Freiberger
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The Freiberger or Franches-Montagnes is a Swiss breed of horse of light draught type. It originates in the Canton of Jura in north-western Switzerland, and is named for the Freiberge or Franches-Montagnes District in the south of that canton. It is widely distributed in Switzerland, and is also present in France and Belgium.
It was formerly used principally as a farm horse or by the Swiss army; it is now used mainly for driving and riding. The Script error: No such module "Lang". is an annual fair for the breed held in Saignelégier, capital of the Franches-Montagnes District.
History
The Freiberger originates in the historic Jura region of Switzerland; use of horses in agricultural work and as post-horses is documented there from about 1620.[1]Template:R/superscript[2]Template:R/superscript
By the early nineteenth century, there were active breeders in the district of Franches-Montagnes. In 1817, there were Script error: No such module "val". breeding mares. The horses were bred for use in agriculture and by the army as pack animals and artillery horses. There were imports of Anglo-Normans in 1821, and of Hanoverian, Oldenburger and other horses from England and France in 1830, all with the aim of correcting the perceived faults of the native breed – a heavy head, a short neck and a sloping croup – although its overall build was considered good.[3]Template:R/superscript[4]Template:R/superscript
The name Freiberger appeared in the late nineteenth century, used for the three types of horse previously named after the districts of Franches-Montagnes, Porrentruy, and Delémont. These types were called "cheval de Jura" and later "Franches-Montagnes" regardless of the district from which they originated. They had also been known as the race welsche.[5]Template:R/superscript
Until the early twentieth century there were named sub-types, such as the Anglo-Jura – with Thoroughbred blood - and the Normand-Jura, with some Anglo-Norman ancestry. It was only in the late twentieth century that the name (Cheval des) Franches-Montagnes became official.[5]Template:R/superscript The Script error: No such module "Lang". in Saignelégier, a combined show, race and market dedicated to the breed, has been held annually since 1897.[6]Template:R/superscript
Some cross-breeding with imported Swedish Warmblood stock took place in the 1960s.[7]Template:R/superscript
A stud-book was established in 1960.[8]Template:R/superscript It was closed to any external admixture in 1997.[9]Template:R/superscript In the same year a breed association, the Schweizerischer Freibergerverband or Fédération suisse d’élevage du cheval de la race des Franches-Montagnes, was established.[10]Template:R/superscript
Although the Freiberger breed is not at risk, with an estimated total population in 2017 of about Script error: No such module "val"., of which approximately Script error: No such module "val". were in Switzerland, the original type – those with 2% or less of foreign blood – is endangered.[11]Template:R/superscript[12]Template:R/superscript An interest group for the preservation of this stock was formed in 1996 as the Script error: No such module "Lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang"..[13]Template:R/superscript In 1999 the total number of such horses was decreasing rapidly, with a remaining stock of about 300 mares and 30 stallions.[12]Template:R/superscript In 2003 a conservation programme for the original type was established by the interest group, in collaboration with ProSpecieRara and with the Template:Ill at Avenches.[7]Template:R/superscript[9]Template:R/superscript[13]Template:R/superscript
Characteristics
The Freiberger is variable in type, from a riding horse to a light draught horse conformation.[7]Template:R/superscript Mares average Script error: No such module "val". in weight and Script error: No such module "val". in height at the withers; the average height and weight for stallions and geldings are Script error: No such module "val". and Script error: No such module "val"..[14]Template:R/superscript The usual coat colours are bay and chestnut, with only minimal white markings.[7]Template:R/superscript
Use
The traditional uses were as a draught horse for agricultural work, or as a military horse, either as a saddle horse or as a pack animal.[7]Template:R/superscript In the twenty-first century it is used both as a riding mount and for driving.[7]Template:R/superscript
References
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- ↑ Isabelle Reviriaud (2002). Le cheval Franches-Montagnes: Thèse pour obtenir le grade de docteur vétérinaire, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (doctoral thesis, in French).
- ↑ Historique (in French). Avenches: Fédération Suisse du Franches-Montagnes. Archived 29 January 2022.
- ↑ Louis Jobin (1925). Le Cheval du Jura (dissertation, in French). La Chaux-de-Fonds: W. Graden.
- ↑ Johan Ulrich Duerst (1924). Kulturhistorische Studien Zur schweizerischen Pferdezucht (in German). Bern: Verlag der Schweizerischen Landwirtschaftlichen Monatshefte, Benteli AG.
- ↑ a b Pierre-André Poncet, Vincent Wermeille (2009). Le Cheval des Franches-Montagnes à travers l'histoire (in French). Porrentruy: Société jurassienne d'émulation. Template:Isbn.
- ↑ Histoire (in French). Saignelégier: Marché-Concours National de Chevaux. Archived 31 March 2022.
- ↑ a b c d e f Valerie Porter, Lawrence Alderson, Stephen J.G. Hall, D. Phillip Sponenberg (2016). Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding (sixth edition). Wallingford: CABI. Template:Isbn.
- ↑ Tiergenetische Ressourcen der Schweizer Landwirtschaft (in German). Bern: Bundesamt für Landwirtschaft. Accessed February 2022.
- ↑ a b Cheval originel des Franches-Montagnes (in French). ProSpecieRara Suisse Romande. Accessed March 2023.
- ↑ Fédération (in French). Avenches: Fédération Suisse du Franches-Montagnes. Accessed April 2023.
- ↑ Élise Rousseau, Yann Le Bris, Teresa Lavender Fagan (2017). Horses of the World. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Template:Isbn.
- ↑ a b [Monitoring Institute for Rare Breeds and Seeds in Europe] (2003). Agricultural Genetic Resources in the Alps; Landwirtschaftliche Genressourcen der Alpen; Ressources génétiques agricoles des Alpes; Risorse genetiche agricole delle Alpi; Kmetijski genetski viri v Alpha. Zürich: Bristol-Stiftung; Bern, Stuttgart, Wien: Haupt. Template:Isbn. Archived 24 May 2022.
- ↑ a b Das Original Freiberger Pferd (in German). Interessengemeinschaft zur Erhaltung des Original Freiberger Pferdes. Archived 12 August 2022.
- ↑ Breed data sheet: Franches-Montagnes / Switzerland (Horse). Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed March 2023.
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