Foreign relations of Liechtenstein

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File:Maltese Consulate, Schaan (1Y7A2240).jpg
Consulate of Malta in Schaan

Liechtenstein's foreign economic policy has been dominated by its customs union with Switzerland (and with Austria-Hungary until World War I). This union also led to its independent membership in the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) in 1991. Unlike Switzerland however (where citizens rejected membership in a referendum), Liechtenstein is part of the European Economic Area.

Liechtenstein was admitted to the United Nations in 1990. It is not a member of most specialized agencies of the United Nations, with the exceptions of the International Telecommunication Union, the Universal Postal Union and the World Intellectual Property Organization.

Liechtenstein has resorted two times to international dispute settlement by the International Court of Justice, in the Nottebohm (Liechtenstein v. Guatemala) case against Guatemala in the 1950s and in a case concerning art property of the Liechtenstein family against Germany in 2005. It lost in both cases.

Liechtenstein maintains resident embassies in Austria, Belgium, Germany, the Holy See, Switzerland and the United States, along with a number of missions to international organisations. Under a 1919 agreement between Liechtenstein and Switzerland, ambassadors of Switzerland are authorised to represent Liechtenstein in countries and in diplomatic situations unless Liechtenstein opts to send its own ambassador.[1] As of 2024,Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Liechtenstein has diplomatic relations with 133 UN countries.[2]

Relations with individual countries

International dispute with Czechoslovakia, the Czech Republic and Slovakia

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The country has an international dispute with the Czech Republic and Slovakia concerning the estates of its princely family in those countries. After World War II, Czechoslovakia, as it then was, acting to seize what it considered to be German possessions, expropriated the entirety of the Liechtenstein dynasty's hereditary lands and possessions in the Czech regions of Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia. The expropriations (which were the subject of an unsuccessful court case brought by Liechtenstein in the German courts and the International Court of Justice) included over Template:Cvt Script error: No such module "Unsubst". (which is ten times the size of Liechtenstein) of agricultural and forest land mostly in Moravia, also including several family castles and palaces. An offer from the Czech Republic to return the palaces and castles (without the surrounding land) was rejected by Liechtenstein.[3]

Liechtenstein recognised and established diplomatic relations with the Czech Republic on 13 July 2009[4][5][6] and with Slovakia on 9 December 2009.[7] Liechtenstein's ruling prince, Hans-Adam II, has announced that the principality will take no further legal action to recover the appropriated assets.[3]

In February 2020, the Czech Constitutional court in Brno rejected a case made by Liechtenstein to get the Czech government to change their classification of the Liechtenstein dynasty as German under the Beneš Decrees.[8] On 19 August 2020, an inter-state application under the European Convention on Human Rights was made by Liechtenstein to the European Court of Human Rights against the Czech Republic.[9]

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Liechtenstein maintains diplomatic relations with:

File:Diplomatic relations of Liechtenstein.svg
# Country Date
1 File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland Template:Dts[10]
2 File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China Template:Dts[11]
3 File:Flag of Germany.svg Germany Template:Dts[12]
4 File:Flag of Austria.svg Austria Template:Dts[13]
— File:Flag of Vatican City (2023–present).svg Holy See Template:Dts[14]
5 File:Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia Template:Dts[15]
6 File:Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden Template:Dts[16]
7 File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands Template:Dts[17]
8 File:Flag of Norway.svg Norway Template:Dts[18]
9 File:Flag of Spain.svg Spain Template:Dts[18]
10 File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijan Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[19]
11 File:Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[20]
12 File:Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia Template:Dts[21]
13 File:Flag of Italy.svg Italy Template:Dts[22]
14 File:Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal Template:Dts[23]
15 File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine Template:Dts[24]
16 File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom Template:Dts[22]
17 File:Flag of Belarus.svg Belarus Template:Dts[25]
18 File:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium Template:Dts[26]
19 File:Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark Template:Dts[26]
20 File:Flag of Israel.svg Israel Template:Dts[26]
21 File:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg Bosnia and Herzegovina Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[27]
22 Template:Country data Georgia Template:Dts[28]
23 File:Flag of Poland.svg Poland Template:Dts[29]
24 File:Flag of Finland.svg Finland Template:Dts[30]
25 File:Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland Template:Dts[31]
26 File:Flag of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg Template:Dts[32]
27 File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey Template:Dts[33]
28 File:Flag of France.svg France Template:Dts[34]
29 File:Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland Template:Dts[35]
30 File:Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea Template:Dts[36]
31 File:Flag of India.svg India Template:Dts[37]
32 File:Flag of Albania.svg Albania Template:Dts[38]
33 File:Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary Template:Dts[39]
34 File:Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil Template:Dts[40]
35 File:Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina Template:Dts[41]
36 File:Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa Template:Dts[41]
37 File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia Template:Dts[42]
38 Template:Country data North Macedonia Template:Dts[43]
39 File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria Template:Dts[44]
40 File:Flag of Uruguay.svg Uruguay Template:Dts[44]
41 File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico Template:Dts[45]
42 File:Flag of Greece.svg Greece Template:Dts[46]
— File:Flag of the Order of St. John (various).svg Sovereign Military Order of Malta Template:Dts[47]
43 File:Flag of Andorra.svg Andorra Template:Dts[48]
44 File:Flag of the Philippines.svg Philippines Template:Dts[49]
45 File:Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan Template:Dts[50]
46 File:Flag of Monaco.svg Monaco Template:Dts[51]
47 File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada Template:Dts[52]
48 File:Flag of Japan.svg Japan Template:Dts[53][54]
49 File:Flag of Peru.svg Peru Template:Dts[55]
50 File:Flag of Chile.svg Chile Template:Dts[56]
51 File:Flag of Cyprus.svg Cyprus Template:Dts[56]
52 File:Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia Template:Dts[57]
53 File:Flag of the United States.svg United States Template:Dts[58]
54 File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia Template:Dts[59]
55 File:Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba Template:Dts[60]
56 File:Flag of Thailand.svg Thailand Template:Dts[61]
57 File:Flag of Ecuador.svg Ecuador Template:Dts[62]
58 File:Flag of Venezuela.svg Venezuela Template:Dts[62]
59 File:Flag of Romania.svg Romania Template:Dts[63]
60 File:Flag of Mongolia.svg Mongolia Template:Dts[64]
61 File:Flag of Iran.svg Iran Template:Dts[65]
62 File:Flag of Indonesia.svg Indonesia Template:Dts[65]
63 File:Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg Kyrgyzstan Template:Dts[66]
64 File:Flag of Costa Rica.svg Costa Rica Template:Dts[67]
65 File:Flag of Lebanon.svg Lebanon Template:Dts[68]
66 File:Flag of Morocco.svg Morocco Template:Dts[68]
67 File:Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania Template:Dts[69]
68 File:Flag of North Korea.svg North Korea Template:Dts[70]
69 File:Flag of Moldova.svg Moldova Template:Dts[71]
70 File:Flag of Colombia.svg Colombia Template:Dts[72]
71 File:Flag of Serbia.svg Serbia Template:Dts[73]
72 File:Flag of Malta.svg Malta Template:Dts[74]
73 File:Flag of Laos.svg Laos Template:Dts[75]
74 File:Flag of Malaysia.svg Malaysia Template:Dts[76]
75 File:Flag of Bahrain.svg Bahrain Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[77]
76 File:Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt Template:Dts[78]
77 File:Flag of Algeria.svg Algeria Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[79]
78 File:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Kazakhstan Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[80]
79 File:Flag of Montenegro.svg Montenegro Template:Dts[81]
80 File:Flag of Tajikistan.svg Tajikistan Template:Dts[82]
81 File:Flag of Armenia.svg Armenia Template:Dts[83]
82 File:Flag of Kuwait.svg Kuwait Template:Dts[84]
83 File:Flag of Vietnam.svg Vietnam Template:Dts[85]
84 File:Flag of Niger.svg Niger Template:Dts[86]
85 File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg Saudi Arabia Template:Dts[87]
86 File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg United Arab Emirates Template:Dts[88]
87 File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czech Republic Template:Dts[89]
88 File:Flag of Slovakia.svg Slovakia Template:Dts[90]
89 File:Flag of Singapore.svg Singapore Template:Dts[88]
90 File:Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg Saint Kitts and Nevis Template:Dts[91]
91 File:Flag of Maldives.svg Maldives Template:Dts[92]
92 File:Flag of Paraguay.svg Paraguay Template:Dts[86]
93 File:Flag of Cambodia.svg Cambodia Template:Dts[93]
94 File:Flag of San Marino.svg San Marino Template:Dts[94]
95 File:Flag of Nigeria.svg Nigeria Template:Dts[95]
96 File:Flag of Brunei.svg Brunei Template:Dts[96]
97 File:Flag of Panama.svg Panama Template:Dts[97]
98 File:Flag of Tuvalu.svg Tuvalu Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[98]
— File:Flag of Kosovo.svg Kosovo Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[99][100]
99 File:Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg Solomon Islands Template:Dts[101]
100 File:Flag of Nicaragua.svg Nicaragua Template:Dts[102]
101 File:Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand Template:Dts[103]
102 File:Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg Trinidad and Tobago Template:Dts[88]
103 File:Flag of Côte d'Ivoire.svg Ivory Coast Template:Dts[88]
104 File:Flag of Qatar.svg Qatar Template:Dts[104]
105 File:Flag of Fiji.svg Fiji Template:Dts[88]
106 File:Flag of Guinea.svg Guinea Template:Dts[105]
107 File:Flag of Guatemala.svg Guatemala Template:Dts[106]
108 File:Flag of El Salvador.svg El Salvador Template:Dts[107]
109 File:Flag of Rwanda.svg Rwanda Template:Dts[108]
110 File:Flag of Mauritius.svg Mauritius Template:Dts[88]
111 File:Flag of Sudan.svg Sudan Template:Dts[109]
112 File:Flag of Tunisia.svg Tunisia Template:Dts[110]
113 File:Flag of Nepal.svg   Nepal Template:Dts[88]
114 File:Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg Antigua and Barbuda Template:Dts[88]
115 File:Flag of Afghanistan (2013–2021).svg Afghanistan Template:Dts[111]
116 File:Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg Equatorial Guinea Template:Dts[112]
117 File:Flag of Benin.svg Benin Template:Dts[113]
118 File:Flag of Chad.svg Chad Template:Dts[110]
119 File:Flag of the Marshall Islands.svg Marshall Islands Template:Dts[114]
120 File:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg Dominican Republic Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[115]
121 File:Flag of Ghana.svg Ghana Template:Dts[88]
122 File:Flag of Honduras (2022-).svg Honduras Template:Dts[116]
123 File:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg Sri Lanka Template:Dts[88]
124 File:Flag of Angola.svg Angola Template:Dts[117]
125 File:Flag of Namibia.svg Namibia Template:Dts[118][119]
126 File:Flag of Bolivia.svg Bolivia Template:Dts[120]
127 File:Flag of Senegal.svg Senegal Template:Dts[118]
128 File:Flag of Kenya.svg Kenya Template:Dts[121]
129 File:Flag of Jamaica.svg Jamaica Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[88]
130 File:Flag of Saint Lucia.svg Saint Lucia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[88]
131 File:Flag of Oman.svg Oman Template:Dts[122]
132 File:Flag of Uzbekistan.svg Uzbekistan Template:Dts[123]
133 File:Flag of Turkmenistan.svg Turkmenistan Template:Dts[88]
134 File:Flag of Botswana.svg Botswana Template:Dts[124]
135 File:Flag of Cape Verde.svg Cape Verde Template:Dts[124]
136 File:Flag of Jordan.svg Jordan Template:Dts[124]
137 File:Flag of Burundi.svg Burundi Template:Dts[125]
138 File:Flag of Zambia.svg Zambia Template:Dts[126]
139 File:Flag of the Bahamas.svg Bahamas Template:Dts[127]
140 File:Flag of Bhutan.svg Bhutan Template:Dts[88]
141 File:Flag of Lesotho.svg Lesotho Template:Dts[128]
141 File:Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Unknown

Bilateral relations

Americas

Country Formal relations began on Notes
File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico 1 July 1994[129]
File:Honorary Consulate of Mexico in Liechtenstein.JPG
Honorary Consulate of Mexico in Liechtenstein
  • Liechtenstein does not have an embassy accredited to Mexico.
  • Mexico is accredited to Liechtenstein from its embassy in Bern, Switzerland and maintains an honorary consulate in Vaduz.
  • On 13 December 2023, Liechtenstein foreign minister Dominique Hasler met her Mexican counterpart Alicia Bárcena Ibarra in the first official Liechtenstein visit to Mexico.[130]
File:Flag of the United States.svg United States 10 February 1997[131] See Liechtenstein–United States relations
  • Liechtenstein has an embassy in Washington, D.C.
  • United States is accredited to Liechtenstein from its embassy in Bern, Switzerland.

Asia

Country Formal relations began on Notes
File:Flag of Hong Kong.svg Hong Kong See Hong Kong–Liechtenstein relations
  • Signed a tax treaty in 2010.[132]
  • Have a free trade agreement.[133]
File:Flag of India.svg India 1993[134] See India–Liechtenstein relations
File:Flag of Japan.svg Japan June 1996[135] See Japan–Liechtenstein relations
  • Japan has an honorary consulate in Schaan.
  • The two countries signed a tax treaty in 2012.[136]
File:Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea 2 March 1993[137] Both countries established diplomatic relations on March 02, 1993.[137]
  • The two states signed a FTA on 15 December 2005.
File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey 2 October 1992[138]
  • Turkey established diplomatic relations with Liechtenstein only in 1992 because Switzerland[139] had taken responsibility for Liechtenstein's foreign relations until early 1990s.[140]
  • Turkey is accredited to Liechtenstein from its embassy in Bern, Switzerland and maintains an honorary consulate in Vaduz.[141][142]

Europe

Country Formal relations began on Notes
File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czech Republic 13 July 2009[143] See Czech Republic–Liechtenstein relations
  • The two countries have a long-running dispute regarding the seizure of Liechtenstein assets and properties by the Beneš decrees in 1945.[144]
  • In 2003, the Czech Republic refused to recognize Liechtenstein as having become a sovereign state in 1806.[144]
  • The two countries signed a correspondence treaty in 2009.[144]
File:Flag of France.svg France 27 August 1992[145] See France–Liechtenstein relations
  • The two countries signed a tax information exchange agreement.[146]
File:Flag of Germany.svg Germany 14 January 1992 See Germany–Liechtenstein relations
  • Germany is accredited to Liechtenstein from its embassy in Bern, Switzerland and maintains an honorary consulate in Vaduz.
  • Liechtenstein has an embassy in Berlin.
File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia Template:Dts[147] See Liechtenstein–Russia relations
File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland 13 August 1919 See Liechtenstein–Switzerland relations
File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine 6 February 1992[24] See Liechtenstein–Ukraine relations
  • The two countries have a free trade agreement.[150]
File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom 6 February 1992 See Liechtenstein–United Kingdom relations
File:Daniel Risch & Kier Starmer EPC Summit at Blenheim Palace.jpg
Liechtensteiner Prime Minister Daniel Risch with British Prime Minister Keir Starmer at a European Political Community summit on Blenheim Palace, July 2025.

The UK established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 6 February 1992.[22]Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

  • Liechtenstein does not maintain an embassy in the United Kingdom.
  • The United Kingdom is not accredited to Liechtenstein through an embassy; the UK develops relations through its embassy in Bern, Switzerland.[151]

Both countries share common membership of the Council of Europe, European Court of Human Rights, the International Criminal Court, OSCE, the United Nations, and the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention,[152] a Free Trade Agreement, a Separation Agreement, a Social Security Coordination Convention, and a Trade Agreement.[153]

Membership in international organizations

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Liechtenstein is a member of the following international organizations:

Liechtenstein was never a member of the League of Nations. Its application to join that international organisation was refused in 1920 due to its small size.[154] While included in the Schengen Area, Liechtenstein is not a member of the European Union.

See also

References

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  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  132. ↑ Double Taxation Relief and Exchange of Information Arrangements > All Agreement (on country / territory basis) > Liechtenstein, Hong Kong Inland Revenue Department, retrieved on 16 October 2017
  133. ↑ Hong Kong signs free-trade pact with European states Script error: No such module "webarchive"., Hong Kong Economic & Trade Office New York, May-June 2011, retrieved on 16 October 2017
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  139. ↑ Sully, Melanie A. A Contemporary History of Austria, Liechtenstein and Switzerland. London: Routledge, 1990.
  140. ↑ Weidenholzer, Josef. Der liechtensteinische Weg: Einsichten und Aussichten. Vienna: Zimmermann und Karrer, 1999.
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  143. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  144. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  145. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  146. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  149. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  150. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  152. ↑ Script error: No such module "cite".
  153. ↑ Script error: No such module "cite".
  154. ↑ Participation of the Former Yugoslav States in the UN and multilateral Treaties Script error: No such module "webarchive".

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Template:Liechtenstein topics Script error: No such module "Navbox". Template:Foreign relations of Liechtenstein

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