Francisco Dueñas

Francisco Dueñas Díaz (3 December 1810 – 4 March 1884) was a Salvadoran politician and lawyer who served as President of El Salvador on six different occasions between 1851 and 1871. He also served as Vice President of El Salvador from 1856 to 1858 and as President of the Senate in 1855. Author J. Lloyd Mecham described El Salvador during Dueñas' presidency as "experienced a far-reaching Conservative reaction".Template:Sfn

Dueñas is one of only six Salvadoran presidents to have been successfully re-elected; the others are Doroteo Vasconcelos, Santiago González, Rafael Zaldívar, Maximiliano Hernández Martínez, and Nayib Bukele.Template:Sfn

Early life

Francisco Dueñas Díaz was born on 3 December 1810 in San Salvador, New Spain.Template:Sfn His father was José Miguel Dueñas and his mother was Secundina Díaz. Dueñas' parents were wealthy,Template:Sfn and his ancestors had accumulated their wealth through were agricultural work.Template:Sfn Dueñas' parents enrolled him in San Salvador's only public school in his youth.Template:Sfn

At the age of 17, Dueñas began attending the Santo Domingo Seminary in San Salvador and aspired to become a Catholic priest. He later transferred to the Order of Santo Domingo Seminary in Guatemala City. Dueñas dropped out of the seminary in 1829 when the Guatemalan government ordered the seminary to dismiss those attending it.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn After this, Dueñas sought to pursue a career in law.Template:Sfn In 1836, Dueñas earned his doctorate at the University of San Carlos in Guatemala City.Template:Sfn

Political career

Early political career

In 1837, Dueñas returned to El Salvador and was elected as a member of the Federal Congress of the Federal Republic of Central America.Template:Sfn The following year, he was elected as the secretary of the Federal Congress.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn In 1839, Salvadoran head of state Francisco Morazán appointed Dueñas as the vice secretary-general of dispatches. He served in this position until February 1840 when he resigned in protest of Morazán's invasion of Guatemala as a part of the Second Central American Civil War. In October 1841, Dueñas took part in the inauguration ceremony of the University of El Salvador.Template:Sfn

Dueñas served as a magistrate of the Supreme Court of Justice of El Salvador from December 1842 to 1843. In 1843, Dueñas established the El Amigo del Pueblo newspaper in San Salvador. The newspaper was critical of General Francisco Malespín's presidency. Malespín accused Dueñas of conspiring to overthrow him and sought to expel him from the country, but the Supreme Court of Justice prevented Malespín from doing so. In February 1845, President Joaquín Eufrasio Guzmán appointed Dueñas as the country's minister of dispatches. He served in this position until February 1846.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn From February 1846 to February 1848, Dueñas served as the minister of state of El Salvador under President Eugenio Aguilar.Template:Sfn

Early 1850s presidencies

In 1849, Dueñas was elected to the Senate of El Salvador. Dueñas attempted to run for president in the 1850 presidential election, but incumbent president Doroteo Vasconcelos did not allow Dueñas to do so as he was seeking re-election.Template:Sfn Around this time, Dueñas and Juan Francisco Barrundia established the El Progresso newspaper aimed at opposing Guatemalan president General Rafael Carrera.Template:Sfn Dueñas was the rector of the University of El Salvador from 1850 to 1955.Template:Sfn

On 12 January 1851, Dueñas became El Salvador's acting president as Vasconcelos led Salvadoran soldiers in an invasion of Guatemala. Dueñas received the presidency as he was the country's first presidential designate.Template:Sfn Vasconcelos was defeated by Carrera at the Battle of La Arada in February 1851. After Vasconcelos' defeat, Carrera sought to maintain Dueñas as El Salvador's president as Carrera saw Dueñas as a potential ally.Template:Sfn Dueñas ceded the acting presidency to Vice President José Félix Quirós on 1 March, but on 3 May, Quirós gave the acting presidency back to Dueñas.Template:Sfn

In January 1852, Dueñas was elected as El Salvador's president unopposed. Dueñas remarked that he was elected with the "unanimous voice of the citizenry".Template:Sfn Dueñas resigned as provisional president on 30 January 1852 and was briefly succeeded by Colonel José María San Martín for two days. Dueñas began his 1852–1854 presidential term on 1 February 1852; Tomás Medina was his vice president. That month, a rebellion occurred in San Vicente seeking to restore Vasconcelos to the presidency, but it was suppressed by General Ramón Belloso. During Dueñas' term, he signed a peace treaty with Guatemala formally ending the war started by Vasconcelos.Template:Sfn Dueñas' term ended on 1 February 1854 and he was briefly succeeded by Vicente Gómez as acting president before San Martín, the winner of the 1854 presidential election, assumed office a few days later.Template:Sfn Like Dueñas, San Martín was an ally to Carrera.Template:Sfn

On 27 January 1855, Dueñas was elected as the president of the Senate of El Salvador. He served until 24 February 1855.Template:Sfn During the 1856 presidential election, Dueñas was elected as Rafael Campo's vice president. He assumed office on 1 February 1856.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn From 1 to 12 February 1856, Dueñas served as acting president until Campo could assume office.Template:Sfn On 12 May 1856, Dueñas became acting president.Template:Sfn In June, Dueñas sent 700 Salvadoran soldiers to fight against American filibusters in Nicaragua under the command of William Walker during the Filibuster War. Dueñas ceded presidential powers back to Campo on 19 July.Template:Sfn Dueñas left the vice presidency on 1 February 1858.Template:Sfn

Inter-presidencies

In 1859, Captain General Gerardo Barrios overthrew President Miguel Santín del Castillo. Dueñas fled El Salvador after Santín's overthrow as he saw Barrios as a liberal enemy. Dueñas briefly returned to El Salvador for two months in 1861 after Barrios granted him amnesty. Dueñas fled to Guatemala after Barrios accused him of plotting to overthrow his government. In exile, Salvadorans who opposed Barrios viewed Dueñas as the leader of the opposition.Template:Sfn

Last presidency

In 1863, Dueñas and other exiled conservatives supported Carrera's invasion of El Salvador and sought to overthrow Barrios. Barrios was overthrown on 26 October 1863 and Dueñas was proclaimed as El Salvador's provisional president.Template:Sfn Dueñas appointed a cabinet that consisted of Gregorio Arbizú as his minister of external relations; Juan José Bonilla as his minister of government; and Juan Delgado as his minister of finance and war. In March 1864, Dueñas proclaimed a new constitution.Template:Sfn During the 1864 presidential election, Dueñas ran virtually unopposed and won virtually unanimously.Template:Sfn

A flag with nine alternating blue and white striped with a red canton containing nine white stars

The "conservative flag" adopted by Dueñas' government in 1865Template:Sfn

Dueñas was inaugurated on 1 February 1865. Arbizú was his vice president.Template:Sfn Carrera died in April 1865. Barrios and General Trinidad Cabañas (his brother-in-law) sought to take advantage of Carrera's death and launched a rebellion eastern El Salvador, but the rebellion failed and Barrios was captured.Template:Sfn On 28 April 1865, Dueñas approved a law that altered El Salvador's flag and coat of arms. The new flag, known as the "conservative flag" (""), bore resemblance to the flag of the United States.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn On 28 August 1865, a military tribunal sentenced Barrios to death. Dueñas approved of the sentence, and Barrios was executed by firing squad early the next morning.Template:Sfn In 1867, Dueñas established the country's military college with assistance from the French military.Template:Sfn

On 29 August 1865, the legislature amended article 33 of the constitution of El Salvador to allow Dueñas to run for re-election. He was successfully re-elected during the 1869 presidential election.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Dueñas inaugurated the National Palace as the country's new capitol building on 19 January 1870.Template:Sfn

Dueñas declared a state of emergency in December 1870 when a rebellion against his government was launched in Santa Ana; the rebellion was crushed. In March 1871, Honduras declared war on El Salvador and invaded the country. On 15 April 1871, Marshal Santiago González overthrew Dueñas as seized the presidency. On 21 April, Dueñas sought asylum in the United States embassy in San Salvador, but he was eventually arrested and incarcerated at the military college.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Personal life

Dueñas married Teresa Dárdano on 12 February 1866 in a ceremony presided over by Tomás Pineda y Zaldaña, the bishop of San Salvador. Dueñas and Dárdano had three children: Francisco, Carlos, and Miguel. Dueñas also had two step children—Pablo and Antonia—through Dárdano's first marriage.Template:Sfn

Later life and death

Post-presidency

A photograph of Dueñas' tomb

Dueñas' tomb in Santa Tecla

In 1872, the Salvadoran government expelled Dueñas and his family from El Salvador. They left the country for exile in the United States. In 1878, Dueñas attempted to re-enter El Salvador, but President Rafael Zaldívar accused him of attempting to overthrow his government and Dueñas fled back to the United States. The same sequence of events occurred in 1883.Template:Sfn

Death

Dueñas died on 4 March 1884 in San Francisco, United States. His remains were returned to El Salvador in 1886 and he was buried in Santa Tecla.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn