan area Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:NtsTemplate:Efn Template:Nts
Nice Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:Nts Template:Nts
Nottingham-Derby File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom Template:Nts Template:Nts Template:Nts
Nuremberg Metropolitan Region Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:Nts Template:Nts
Greater Oslo Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:Nts Template:Nts
Ostrava Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts no data Template:Nts no data Template:NtsTemplate:Efn
Paris metropolitan area Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:Nts Template:Nts
Porto Metropolitan Area Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:NtsTemplate:Efn Template:Nts
Portsmouth-Southampton Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:Nts Template:NtsTemplate:Efn
Prague Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:Nts Template:NtsTemplate:Efn
Rhein-NordTemplate:Efn (Düsseldorf – Neuss) Template:Flagcountry Template:NtsTemplate:Efn Template:NtsTemplate:Efn Template:Nts
Rhein-SüdTemplate:Efn (Cologne – Bonn) Template:Flagcountry Template:NtsTemplate:Efn Template:NtsTemplate:Efn Template:NtsTemplate:Efn
Riga Template:Flagcountry Template:NtshNo data Template:Nts Template:Nts
Rome metropolitan area Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:Nts Template:Nts
Rotterdam Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:NtsTemplate:Efn Template:Nts
Ruhr area Template:Flagcountry Template:NtshNo dataTemplate:Efn Template:NtsTemplate:Efn Template:Nts
Saarbrücken – Forbach Template:Flagcountry/
Template:Flagcountry 		Template:NtsTemplate:Efn Template:Nts Template:Nts
Seville Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:NtsTemplate:Efn Template:Nts
Sofia Template:Flagcountry Template:NtshNo data Template:Nts Template:Nts
Metropolitan Stockholm Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:Nts Template:NtsScript error: No such module "Unsubst".
South Yorkshire (Sheffield) Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:Nts Template:Nts
Stuttgart Metropolitan Region Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:Nts Template:Nts
Thessaloniki metropolitan area Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:Nts Template:Nts
Toulouse Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:NtshNo data Template:Nts
Turin metropolitan area Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:NtsTemplate:Efn Template:Nts
Newcastle-Sunderland Template:Flagcountry Template:NtsTemplate:Efn Template:Nts Template:Nts
Valencia Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:NtsTemplate:Efn Template:Nts
Vienna Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:Nts Template:Nts
Warsaw metropolitan area Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:Nts Template:Nts
Zagreb Template:Flagcountry Template:NtshNo data Template:Nts Template:Nts
Zürich metropolitan area Template:Flagcountry Template:Nts Template:Nts Template:Nts

See also

Notes

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References

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  1. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Position Statement on Cohesion Policy 2014–2020 Template:Webarchive, EuroMETREX. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Data for 2001 (2004 data not yet available)
  15. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ European Spatial Planning Observation Network, Study on Urban Functions (Project 1.4.3) Template:Webarchive, Final Report, Chapter 3, (ESPON, 2007)
  18. ↑ http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=urb_lpop1&lang=en Template:Bare URL inline

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External links

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