Foreign relations of Benin

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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Template:Sidebar with collapsible lists After seizing power in the 1972 coup d'état, Major Mathieu Kérékou declared the People's Republic of Benin a Marxist-Leninist state and sought financial support from communist governments in Eastern Europe and Asia. To distance the modern state from its colonial past, the country became the People's Republic of Benin in 1975. However, Benin dropped the socialist ideology in 1989 following pressure from creditors and domestic unrest related to economic hardship.

In recent years Benin has strengthened ties with France, the former colonial power, as well as the United States and the main international lending institutions. Benin has also adopted a mediating role in the political crises in Liberia, Guinea-Bissau, and Togo and provided a contribution to the United Nations force in Haiti, all of which were indications of the country's growing confidence in the international community. Some of the allies of Benin are France, India, US, UK, Netherlands, Ghana, and China.

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Benin maintains diplomatic relations with:

File:Diplomatic relations of Benin.svg
# Country Date
1 File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom Template:Dts[1]
2 File:Flag of the United States.svg United States Template:Dts[2]
3 File:Flag of France.svg France Template:Dts[3]
4 File:Flag of Germany.svg Germany Template:Dts[4]
5 File:Flag of Haiti.svg Haiti Template:Dts[5]
6 File:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium Template:Dts[6]
7 File:Flag of Japan.svg Japan Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[7]
8 File:Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil Template:Dts[8]
9 File:Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea Template:Dts[9]
10 File:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg Democratic Republic of the Congo Template:Dts[10]
11 File:Flag of Nigeria.svg Nigeria Template:Dts[11]
12 File:Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden Template:Dts[12]
13 File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland Template:Dts[12]
14 File:Flag of Italy.svg Italy Template:Dts[13]
15 File:Flag of Israel.svg Israel Template:Dts[14]
16 File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands Template:Dts[15]
17 File:Flag of Guinea.svg Guinea Template:Dts[16]
18 File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada Template:Dts[17]
19 File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia Template:Dts[18]
20 File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czech Republic Template:Dts[19]
21 File:Flag of Poland.svg Poland Template:Dts[20]
22 File:Flag of Ghana.svg Ghana Template:Dts[21]
23 File:Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary Template:Dts[22]
24 File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria Template:Dts[23]
25 File:Flag of Lebanon.svg Lebanon Template:Dts[24]
26 File:Flag of Romania.svg Romania Template:Dts[25]
27 File:Flag of Serbia.svg Serbia Template:Dts[26]
28 File:Flag of Sudan.svg Sudan Template:Dts[27]
29 File:Flag of India.svg India Template:Dts[28]
30 File:Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan Template:Dts[29]
31 File:Flag of Liberia.svg Liberia Template:Dts[30]
32 File:Flag of Norway.svg Norway Template:Dts[31]
33 File:Flag of Algeria.svg Algeria Template:Dts[32]
34 File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China Template:Dts[33]
35 File:Flag of the Syrian revolution.svg Syria Template:Dts[34]
36 File:Flag of Austria.svg Austria Template:Dts[35]
37 File:Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark Template:Dts[36]
38 File:Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt Template:Dts[37]
39 File:Flag of Mali.svg Mali Template:Dts[38]
40 File:Flag of Spain.svg Spain Template:Dts[39]
41 File:Flag of Ethiopia.svg Ethiopia Template:Dts[40]
42 File:Flag of Morocco.svg Morocco Template:Dts[41]
43 File:Flag of Tunisia.svg Tunisia Template:Dts[42]
44 File:Flag of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg Template:Dts[43]
45 File:Flag of Gabon.svg Gabon Template:Dts[44]
46 File:Flag of Mauritania.svg Mauritania Template:Dts[45]
— File:Flag of Vatican City (2023–present).svg Holy See Template:Dts[46]
— File:Flag of the Order of St. John (various).svg Sovereign Military Order of Malta Template:Dts[47]
47 File:Flag of North Korea.svg North Korea Template:Dts[48]
48 File:Flag of Cameroon.svg Cameroon Template:Dts[49]
49 File:Flag of Vietnam.svg Vietnam Template:Dts[50]
50 File:Flag of Libya.svg Libya Template:Dts[51]
51 File:Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba Template:Dts[52]
52 File:Flag of Zambia.svg Zambia Template:Dts[53]
53 File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey Template:Dts[54]
54 File:Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina Template:Dts[55]
55 File:Flag of Albania.svg Albania Template:Dts[56]
56 File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico Template:Dts[57]
57 File:Flag of Greece.svg Greece Template:Dts[58]
58 File:Flag of Angola.svg Angola Template:Dts[59]
59 File:Flag of Chad.svg Chad Template:Dts[60]
60 File:Flag of Laos.svg Laos Template:Dts[61]
61 File:Flag of Mongolia.svg Mongolia Template:Dts[62]
62 File:Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal Template:Dts[63]
63 File:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg Republic of the Congo Template:Dts[64]
64 File:Flag of Uganda.svg Uganda Template:Dts[65]
65 File:Flag of Tanzania.svg Tanzania Template:Dts[66]
66 File:Flag of Togo (3-2).svg Togo Template:Dts[67]
67 File:Flag of Thailand.svg Thailand Template:Dts[68]
68 File:Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg Equatorial Guinea Template:Dts[69]
69 File:Flag of Kenya.svg Kenya Template:Dts[70]
70 File:Flag of Somalia.svg Somalia Template:Dts[70]
71 File:Flag of Niger.svg Niger Template:Dts[71]
72 File:Flag of Côte d'Ivoire.svg Ivory Coast Template:Dts[72]
73 File:Flag of Iran.svg Iran Template:Dts[73]
74 File:Flag of Nicaragua.svg Nicaragua Template:Dts[62]
75 File:Flag of Afghanistan (2013–2021).svg Afghanistan Template:Dts[62]
76 File:Flag of Rwanda.svg Rwanda Template:Dts[74]
77 File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg United Arab Emirates Template:Dts[75]
78 File:Flag of Kuwait.svg Kuwait Template:Dts[76]
79 File:Flag of Seychelles.svg Seychelles Template:Dts[62]
80 File:Flag of Colombia.svg Colombia Template:Dts[62]
81 File:Flag of Finland.svg Finland Template:Dts[77]
82 File:Flag of Iraq.svg Iraq Template:Dts[78]
— Template:Country data State of Palestine Template:Dts[79]
83 File:Flag of Namibia.svg Namibia Template:Dts[62]
84 File:Flag of Venezuela.svg Venezuela Template:Dts[62]
85 File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine Template:Dts[80]
86 File:Flag of Slovakia.svg Slovakia Template:Dts[81]
87 File:Flag of Singapore.svg Singapore Template:Dts[82]
88 File:Flag of Brunei.svg Brunei Template:Dts[83]
89 File:Flag of Indonesia.svg Indonesia Template:Dts[84]
90 File:Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa Template:Dts[85]
91 File:Flag of Costa Rica.svg Costa Rica Template:Dts[62]
92 File:Flag of Cambodia.svg Cambodia Template:Dts[86]
93 File:Flag of Malaysia.svg Malaysia Template:Dts[87]
94 File:Flag of Guatemala.svg Guatemala Template:Dts[62]
95 File:Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia Template:Dts[88]
96 File:Flag of the Philippines.svg Philippines Template:Dts[89]
97 File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijan Template:Dts[90]
98 File:Flag of Qatar.svg Qatar Template:Dts[91]
99 File:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg Dominican Republic Template:Dts[92]
100 File:Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia Template:Dts[62]
101 File:Flag of Belarus.svg Belarus Template:Dts[93]
102 File:Flag of Mauritius.svg Mauritius Template:Dts[62]
103 File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg Saudi Arabia Template:Dts[94]
104 Template:Country data North Macedonia Template:Dts[95]
105 File:Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenia Template:Dts[96]
106 File:Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland Template:Dts[62]
107 File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[97]
108 File:Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia Template:Dts[98]
109 File:Flag of Uzbekistan.svg Uzbekistan Template:Dts[99]
110 File:Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania Template:Dts[100]
111 File:Flag of Panama.svg Panama Template:Dts[101]
112 File:Flag of Andorra.svg Andorra Template:Dts[62]
113 File:Flag of Jamaica.svg Jamaica Template:Dts[102]
114 File:Flag of Botswana.svg Botswana Template:Dts[62]
115 File:Flag of Armenia.svg Armenia Template:Dts[62]
116 File:Flag of Uruguay.svg Uruguay Template:Dts[62]
117 File:Flag of Djibouti.svg Djibouti Template:Dts[103]
118 File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg Bangladesh Template:Dts[104]
119 File:Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg Kyrgyzstan Template:Dts[105]
120 File:Flag of Paraguay.svg Paraguay Template:Dts[106]
121 File:Flag of Malta.svg Malta Template:Dts[62]
122 File:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg Bosnia and Herzegovina Template:Dts[62]
123 File:Flag of Chile.svg Chile Template:Dts[107]
124 File:Flag of Tajikistan.svg Tajikistan Template:Dts[62]
125 File:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Kazakhstan Template:Dts[62]
126 File:Flag of Montenegro.svg Montenegro Template:Dts[62]
127 File:Flag of Fiji.svg Fiji Template:Dts[62]
128 File:Flag of Maldives.svg Maldives Template:Dts[108]
129 File:Flag of South Sudan.svg South Sudan Template:Dts[109]
130 File:Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand Template:Dts[110]
131 File:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg Sri Lanka Template:Dts[111]
132 File:Flag of Burundi.svg Burundi Template:Dts[112]
133 File:Flag of Yemen.svg Yemen Template:Dts[113]
134 File:Flag of Jordan.svg Jordan Template:Dts[114]
135 Template:Country data Georgia Template:Dts[62]
136 File:Flag of Peru.svg Peru Template:Dts[115]
137 File:Flag of Nepal.svg   Nepal Template:Dts[62]
138 File:Flag of Moldova.svg Moldova Template:Dts[62]
139 File:Flag of the Comoros.svg Comoros Template:Dts[116]
140 File:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg Zimbabwe Template:Dts[117]
141 File:Flag of Turkmenistan.svg Turkmenistan Template:Dts[118]
142 File:Flag of Mozambique.svg Mozambique Template:Dts[119]
143 File:Flag of Oman.svg Oman Template:Dts[62]
144 File:Flag of Malawi.svg Malawi Template:Dts[120]
145 File:Flag of São Tomé and Príncipe.svg São Tomé and Príncipe Template:Dts[121]
146 File:Flag of Monaco.svg Monaco Template:Dts[122]
147 File:Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland Template:Dts[123]
148 File:Flag of Liechtenstein.svg Liechtenstein Template:Dts[124]
149 File:Flag of Myanmar.svg Myanmar Template:Dts[62]
150 File:Flag of Ecuador.svg Ecuador Template:Dts[62]
151 File:Flag of San Marino.svg San Marino Template:Dts[125]
152 File:Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg Saint Kitts and Nevis Template:Dts[62]
153 File:Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg Guinea-Bissau Template:Dts[126]
154 File:Flag of Belize.svg Belize Template:Dts[62]
155 File:Flag of Bahrain.svg Bahrain Template:Dts[62]
156 File:Flag of Grenada.svg Grenada Template:Dts[62]
157 File:Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Template:Dts[62]
158 File:Flag of Cyprus.svg Cyprus Template:Dts[62]
159 File:Flag of East Timor.svg Timor-Leste Template:Dts[62]
160 File:Flag of El Salvador.svg El Salvador Template:Dts[62]
161 File:Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg Antigua and Barbuda Template:Dts[62]
162 File:Flag of the Bahamas.svg Bahamas Template:Dts[62]
163 File:Flag of Saint Lucia.svg Saint Lucia Template:Dts[62]
164 File:Flag of the Marshall Islands.svg Marshall Islands Template:Dts[62]
165 File:Flag of Guyana.svg Guyana Template:Dts[62]
166 File:Flag of Bolivia.svg Bolivia Template:Dts[62]
167 File:Flag of Dominica.svg Dominica Template:Dts[62]
168 File:Flag of Nauru.svg Nauru Template:Dts[62]
169 File:Flag of Vanuatu.svg Vanuatu Template:Dts[62]
170 File:Flag of the Federated States of Micronesia.svg Federated States of Micronesia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[62]
171 File:Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg Solomon Islands Template:Dts[62]
172 File:Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg Trinidad and Tobago Template:Dts[62]
173 File:Flag of Palau.svg Palau Template:Dts[62]
174 File:Flag of Burkina Faso.svg Burkina Faso Unknown
175 File:Flag of the Central African Republic.svg Central African Republic Unknown[127]
176 File:Flag of The Gambia.svg Gambia Unknown
177 File:Flag of Senegal.svg Senegal Unknown
178 File:Flag of Sierra Leone.svg Sierra Leone Unknown

Bilateral relations

Sovereign state Formal Relations Began Notes
File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China 12 November 1964 See Benin–China relations

The People's Republic of China and the Republic of Benin established diplomatic relations on November 12, 1964, yet in January 1966, Benin unilaterally severed the relations with China and the April that year to "resume relations" with Taiwan. On December 29, 1972, the Mathieu Kérékon Government restored the relations with China and then the relations saw a favorable development afterwards.[33]

  • Benin has an embassy in Beijing.
  • China has an embassy in Cotonou.
File:Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark 15 December 1964 See Benin–Denmark relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 December 1964 when was accredited first ambassador of Dahomey to Denmark Dr. Nicolas Amoussou Ewagnignon[36]

File:Flag of France.svg France 2 August 1960 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 August 1960[3]
File:Flag of Haiti.svg Haiti December 1960 See Benin–Haiti relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations in December 1960 with opened Embassy of Haiti in Dahomey. It was closed in 1963 and reopened in Cotonou in February 2004. Embassy Haiti in Benin was finally closed on 11 December 2018.[5]

File:Flag of India.svg India 25 June 1963 See Benin–India relations
  • India is accredited to Benin from its high commission in Abuja, Nigeria.
File:Flag of Kenya.svg Kenya 12 March 1982 See Benin–Kenya relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 March 1982 when first ambassador of Kenya to Benin Mr. Alfred Imbahale Machayo presented his credentials to Head of State of Benin Mr. Mathieu Kérékou.[70]

  • Benin is accredited to Kenya from its embassy in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
  • Kenya's is accredited to Benin from its high commission in Abuja, Nigeria.
File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico 30 October 1975
  • Benin is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.[130]
  • Mexico is accredited to Benin from its embassy in Abuja, Nigeria and has an honorary consulate in Cotonou.[131]
File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia 4 June 1962 See Benin–Russia relations
  • Benin has an embassy in Moscow.
  • Russia has an embassy in Cotonou.
File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey 29 March 1974 Benin–Turkey relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 March 1974 when first Turkish Ambassador Mr. Talat Benler presented his credentials to President Mathieu Kerekou in Cotonou.[54]

  • Turkey has an embassy in Cotonou.[132]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was US$142 million in 2019.[132]
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to Cotonou since 2014.[132]
File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom 1 August 1960 See Benin–United Kingdom relations

Benin established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 1 August 1960.[1]Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

  • Benin does not maintain an embassy in the United Kingdom.
  • The United Kingdom is not accredited to Benin through an embassy; the UK develops relations through its high commission in Accra, Ghana.[133]

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact,[134] the International Criminal Court, and the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have an Investment Agreement.[135]

File:Flag of the United States.svg United States 1 August 1960 See Benin–United States relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 August 1960[2]

The two nations have had an excellent history of relations in the years since Benin embraced democracy. The U.S. Government continues to assist Benin with the improvement of living standards that are key to the ultimate success of Benin's experiment with democratic government and economic liberalization, and are consistent with U.S. values and national interest in reducing poverty and promoting growth. The bulk of the U.S. effort in support of consolidating democracy in Benin is focused on long-term human resource development through U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) programs.[136]

  • Benin has an embassy in Washington, D.C.
  • United States has an embassy in Cotonou.

See also

Notes

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  5. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  42. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  43. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  44. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  45. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  46. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  47. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  48. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  49. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  50. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  51. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  52. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  53. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  54. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  55. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  56. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  57. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  58. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  59. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  60. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  61. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  63. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  64. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  65. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  66. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  67. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  68. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  69. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  70. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  71. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  72. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  73. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  74. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  75. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  76. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  77. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  78. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  79. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  80. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  81. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  82. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  83. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  84. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  85. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  86. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  87. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  88. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  89. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  90. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  91. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  92. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  93. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  94. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  95. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  96. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  97. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  98. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  99. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  100. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  101. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  102. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  103. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  104. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  105. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  106. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  107. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  108. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  109. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  110. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  111. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  112. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  113. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  114. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  115. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  116. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  117. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  118. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  119. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  120. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  121. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  122. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  123. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  124. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  125. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  126. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  127. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  128. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  129. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  130. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  131. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  132. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  133. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  134. ↑ Template:Cite x
  135. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  136. ↑ "Background Note: Benin". U.S. Department of State (June 2008).
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External links

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Template:Foreign relations of Benin Template:Country topics Script error: No such module "Navbox".

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