Foreign relations of Niger

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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Distinguish".

Template:Sidebar with collapsible lists Niger pursues a moderate foreign policy and maintains friendly relations with both East and West.[1] It is a member state of the United Nations. Niger maintains a special relationship with France and enjoys close relations with its West African neighbours.

Multilateral relations

File:Secretary Pompeo and USUN Ambassador Craft Meet with Niger Ambassador to the United Nations Abdou Abarry and Upcoming President of the UN Security Council (50249137863).jpg
US Ambassador to the United Nations Kelly Craft and US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo meet with Niger Ambassador to the United Nations Abdou Abarry

It is a charter member of the Organization of African Unity and the West African Monetary Union. Also, it belongs to the Niger Basin Authority and the Lake Chad Basin Commission, the Economic Community of West African States, the Non-Aligned Movement, and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. Niger belongs to the United Nations and its main specialized agencies and, in 1980-81, served on the UN Security Council. The first president of Niger, Hamani Diori, maintained close relations with the West and became internationally prominent in his diplomatic work, seeking to broker resolutions to conflicts in Africa and beyond. His involvement as a negotiator was particularly prominent during the Nigerian Civil War.[2]

Niger maintains a permanent purpose to the United Nations Headquarters in New York City, at 417 East 50th Street. In 2009, its Ambassador to the United Nations was Ibrahim A. Abani.[3]

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Niger maintains diplomatic relations with:

File:Diplomatic relations of Niger.svg
# Country Date
1 Template:Country data Germany Template:Dts[4]
2 Template:Country data United Kingdom Template:Dts[5]
3 Template:Country data United States Template:Dts[6]
4 Template:Country data France Template:Dts[7]
5 Template:Country data Japan Template:Dts[8]
6 Template:Country data Switzerland Template:Dts[9]
7 Template:Country data Nigeria Template:Dts[10]
8 Template:Country data South Korea Template:Dts[11]
9 Template:Country data Ghana Template:Dts[12]
10 Template:Country data Belgium Template:Dts[13]
11 Template:Country data Italy Template:Dts[14]
— Template:Country data Israel (suspended) Template:Dts[15]
12 Template:Country data Netherlands Template:Dts[16]
13 Template:Country data Liberia Template:Dts[17]
14 Template:Country data Sierra Leone Template:Dts[17]
15 Template:Country data Lebanon Template:Dts[18]
16 Template:Country data Guinea Template:Dts[19]
17 Template:Country data Canada Template:Dts[20]
18 Template:Country data Mali Template:Dts[21]
19 Template:Country data Togo Template:Dts[22]
20 Template:Country data Luxembourg Template:Dts[23]
21 Template:Country data Egypt Template:Dts[24]
22 Template:Country data Morocco Template:Dts[25]
23 Template:Country data Sudan Template:Dts[26]
24 Template:Country data Norway Template:Dts[27]
25 Template:Country data Austria Template:Dts[28]
26 Template:Country data Algeria Template:Dts[29]
27 Template:Country data Denmark Template:Dts[30]
28 Template:Country data Sweden Template:Dts[31]
29 Template:Country data Spain Template:Dts[32]
30 Template:Country data Ethiopia Template:Dts[33]
31 Template:Country data Pakistan Template:Dts[34]
32 Template:Country data Libya Template:Dts[35]
33 Template:Country data Peru Template:Dts[36]
34 Template:Country data Syria Template:Dts[37]
35 Template:Country data Saudi Arabia Template:Dts[38]
36 Template:Country data Kuwait Template:Dts[38]
37 Template:Country data Turkey Template:Dts[39]
38 Template:Country data Gabon Template:Dts[40]
39 Template:Country data Tunisia Template:Dts[41]
40 Template:Country data Romania Template:Dts[42]
41 Template:Country data Mauritania Template:Dts[43]
42 Template:Country data Democratic Republic of the Congo Template:Dts[44]
43 Template:Country data Iceland Template:Dts[45]
— Template:Country data Sovereign Military Order of Malta Template:Dts[46]
44 Template:Country data Poland Template:Dts[47]
— Template:Country data Holy See Template:Dts[48]
45 Template:Country data Russia Template:Dts[49]
46 Template:Country data Serbia Template:Dts[50]
47 Template:Country data Hungary Template:Dts[51]
48 Template:Country data Senegal Template:Dts[52]
49 Template:Country data Bulgaria Template:Dts[53]
50 Template:Country data Ivory Coast Template:Dts[54]
51 Template:Country data Cameroon Template:Dts[55]
52 Template:Country data China Template:Dts[56]
53 Template:Country data North Korea Template:Dts[57]
54 Template:Country data Bahrain Template:Dts[58]
55 Template:Country data Vietnam Template:Dts[59]
56 Template:Country data Uganda Template:Dts[60]
57 Template:Country data Iran Template:Dts[61]
58 Template:Country data Argentina Template:Dts[62]
59 Template:Country data United Arab Emirates Template:Dts[63]
60 Template:Country data Portugal Template:Dts[64]
61 Template:Country data Brazil Template:Dts[65]
62 Template:Country data Mexico Template:Dts[66]
63 Template:Country data Finland Template:Dts[67]
64 Template:Country data Czech Republic Template:Dts[68]
65 Template:Country data Rwanda Template:Dts[69]
66 Template:Country data Cuba Template:Dts[70]
67 Template:Country data India Template:Dts[71]
68 Template:Country data Barbados Template:Dts[72]
69 Template:Country data Guyana Template:Dts[73]
70 Template:Country data Jamaica Template:Dts[74]
71 Template:Country data Greece Template:Dts[75]
72 Template:Country data Trinidad and Tobago Template:Dts[76]
73 Template:Country data Albania Template:Dts[77]
74 Template:Country data Angola Template:Dts[78]
75 Template:Country data Oman Template:Dts[79]
76 Template:Country data Gambia Template:Dts[80]
77 Template:Country data Central African Republic Template:Dts[81]
78 Template:Country data Kenya Template:Dts[81]
79 Template:Country data Burkina Faso Template:Dts[82]
80 Template:Country data Philippines Template:Dts[83]
81 Template:Country data Haiti Template:Dts[84]
82 Template:Country data Benin Template:Dts[85]
83 Template:Country data Thailand Template:Dts[83]
84 Template:Country data Qatar Template:Dts[86]
85 Template:Country data Bangladesh Template:Dts[87]
86 Template:Country data Yemen Template:Dts[88]
87 Template:Country data Zimbabwe Template:Dts[89]
88 Template:Country data Colombia Template:Dts[83]
— Template:Country data State of Palestine Template:Dts[90]
89 Template:Country data Brunei Template:Date table sorting[91]
90 Template:Country data Jordan Template:Dts[92]
91 Template:Country data South Africa Template:Dts[93]
92 Template:Country data Slovakia Template:Dts[94]
93 Template:Country data Azerbaijan Template:Dts[95]
94 Template:Country data Bosnia and Herzegovina Template:Dts[96]
95 Template:Country data Singapore Template:Dts[97]
— Template:Country data Ukraine (suspended)[98] Template:Dts[83]
96 Template:Country data North Macedonia Template:Dts[83]
97 Template:Country data Cyprus Template:Dts[99]
98 Template:Country data Venezuela Template:Dts[100]
99 Template:Country data Estonia Template:Dts[101]
100 Template:Country data Slovenia Template:Dts[83]
101 Template:Country data Laos Template:Dts[83]
102 Template:Country data Botswana Template:Dts[83]
103 Template:Country data Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Template:Dts[83]
104 Template:Country data Guatemala Template:Dts[83]
105 Template:Country data Ireland Before April 2008[102]
106 Template:Country data Malta Template:Dts[83]
107 Template:Country data Liechtenstein Template:Dts[103]
108 Template:Country data Djibouti Template:Dts[104]
109 Template:Country data Australia Template:Dts[83]
110 Template:Country data Paraguay Template:Dts[105]
111 Template:Country data Indonesia Template:Dts[106]
112 Template:Country data Belarus Template:Dts[107]
113 Template:Country data Latvia Template:Dts[108]
114 Template:Country data Malaysia Template:Dts[109]
115 Template:Country data Georgia Template:Dts[83]
— Template:Country data Kosovo Template:Dts[110]
116 Template:Country data Uruguay Template:Dts[83]
117 Template:Country data Equatorial Guinea Template:Dts[111]
118 Template:Country data Namibia Template:Dts[112]
119 Template:Country data Mozambique Template:Dts[113]
120 Template:Country data Lithuania Template:Dts[83]
121 Template:Country data Fiji Template:Dts[83]
122 Template:Country data Montenegro Template:Dts[83]
123 Template:Country data Seychelles Template:Dts[114]
124 Template:Country data Mongolia Template:Dts[83]
125 Template:Country data Madagascar Template:Dts[115]
126 Template:Country data Malawi Template:Dts[116][117]
127 Template:Country data Armenia Template:Dts[118]
128 Template:Country data Tanzania Template:Dts[119]
129 Template:Country data Lesotho Template:Dts[120]
130 Template:Country data Tajikistan Template:Dts[121]
131 Template:Country data Nepal Template:Dts[83]
132 Template:Country data Kazakhstan Template:Dts[83]
133 Template:Country data Mauritius Template:Dts[83]
134 Template:Country data Dominican Republic Template:Dts[122]
135 Template:Country data Nicaragua Template:Dts[83]
136 Template:Country data Monaco Template:Dts[123]
137 Template:Country data Comoros Template:Dts[124]
138 Template:Country data Guinea-Bissau Template:Date table sorting[125]
139 Template:Country data Turkmenistan Template:Dts[83]
140 Template:Country data Andorra Template:Dts[126]
141 Template:Country data Burundi Template:Dts[127]
142 Template:Country data South Sudan Template:Dts[128]
143 Template:Country data Eritrea Template:Dts[129][130]
144 Template:Country data Cambodia Unknown (Before 1984)[131]
145 Template:Country data Chad Unknown
146 Template:Country data Republic of the Congo Unknown
147 Template:Country data Iraq Unknown
148 Template:Country data New Zealand Unknown
149 Template:Country data Zambia Unknown

Bilateral relations

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
Template:Country data Algeria 12 March 1965 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 March 1965 when the government of Niger has agreed to the nomination of M. Ali Abdellaoui as Algeria's Ambassador in Niamey with residence in Abidjan[29]
Template:Country data Angola 28 August 1980 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 August 1980 when Ambassador of Niger to Angola Mr. Joseph Diatta presented his letters of credentials to President M. Jose Eduardo Dos Santos.[78]
Template:Country data Austria 30 January 1965 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 January 1965 when has been appointed Ambassador of Niger to Austria (resident in Bonn) Mr. Abdou Sidikou.[28]
Template:Country data Belgium 22 September 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 September 1961 when first Ambassador of Belgium to Niger, M.Gérard Walravens presented his credentials to President Diori Hamani.[13]
Template:Country data Benin

Despite the occasional recurrence of a border conflict over Lété Island in the Niger River, Benin and Niger, both former French subjects of French West Africa, relations are close. Niger relies on the port at Cotonou, and to a lesser degree Lomé (Togo), and Port Harcourt (Nigeria), as its main route to overseas trade. Niger operates a Nigerien Ports Authority station, as well as customs and tax offices in a section of Cotonou's port, so that imports and exports can be directly transported between Gaya and the port. French Uranium mines in Arlit, which produce Niger's largest exports by value, travel through this port to France or the world market.

Template:Country data Canada 27 April 1962 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 April 1962[20]
  • Canada is accredited to Niger from its embassy in Bamako, Mali.[132]
  • Niger is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.[133]
Template:Country data Central African Republic 9 May 1981 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 May 1981 when first Ambassador of Niger to Central African Republic with residence in Yaounde Mr. Moustapha Tahi, presented his credentials to President David Dacko.[81]
Template:Country data Chad
Template:Country data China 20 July 1974 See China–Niger relations

China established diplomatic relations with Niger on July 20, 1974. On June 19, 1992, the transitional government of Niger declared the reestablishment of the "diplomatic relations" with Taiwan. The Chinese Government thus announced its suspension of diplomatic relations with Niger on July 30 of the same year. On August 19, 1996, China and Niger re-established diplomatic relations.[56]

  • China has an embassy in Niamey.
  • Niger has an embassy in Beijing.
Template:Country data Ethiopia 6 October 1965 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 October 1965 when first Ambassador of Ethiopia to Niger (resident in Lagos) Mr. Davit Abdou presented his credentials[33]
Template:Country data France 4 August 1960 See France–Niger relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 August 1960[7]

Niger has maintained close ties with France, its former colonial power. Following Niger's independence in 1960, France maintained several hundred advisers at all levels of Niger's government and military. In the 1960s, the Military of Niger was drawn entirely from Nigerien former members of the French Colonial Forces: officered by Frenchmen who agreed to take joint French-Nigerien citizenship. In 1960 there were only ten African officers in the Nigerien army, all of low rank. President Diori signed legislation to end the employment of expatriate military officers in 1965, some continued to serve until the 1974 coup, when all French military presence was evacuated.[134] As well, the French had maintained until 1974 around 1,000 troops of the 4th Régiment Interarmes d'Outre-Mer [135] (Troupes de Marine) with bases at Niamey, Zinder, Bilma and Agadez. In 1979 a smaller French force was again based permanently in Niger.[136]

Franco-Nigerien relations continue to be close, with France as Niger's top export partner (in value), and the French government being almost entirely dependent upon Niger for the Uranium which fuels its extensive Nuclear Power system, mined in the northern town of Arlit.[137]

  • France has an embassy in Niamey.
  • Niger has an embassy in Paris.
Template:Country data Gabon 22 April 1968 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 April 1968 when Gabon's first Ambassador to Niger, M. Moktar Abdoulaye Mbingt, presented his credentials to President Diori.[40]
Template:GER 2 August 1960 See Germany–Niger relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 August 1960[4]

Template:Country data Ghana 24 August 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 August 1961 when has been appointed first Ambassador of Niger to Ghana M. Tanimoune Ary.[12]
Template:Country data India 18 July 1977 See India–Niger relations
Template:Country data Italy 23 September 1961

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 September 1961 when first Ambassador of Italy to Niger M. Renzo Luigi Romanelli, presented his credentials to President of Niger Diori Hamani.[14]

In December 2017, Prime Minister Paolo Gentiloni announced that 470 Italian soldiers would be deployed to Niger in an effort to mitigate the European migrant crisis.[143]

Template:Country data Kenya 12 May 1981 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 May 1981 when Ambassador of Niger to Kenya presented his credentials to President Daniel Arap Moi.[81]
Template:Country data Kosovo 25 January 2013

Niger officially recognised the Republic of Kosovo on 15 August 2011.[144] Kosovo and Niger established diplomatic relations on 25 January 2013.[110]

Template:Country data Lebanon 11 March 1962 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 March 1962, when first Lebanese Ambassador to Niger presented his creentials to President Hamani Diori[18]
Template:Country data Libya 17 November 1965 See Libya–Niger relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 November 1965.[35]

Template:Country data Mali 1 August 1962

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 August 1962[21]

Niger has close relations with its neighbour Mali, with large scale trade links and sizable population movement between the two nations. Both were subject states in French West Africa. Niger and Mali have fought related Tuareg insurgencies in their respective northern territories in the 1990s and mid-2000s.

File:FrontiereBeninNiger.jpg
The road border entering Niger from Benin at Gaya. Niger relies on its neighbors, especially Benin and Nigeria for seaports which provide access to world markets.
Template:Country data Mexico 6 November 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 November 1975[66]
  • Mexico is accredited to Niger from its embassy in Abuja, Nigeria.[145]
  • Niger is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.[133]
Template:Country data Nigeria 8 June 1961 See Niger–Nigeria relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 June 1961 when M. Elhad Camatte Hammodon Maiga, ambassador of Niger to Nigeria presented his letters of credentials to the Governor General Azikiwe[10]

Nigeria maintains close relations with the Republic of Niger, in part because both nations share a large Hausa minority on each side of their Template:Convert border. Hausa language and cultural ties are strong, but there is little interest in a pan-Hausa state.[146] The two nations formed the Nigeria-Niger Joint Commission for Cooperation (NNJC), established in March, 1971 with its Permanent Secretariat in Niamey, Niger.[147]

  • Niger has an embassy in Abuja.
  • Nigeria has an embassy in Niamey.
Template:Country data Pakistan 15 October 1965

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 October 1965[34]

Pakistan supports Niger's territorial and sovereign integrity and rejects Libya's advances as aggression.

Script error: No such module "flag". See Niger–Russia relations
  • Niger has an embassy in Mosow.
  • In April 2025, Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov announced that Russia would reopen its embassy in Niger.[148]
Template:Country data Spain May 1965 See Niger–Spain relations
  • Niger is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Paris, France.
  • Spain has an embassy in Niamey.
Template:Country data Turkey 30 March 1967 See Niger–Turkey relations
Template:Country data Uganda 8 April 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 April 1975 when accredited first Ambassador of Niger to Uganda (resident in Addis Ababa) Mr. Oumarou Garba Youssaufou[60]
Template:Country data United Kingdom 3 August 1960 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 August 1960 when Mr. R. J. Stratton was appointment as Charge d'Affaires ad interim of the United Kingdom to Niger.[5]
Template:Country data United States 3 August 1960 See Niger–United States relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 August 1960[6]

A conservative foreign policy has meant that under Niger's first president and—following military coup—the 1974–1991 military government, Niger maintained good relations with the United States, Israel, and NATO governments in general. During the Cold War, Niger maintained a non-confrontational attitude to the Soviet Union and its allies.[150]

Other

File:Niger Flag in Ghana.jpg
Niger's office in Accra, Ghana

Niger has only 24 permanent embassies abroad, although more have permanent representation in Niamey, either through national embassies or other representatives. The United Kingdom, for instance, operates its permanent office for relations to Niger from Accra, Ghana, while Niger's permanent representative resides at the Nigerien Embassy in Paris.

Many other small or distant nations have no formal diplomatic relations with Niamey except through their respective consulates at the United Nations Headquarters in New York City. Australia, for instance, only signed the instruments of formal diplomatic relations with Niamey on 7 May 2009, through their respective consular officials at the UN.[3]

Border disputes

Libya has in the past claimed a strip along their border of about 19,400 km2 in northern Niger. There have been several decades of unresolved discussions regarding the delimitation of international boundaries in the vicinity of Lake Chad between Niger, Nigeria, Chad, and Cameroon. The lack of firm borders, as well as the receding of the lake in the 20th century led to border incidents between Cameroon and Chad in the past. An agreement has been completed and awaits ratification by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria.

Niger has an ongoing conflict with Benin over Lété Island, an island in the River Niger approx. 16 kilometres long and 4 kilometres wide, located around 40 kilometers from the town of Gao, Niger. Together with other smaller islands in the River Niger, it was the main object of a territorial dispute between Niger and Benin, which had begun when the two entities were still under French rule. The island, and seasonally flooded land around it is valuable to semi-nomadic Puel cattle herders as a dry season pasturage. The two countries had almost gone to war over their border in 1963 but finally chose to settle by peaceful means. In the early 90s a joint delimitation commission was tasked with solving the issue but could not reach an agreement. In 2001 the two parties chose to have the International Court of Justice (ICJ) decide on the matter once and for all. In 2005, the ICJ ruled in Niger's favour.[151]

Niger has ongoing processes delimiting sections of their borders with Burkina Faso and Mali, disputes which date back to the colonial period. These entities, along with Benin and other nations which do not border Niger, were semi independent elements of French West Africa. Within the colonial administration, borders were frequently changed, with Niger colony once possessing large portions of what is now Burkina Faso and Mali, as well as much of northern Chad, later associated with French Equatorial Africa. Disputes between these post-independence nations have been minor and peaceful.

See also

References

Template:Reflist

  • Stub created from US State Department Report, 2007.

Template:Foreign relations of Niger Template:Africa in topic

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Samuel Decalo. Historical Dictionary of Niger (3rd ed.). Scarecrow Press, Boston & Folkestone, (1997) Template:ISBN
  3. ↑ a b "Diplomatie/le Niger et la République d'Australie établissent des relations diplomatiques". Le Sahel. 12 May 2009
  4. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  42. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  43. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  44. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  45. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  46. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  47. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  48. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  49. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  50. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  51. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  52. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  53. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  54. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  55. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  56. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  57. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  58. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  59. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  60. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  61. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  62. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  63. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  64. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  65. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  66. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  67. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  68. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  69. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  70. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  71. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  72. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  73. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  74. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  75. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  76. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  77. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  78. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  79. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  80. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  81. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  82. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  83. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  84. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  85. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  86. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  87. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  88. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  89. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  90. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  91. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  92. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  93. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  94. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  95. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  96. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  97. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  98. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  99. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  100. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  101. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  102. ↑ https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2008-04-17/328/ Template:Bare URL inline
  103. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  104. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  105. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  106. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  107. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  108. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  109. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  110. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  111. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  112. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  113. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  114. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  115. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  116. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  117. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  118. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  119. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  120. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  121. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  122. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  123. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  124. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  125. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  126. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  127. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  128. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  129. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  130. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  131. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  132. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  133. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  134. ↑ for the section History of the FAN prior to 1974, see Samuel Decalo. Historical Dictionary of Niger (2nd ed.). Scarecrow Press, London and New Jersey (1979). Template:ISBN pp.33?35.
  135. ↑ 4e Régiment Interarmes d'Outre-Mer Template:Webarchive: the 4th RIAOM was dissolved after leaving Niger.
  136. ↑ Samuel Decalo. Coups and Army Rule in Africa, Yale University Press (1990). Template:ISBN
  137. ↑ Decalo (1997).
  138. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  139. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  140. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  141. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  142. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  143. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  144. ↑ The Republic of Niger and the Republic of Guinea Conakry recognize Kosovo’s independence, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2011-08-16
  145. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  146. ↑ William F. S. Miles. "Development, not division: local versus external perceptions of the Niger-Nigeria boundary". The Journal of Modern African Studies (2005), 43:2:297-320
  147. ↑ INTEGRATED ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT IN SHARED CATCHMENTS BETWEEN NIGERIA AND NIGER Template:Webarchive EGEF Council Documents, MFA Regional Annex, 2006.
  148. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  149. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  150. ↑ Decalo (1997), Decalo (1990).
  151. ↑ Fabio Spadi (2005) The ICJ Judgment in the Benin-Niger Border Dispute: the interplay of titles and ‘effectivités’ under the uti possidetis juris principle, Leiden Journal of International Law Template:Webarchive 18: 777-794
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