Fulu

File:Chinese talisman for protection.jpg

for placement above the primary entrance of one's home, intended to protect against evil

(Template:Zh) are asemic Taoist magic symbols and incantations, translatable into English as 'talismanic script',Template:Efn which are written or painted on talismans by Taoist practitioners.

These practitioners are called Template:Zh, an informal group made up of priests from different schools of Taoism. Like most aspects of Taoist practice, use of these objects is not confined to Taoism: they have been incorporated into several forms of Chinese Buddhism, and have inspired the used in Japanese Buddhism and Shinto and the used in Korean shamanism.

Etymology

Template:Zh are instructions for deities and spirits, symbols for exorcism, and recipes for potions or charms used to treat ailments. A Template:Zh is a registry for the memberships of priests, which additionally lists the skills they are trained in.

History

File:Chinese Fulu talisman han dynasty 乌程汉简浙江出土.jpg

Han dynasty Chinese talisman, part of the Template:Ill

Scholarly research into the history of Taoist symbolism has always been a particular challenge, because historically, Taoist priests have often used abstruse, obscure imagery writing to express their thoughts, meaning that a path to their successful decipherment and interpretation isn't always readily found in primary sources. According to scholar Yang Zhaohua, while a number of the earliest known Taoist talismans were "simple and legible", later examples had become deliberately cryptic in order to signal their divinity. Other scholars of Taoism such as James Robson and Gil Raz have claimed that the incomprehensibility of written forms is central to the talisman's perceived authority and efficacy, and is one of talismanic script's defining features.

During the Eastern Jin dynasty (317–420), it was already considered unnecessary for users of Taoist talismans to be able to decipher the writing on them in order for them to be considered efficacious. Ge Hong noted in his Baopuzi that as long as the inscription was authentic, successful use of the talisman did not depend on whether the user was able to decipher its script. By this time, the talisman's illegibility had already become a sign that they were of divine authority and held supernatural provenance.

Design

File:TaoistCharm.JPG

A talisman

tend to have irregular strokes that resemble Chinese characters, often elongating existing words while incorporating non-character symbols. Taoist priests are the main interpreters of this eclectic writing system, and the characters can differ from sect to sect. The method of writing down these characters is generally passed down in secret from a Taoist priest to their disciples and treated as a special craft with which to communicate to local deities and spirits. According to Fudan University professor Ge Zhaoguang, the unreadability of Taoist talismanic is a type of 'linguistic archaism' deliberately designed to be incomprehensible, as "a veil of unfathomable otherwordliness" that allows only a small number of qualified clergy to adequately produce them.

Some appear to have been created from a composition of two Chinese characters, by stacking one atop of the other. This technique of synthesis was not unique to Taoists: also appear on other kinds of Chinese charms, such as Buddhist coin charms and woodblock prints. style varies from sect to sect, with each having different incantations and different mudras used in their creation. Even the invocations used for a single deity will vary between sects.

Healthcare

Fulu and other talismanic techniques have been used for millennia in China as a healing method alongside medicines, meditation, acupuncture, astrology, and massage. At least as far back as the Eastern Han dynasty when the Taoist Way of the Taiping was founded, the practice was used to heal patients. Known as Template:Zh in medical writings, the use of talismans enjoyed official support between the Sui and the late Ming dynasties, though seeing decline when rival acupuncture practices were recognised by the imperial court as a medicinal discipline in the 6th century.

While rejected by traditional Chinese medicine, continues to be widely used amongst Chinese folk healers today. With the growing influence of Western psychology in the 20th century, began to be interpreted as a Chinese counterpart of Western hypnosis.

Literary references

One of the earliest references to is found in the Huangdi Yinfujing, though without adequate instructions for the writing thereof. The second chapter of each of the three grottoes in the Daozang is a record of the history and feats of the ' sect', where are said to originate with the condensation of clouds in the sky.

Coins

File:91619 SMVK EM objekt 1016716 (1).jpg

A charm with at the Museum of Ethnography in Sweden

was also incorporated into coin talismans, of which many resemble cash. Many of these talismans have not yet been deciphered. One specimen has been described where talismanic script was written side by side with Chinese characters suspected to be their glosses or equivalents. On rare occasions, has also been found on Buddhist numismatic charms and amulets. Most of these coin talismans request Lei Gong to protect its carriers from evil spirits and misfortune.

are usually included at the beginning and the end of the inscription on a Taoist coin charm.

Further reading

• See in particular Chapter 7, Magical Taoism, The Way of Power.