Foreign relations of Uzbekistan

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Template:Short description

Template:Sidebar with collapsible listsUzbekistan joined the Commonwealth of Independent States in December 1991. However, it is opposed to reintegration and withdrew from the CIS collective security arrangement in 1999. Since that time, Uzbekistan has participated in the CIS peacekeeping force in Tajikistan and in United Nations-organized groups to help solve the Tajik and Afghan conflicts, both of which it sees as posing threats to its own stability. Uzbekistan is an active supporter of U.S. efforts against worldwide terrorism and joined the coalitions which have dealt with both Afghanistan and Iraq (although, in 2005, relations with the U.S. were strained after the May 2005 unrest and Uzbekistan demanded that the U.S. leave Karshi-Khanabad). It is a member of the United Nations, the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council, Partnership for Peace, and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). It belongs to the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) and the Economic Cooperation Organization, which comprises 7 Central Asian countries: Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. It is a founding member of and remains involved in the Central Asian Union, formed with Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, joined in March 1998 by Tajikistan.

In 1999, Uzbekistan joined the GUAM alliance (Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova), which was formed in 1997 (temporarily making it GUUAM until Uzbekistan withdrew in 2005). Uzbekistan is also a member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) and hosts the SCO's Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) in Tashkent. Uzbekistan is also candidate state of the new Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU).

Finland

In 2006, Antti Turunen, head of the Finnish Foreign Ministry's Eastern European and Central Asian department, led a European Union fact-finding mission to Tashkent, Uzbekistan. The Uzbek deputy foreign minister had indicated that the Uzbek government was interested in talks with the EU during a visit to Helsinki, Finland in June 2006, just before Finland assumed the EU presidency. Radio Free Europe journalists spoke to Turunen on September 1. Turunen's visit to Uzbekistan was the first EU visit since October, when sanctions were imposed after the Uzbek government refused to allow an international investigation into the Andijan massacre.[1]

File:Clarence Moore House.JPG
Embassy of Uzbekistan in Washington, D.C.

Turunen said that the visit went smoothly and that Uzbek Foreign Minister Vladimir Norov offered a warm reception. The EU delegation met with officials from the Justice Ministry, the Attorney General's office, and Uzbek parliament members. He stressed that the real issue for the EU was the Uzbek government's response to the Andijan massacre and human rights abuses.[1] He said Russia-Uzbek relations and possible EU development of Uzbek energy reserves were not directly discussed but that EU investment might be possible in this area.[1]

Persian Gulf states

On 31 March 2009, Uzbekistan and the Sultanate of Oman agreed upon a legal framework to protect Omani investments in central Asia and guarantee trade from both nations was free from double taxation. The Sultanate's government had been pursuing economic diversification and privatisation policies for nearly a decade after signeding similar agreements with thirty other trading partners.[2]

Netherlands

In July 2024, the ambassador of Uzbekistan met Director of the Europe Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands, Erik Weststrate, to discuss bilateral and multilateral cooperation.[3]

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Uzbekistan maintains diplomatic relations with:

File:Diplomatic relations of Uzbekistan.svg
# Country Date[4]
1 File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
2 File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
3 File:Flag of Vietnam.svg Vietnam Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
4 File:Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
5 File:Flag of Mongolia.svg Mongolia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
6 File:Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
7 File:Flag of Japan.svg Japan Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
8 File:Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
9 File:Flag of North Korea.svg North Korea Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
10 File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
11 File:Flag of the United States.svg United States Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
12 File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg Saudi Arabia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
13 File:Flag of Malaysia.svg Malaysia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
14 File:Flag of Israel.svg Israel Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
15 File:Flag of Finland.svg Finland Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
16 File:Flag of France.svg France Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
17 File:Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
18 File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
19 File:Flag of Germany.svg Germany Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
20 File:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
21 File:Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
22 File:Flag of Greece.svg Greece Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
23 File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
24 File:Flag of Spain.svg Spain Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
25 File:Flag of India.svg India Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
26 File:Flag of Poland.svg Poland Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
27 File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
28 File:Flag of Italy.svg Italy Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
29 File:Flag of the Syrian revolution.svg Syria Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
30 File:Flag of Austria.svg Austria Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
31 File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
32 File:Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
33 File:Flag of the Philippines.svg Philippines Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
34 File:Flag of Oman.svg Oman Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
35 File:Flag of Thailand.svg Thailand Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
36 File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
37 File:Flag of Iran.svg Iran Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
38 File:Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
39 File:Flag of Yemen.svg Yemen Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
40 File:Flag of Bahrain.svg Bahrain Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
41 File:Flag of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
42 File:Flag of Norway.svg Norway Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
43 File:Flag of Indonesia.svg Indonesia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
44 File:Flag of Algeria.svg Algeria Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
45 File:Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
46 File:Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
47 File:Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
48 File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
49 File:Flag of Nigeria.svg Nigeria Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
50 File:Flag of Laos.svg Laos Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
51 File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[5]
52 File:Flag of Afghanistan (2013–2021).svg Afghanistan Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
53 File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg Bangladesh Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
— File:Flag of Vatican City (2023–present).svg Holy See Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
54 File:Flag of Tajikistan.svg Tajikistan Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
55 File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg United Arab Emirates Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
56 File:Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
57 File:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Kazakhstan Template:Dts
58 File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
59 File:Flag of Tunisia.svg Tunisia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
60 File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czech Republic Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
61 File:Flag of Slovakia.svg Slovakia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
62 File:Flag of Turkmenistan.svg Turkmenistan Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
63 File:Flag of Belarus.svg Belarus Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
64 File:Flag of Jordan.svg Jordan Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
65 File:Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg Kyrgyzstan Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
66 File:Flag of Malta.svg Malta Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
67 File:Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
68 File:Flag of Iraq.svg Iraq Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
69 File:Flag of Guinea.svg Guinea Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
70 File:Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
71 File:Flag of Morocco.svg Morocco Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
72 File:Flag of Ghana.svg Ghana Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
73 File:Flag of Albania.svg Albania Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
74 File:Flag of Zambia.svg Zambia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
75 File:Flag of Kuwait.svg Kuwait Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
76 Template:Country data Georgia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
77 File:Flag of Moldova.svg Moldova Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
78 File:Flag of Chile.svg Chile Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
79 File:Flag of Chad.svg Chad Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
— Template:Country data State of Palestine Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
80 File:Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia Template:Dts
81 File:Flag of Maldives.svg Maldives Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
82 Template:Country data North Macedonia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
83 File:Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
84 File:Flag of Serbia.svg Serbia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
85 File:Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
86 File:Flag of Cambodia.svg Cambodia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
87 File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijan Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
88 File:Flag of Romania.svg Romania Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
89 File:Flag of Senegal.svg Senegal Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
90 File:Flag of Armenia.svg Armenia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
91 File:Flag of Venezuela.svg Venezuela Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
92 File:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg Bosnia and Herzegovina Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
93 File:Flag of Brunei.svg Brunei Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
94 File:Flag of Ethiopia.svg Ethiopia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
95 File:Flag of Jamaica.svg Jamaica Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
96 File:Flag of Mali.svg Mali Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
97 File:Flag of Singapore.svg Singapore Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
98 File:Flag of Cyprus.svg Cyprus Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
99 File:Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
100 File:Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
101 File:Flag of Qatar.svg Qatar Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
102 File:Flag of Uruguay.svg Uruguay Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
103 File:Flag of Lebanon.svg Lebanon Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
104 File:Flag of Mauritius.svg Mauritius Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
105 File:Flag of Namibia.svg Namibia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
106 File:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg Sri Lanka Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
107 File:Flag of Peru.svg Peru Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
108 File:Flag of Myanmar.svg Myanmar Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
109 File:Flag of Costa Rica.svg Costa Rica Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
110 File:Flag of Paraguay.svg Paraguay Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
111 File:Flag of Angola.svg Angola Template:Dts[6]
112 File:Flag of Sudan.svg Sudan Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
113 File:Flag of the Comoros.svg Comoros Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
114 File:Flag of Benin.svg Benin Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
115 File:Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
116 File:Flag of Montenegro.svg Montenegro Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
117 File:Flag of Guatemala.svg Guatemala Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
118 File:Flag of Nicaragua.svg Nicaragua Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
119 File:Flag of Honduras (2022-).svg Honduras Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
120 File:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg Dominican Republic Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
121 File:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg Zimbabwe Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
122 File:Flag of Mauritania.svg Mauritania Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
123 File:Flag of Andorra.svg Andorra Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
124 File:Flag of Fiji.svg Fiji Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
125 File:Flag of Libya.svg Libya Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
126 File:Flag of Ecuador.svg Ecuador Template:Dts
127 File:Flag of Colombia.svg Colombia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
128 File:Flag of Bolivia.svg Bolivia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
129 File:Flag of Monaco.svg Monaco Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
130 File:Flag of El Salvador.svg El Salvador Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
131 File:Flag of Nepal.svg   Nepal Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
132 File:Flag of Grenada.svg Grenada Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
133 File:Flag of San Marino.svg San Marino Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
134 File:Flag of Dominica.svg Dominica Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
135 File:Flag of Panama.svg Panama Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
136 File:Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg Saint Kitts and Nevis Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
137 File:Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
138 File:Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg Antigua and Barbuda Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
139 File:Flag of Guyana.svg Guyana Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
140 File:Flag of Sierra Leone.svg Sierra Leone Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
141 File:Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg Trinidad and Tobago Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
142 File:Flag of Uganda.svg Uganda Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".
143 File:Flag of Belize.svg Belize Template:Dts
144 File:Flag of Liechtenstein.svg Liechtenstein Template:Dts
145 File:Flag of The Gambia.svg Gambia Template:Dts
146 File:Flag of Djibouti.svg Djibouti Template:Dts
147 File:Flag of Cape Verde.svg Cape Verde Template:Dts
148 File:Flag of Seychelles.svg Seychelles Template:Dts
149 File:Flag of Burundi.svg Burundi Template:Dts
150 File:Flag of Botswana.svg Botswana Template:Dts
151 File:Flag of Liberia.svg Liberia Template:Dts
152 File:Flag of Togo (3-2).svg Togo Template:Dts
153 File:Flag of the Bahamas.svg Bahamas Template:Dts
154 File:Flag of Somalia.svg Somalia Template:Dts[7]
155 File:Flag of Suriname.svg Suriname Template:Dts[6]
156 File:Flag of Nauru.svg Nauru Template:Dts
157 File:Flag of Côte d'Ivoire.svg Ivory Coast Template:Dts
158 File:Flag of Mozambique.svg Mozambique Template:Dts
159 File:Flag of Eritrea.svg Eritrea Template:Dts
160 File:Flag of Saint Lucia.svg Saint Lucia Template:Dts
161 File:Flag of Kenya.svg Kenya Template:Dts
162 File:Flag of Palau.svg Palau Template:Dts

Relations by country

Country Formal relations began Notes
File:Flag of Afghanistan (2013–2021).svg Afghanistan

See Afghanistan–Uzbekistan relations

File:Flag of Armenia.svg Armenia 1995 See Armenia–Uzbekistan relations
File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijan 1995 See Azerbaijan–Uzbekistan relations
  • The countries established diplomatic relations on 2 October 1995 by protocol.[11]
  • Azerbaijan has an embassy in Tashkent.[11]
  • Uzbekistan has an embassy in Baku.[11]
File:Flag of Belarus.svg Belarus 1992 See Belarus–Uzbekistan relations
File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria 1992-09-12 See Bulgaria–Uzbekistan relations
  • Bulgaria has an embassy in Tashkent.[13]
  • Uzbekistan is represented in Bulgaria through a non resident ambassador based in Tashkent (in the Foreign Ministry.)[14]
File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China 3 January 1992[15] See China–Uzbekistan relations
File:Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba 2006
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on March 13, 2006.[16]
  • Uzbekistan is accredited to Cuba from its embassy in the United States.
  • Cuba is accredited to Uzbekistan from its embassy in Azerbaijan.
  • In May 1963, Fidel Castro visited the Uzbek SSR on an official visit, being bosted by the Uzbek Communist First Secretary Sharof Rashidov.[17]
  • In 2016, Cuba became the only country in the world (other than Uzbekistan itself) that declared an official period of mourning in connection with the death of President Islam Karimov, with many speculating that this was because of Castro's reported liking towards the late Uzbek leader.[18][19][20]
Script error: No such module "flag". 1992 See Germany–Uzbekistan relations
  • Germany has an embassy in Tashkent.
  • Uzbekistan has an embassy in Berlin and a consulate general in Frankfurt.
File:Flag of India.svg India 18 March 1992 See India–Uzbekistan relations
  • India has an embassy in Tashkent.
  • Uzbekistan has an embassy in New Delhi.
File:Flag of Indonesia.svg Indonesia 23 June 1992 See Indonesia–Uzbekistan relations
  • On 28 December 1991, Indonesia has recognized the independence of the Republic of Uzbekistan from the dissolved Soviet Union.
  • Uzbekistan realized the strategic importance of Indonesia, home to the world's biggest Muslim population and Southeast Asia's biggest economy.[21]
  • Indonesia recognizes Uzbekistan's strategic importance as the gate to Central Asia, a growing economy and a potential market.[22]
  • Indonesia has an embassy in Tashkent that is also accredited to Kyrgyzstan.[23]
  • Uzbekistan has an embassy in Jakarta.[24]
File:Flag of Iran.svg Iran 1991 See Iran–Uzbekistan relations
  • The two countries have deep cultural and historical ties, and Uzbekistan is considered as a part of Greater Iran. Iran has been especially active in pursuing economic projects and social, cultural, and diplomatic initiatives in Uzbekistan. The two nations have also worked on overland links and other joint ventures. The countries' conflicting political set-ups (Iran's Islamic theocracy versus Uzbekistan's secular republic) does not appear to have deterred efforts to improve relations.[25]
File:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Kazakhstan See Kazakhstan–Uzbekistan relations
File:Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg Kyrgyzstan See Kyrgyzstan–Uzbekistan relations
  • Uzbekistan dominates southern Kyrgyzstan both economically and politically, based on the large Uzbek population in that region of Kyrgyzstan and on economic and geographic conditions.[26]
File:Flag of Malaysia.svg Malaysia 1992[27] See Malaysia–Uzbekistan relations
File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico 14 January 1992
File:Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan See Pakistan–Uzbekistan relations
  • Relations between the two states were established when the republic of Uzbekistan became independent following the collapse of the USSR, the relations between the two countries were initially strained by the situation in Afghanistan which both countries border as they supported different Afghan factions.[30]
  • However relations improved after the fall of the Taliban, both countries seeking to improve relations for the sake of trade, Pakistan wishing to gain access to Central Asian markets and landlocked Uzbekistan to access ports on the Indian Ocean.[30]
File:Flag of Poland.svg Poland 1992-03-19 See Poland–Uzbekistan relations
File:Flag of Romania.svg Romania 1995-10-06 See Romania–Uzbekistan relations
  • Romania recognized Uzbekistan's independence on December 20, 1991.
  • Romania has an embassy in Tashkent, although Uzbekistan does not have any representation in Romania.
  • Romania sees Uzbekistan as a potentially important partner in Central Asia, where it is trying to increase its standing, while Uzbekistan hopes to receive increased access to technology and European markets via Romania.[32]
File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia 1992

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  • Uzbekistan has an embassy in Moscow
  • Russia has an embassy in Tashkent.
  • Uzbekistan was once a former Soviet Socialist republic. It still has strong ties to Russia and the West.
  • In the aftermath of the May 2005 unrest, Uzbekistan demanded that the United States leave the base at Karshi-Khanabad.
  • In November 2005, both presidents Islam Karimov and Vladimir Putin had signed a mutual cooperation agreement in Moscow.
File:Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea 29 January 1992[33] See South Korea–Uzbekistan relations
  • Number of Ethnic Koreans living in Uzbekistan: About 180,000 (Largest number among the CIS nations).[33]
File:Flag of Spain.svg Spain See Spain–Uzbekistan relations
  • Spain is accredited to Uzbekistan from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
  • Uzbekistan has an embassy in Madrid.
File:Flag of Tajikistan.svg Tajikistan

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File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey March 4, 1992[35] See Turkey–Uzbekistan relations
File:Flag of Turkmenistan.svg Turkmenistan Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine 1992 Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom Script error: No such module "Date table sorting". See United Kingdom–Uzbekistan relations

Uzbekistan established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 18 February 1992.

  • Uzbekistan maintains an embassy in London.[38]
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Uzbekistan through its embassy in Tashkent.[39]

Both countries share common membership of the OSCE. Bilaterally the two countries have a Partnership and Cooperation Agreement.[40]

File:Flag of the United States.svg United States 1992 See United States–Uzbekistan relations
  • The United States recognized the independence of Uzbekistan on December 25, 1991, and opened an embassy in Tashkent in March 1992.
  • The United States has an embassy in Tashkent.
  • Uzbekistan has an embassy in Washington, D.C. and a consulate–general in New York City.

See also

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References

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  1. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Uzbekistan and the Netherlands discuss cooperation in political, economic and cultural areas
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Riccardo Mario Cucciolla, Sharaf Rashidov and the international dimensions of Soviet Uzbekistan, Central Asian Survey, 39, 2, 2020, pp. 185-201 (https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02634937.2019.1708269)
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Martha Brill Olcott. "Central Asian Neighbors". Kyrgyzstan: a country study Template:Webarchive (Glenn E. Curtis, editor). Library of Congress Federal Research Division (March 1996). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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External links

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