Foreign born

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Foreign-born (also non-native) people are those born outside of their country of residence. Foreign born are often non-citizens, but many are naturalized citizens of the country in which they live, and others are citizens by descent, typically through a parent.

The term foreign born encompasses both immigrants and expatriates but is not synonymous with either. Foreign born may, like immigrants, have committed to living in a country permanently or, like expatriates, live abroad for a significant period with the plan to return to their birth-country eventually.

The status of foreign born — particularly their access to citizenship — differs globally. The large groups of foreign-born guest workers in the Gulf Cooperation Council states, for example, have no right to citizenship no matter the length of their residence. In Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States, by contrast, foreign born are often citizens or in the process of becoming citizens. Certain countries have intermediary rules: in Germany and Japan it is often difficult but not impossible for the foreign born to become citizens.

Definition

The adjective foreign-born has two potential meanings:

  • "born in a country other than that in which one resides."[1]
  • "foreign by birth."[2]

The United Nations uses the first definition to estimate the international migrant stock, whenever this information is available. In countries lacking data on place of birth, the UN uses the country of citizenship instead.[3]

On the other hand, the United States Census Bureau defines foreign-born as "anyone who is not a U.S. citizen at birth", which includes persons who have become U.S. citizens through naturalization but excludes persons born abroad to a U.S. citizen parent or parents.

According to the UN: "Equating international migrants with foreign citizens when estimating the migrant stock has important shortcomings. In countries where citizenship is conferred on the basis of jus sanguinis, people who were born in the country of residence may be included in the number of international migrants even though they may have never lived abroad. Conversely, persons who were born abroad and who naturalized in their country of residence are excluded from the stock of international migrants when using citizenship as the criterion to define international migrants."[3]

Trends by country

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The percentage of foreign born in a country is the product mostly of immigration rates, but is also affected by emigration rates and birth and death rates in the destination country. For example, the United Kingdom and Ireland are destination countries for migrants from Eastern Europe, Africa, and Asia, but are themselves source countries for immigration to other English-speaking countries.

The Holy See is unique in having 100% of its population foreign-born, while Cuba is unique in having 0% of its population foreign-born. The region with the highest rate is Oceania, with 21%, while Asia has less than 1%.

Countries with immigration rates above 25% tend to be wealthy countries with relatively open migration or labour laws, including Singapore, Australia, New Zealand, Switzerland and the Persian Gulf states.

The largest foreign-born population in the world is in the United States, which was home to 39 million foreign-born residents in 2012, or 12.6% of the population.[4]

Countries with the largest foreign-born populations

Rank[5] Country Region Percentage of Foreign-born Population Largest Foreign-born Group
1 United Arab Emirates Greater Middle East 88.52%[6] Indian
2 Qatar Greater Middle East 81.3%[7] Indian
3 Kuwait Greater Middle East 69.1%[8] Indian
4 Bahrain Greater Middle East 54.6%[9] Indian
5 Saudi Arabia Greater Middle East 37.37%[10] Indian
6 Lebanon Greater Middle East 23%[11] Syrian
7 Canada North America 23%[12] Indian
8 Sweden Northern Europe 19.6%[13] Syrian
9 Germany Western Europe 18%[14] Turk
10 United Kingdom Northern Europe 14%[15] Indian
11 United States North America 13.9%[16] Mexican
12 Pakistan Greater Middle East 13.2% Indian
13 Turkey Greater Middle East 7.18%Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Syrian
14 Brazil South America 1.00%Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Venezuelan
15 India South Asia 0.4%[17] Bangladeshi

Direct figures on Pakistan's total foreign-born population are unavailable. However, estimates for specific immigrant communities can be found, which are as follows: 8.4% - 10% Indians (i.e., Muhajirs from India and their descendants),[18] 1.6% - 2% Afghans,[19] 1% Bengalis,[20] 0.1 - 0.2% Burmese[21][22]

Countries with largest refugee populations

Rank[5] Country Region Refugees Hosted
1 Iran Greater Middle East 3.8 million[23]
2 United States North America 3.6 million[24]
3 Turkey Greater Middle East 3.1 million[23]
4 Pakistan Greater Middle East 3.1 million[25]
5 Colombia South America 2.8 million[23]
6 Germany Western Europe 2.7 million[23]
7 Uganda East Africa 1.7 million[23]
8 Lebanon Greater Middle East 1.5 million[26]

Cities with largest foreign born populations

Rank City Country Region Estimate date and source (where available) Foreign-born population Percentage Country of origin of the largest foreign-born group
1 London United Kingdom Northern Europe ONS 2021 3,576,000[27] 40.6% India
2 Dubai United Arab Emirates Greater Middle East Government of Dubai 2021 3,200,000[28] 91.4% India
3 New York United States North America 2022 ACS 3,133,149[29] 36.3% Dominican Republic
4 Sydney Australia Oceania 2021 Australian Census 2,260,410[30] 43.2% China
5 Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates Greater Middle East 2014 2,173,000[31] 80% India
6 Kuwait City Kuwait Greater Middle East 2018 2,088,000[32][33] 69.6% India
7 Melbourne Australia Oceania 2021 Australian Census 1,970,614[34] 40.1% India
8 Doha Qatar Greater Middle East 2021 1,768,000[35][36] 88.4% India
9 Lima Peru South America 2023 United Nations Office of Peru 1,586,880[37] 17.5%
10 Toronto Canada North America Canada 2021 Census 1,431,380[38]Template:Efn 51.9% India
12 Los Angeles United States North America 2022 ACS 1,395,920[39] 36.0% Mexico
13 Brisbane Australia Oceania 2021 Australian Census 799,645[40] 31.7% India
14 Montréal Canada North America Canada 2021 Census 790,960[41]Template:Efn 40.9% France
15 Berlin Germany Western Europe Berlin-Brandenburg office of statistics, 2021 789,076Script error: No such module "Unsubst". 21% Turkey
16 Vienna Austria Western Europe City of Vienna 2023 778,454[42] 31.3% Serbia
17 Madrid Spain Southern Europe 2019 Spain Census 726,669Script error: No such module "Unsubst". 22.2% Morocco
18 Auckland New Zealand Oceania Statistics New Zealand 2018 714,480Script error: No such module "Unsubst". 41.6% India
19 Houston United States North America 2022 ACS 664,495[43] 28.9% Mexico
20 Peshawar Pakistan Greater Middle East 2005 611,501[44][45] 19.7 Afghanistan
20 Chicago United States North America 2022 ACS 550,888[46] 20.2% Mexico
21 Calgary Canada North America Canada 2021 Census 457,665[47]Template:Efn 35.4% Philippines
22 San Jose United States North America 2022 ACS 410,543[48] 41.0% Mexico
23 Mississauga Canada North America Canada 2021 Census 406,455[49]Template:Efn 57% India
24 Brampton Canada North America Canada 2021 Census 383,695[50]Template:Efn 59.1% India
25 São Paulo Brazil South America 2019 362,340Script error: No such module "Unsubst". 3% Venezuela
26 Bogotá Colombia South America 2019 352,431Script error: No such module "Unsubst". 5% Venezuela
27 San Diego United States North America 2022 ACS 344,419[51] 24.9% Mexico
28 Edmonton Canada North America Canada 2021 Census 348,295[52]Template:Efn 34.9% India
29 Hamburg Germany Western Europe 2021 ACS 341,759Script error: No such module "Unsubst". 24.7% Turkey
30 Milan Italy Southern Europe Istat 2011 324,378[53] 10.7% Egypt
31 Vancouver Canada North America Canada 2021 Census 317,190[54]Template:Efn 48.8% China
32 Birmingham United Kingdom Northern Europe ONS 2021 305,963Script error: No such module "Unsubst". 25.6% Pakistan
33 Ottawa Canada North America Canada 2021 Census 288,835[55] 28.9% China
34 San Francisco United States North America 2022 ACS 288,169[56] 33.9% China
35 Surrey Canada North America Canada 2021 Census 285,620[57]Template:Efn 50.8% India
36 Amsterdam Netherlands Western Europe Statistics Netherlands 2019 277,431Script error: No such module "Unsubst". 32.1% Turkey
37 Miami United States North America 2022 ACS 256,805[58] 57.9% Cuba
38 Stockholm Sweden Northern Europe Statistics Sweden 2019 248,708Script error: No such module "Unsubst". 25.5% Syria
39 Lyon France Western Europe France Unité urbaine de Lyon, INSEE 2020 235,969Script error: No such module "Unsubst". 14% Algeria
40 Winnipeg Canada North America Canada 2021 Census 231,135[59]Template:Efn 31.4% India
41 Santiago Chile South America 2017 Census 212,037Script error: No such module "Unsubst". 10.2% Venezuela
42 Marseille France Western Europe Unité urbaine de Marseille-Aix, INSEE 2020 193,740Script error: No such module "Unsubst". 12% Algeria
43 Rotterdam Netherlands Western Europe Statistics Netherlands 2019 184,218Script error: No such module "Unsubst". 28.6% Turkey
44 The Hague Netherlands Western Europe Statistics Netherlands 2019 176,183Script error: No such module "Unsubst". 32.8% Indonesia
45 Manchester United Kingdom Northern Europe ONS 2021 173,208Script error: No such module "Unsubst". 31.4% Pakistan
46 Oslo Norway Northern Europe Statistics Norway 2019 171,868Script error: No such module "Unsubst". 25.2% Pakistan
47 Gothenburg Sweden Northern Europe Statistics Sweden 2019 159,342Script error: No such module "Unsubst". 27.5% Iraq
48 Hamilton Canada North America Canada 2021 Census 158,190[60]Template:Efn 28.2% Italy
49 Copenhagen Denmark Northern Europe Statistics Denmark 2022 134,409Script error: No such module "Unsubst". 26.3% Turkey
50 Malmö Sweden Northern Europe Statistics Sweden 2019 118,323Script error: No such module "Unsubst". 34.4% Iraq
51 Helsinki Finland Northern Europe Statistics Finland 2021 102,016Script error: No such module "Unsubst". 15.5% Russia

Metropolitan and urban regions with the largest foreign-born populationsScript error: No such module "anchor".

  1. Data for the cities listed below is from numerous sources.
Rank[5] Metropolitan region /
urban area 		Country Foreign-born population Sources of immigrants
1 New York metropolitan area United States 5,892,000[61] China, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Ecuador, Guyana, Philippines, South Korea, Mexico, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, Haiti, Italy, Colombia, Poland, Russia, India, Pakistan, Brazil, Cuba, Nigeria, Ghana, Greece
2 London and the home counties United Kingdom 5,623,701[27] India, Poland, Bangladesh, Romania, Pakistan, Italy, Turkey, Nigeria, Ireland, Sri Lanka, Jamaica, China, France, Ghana, Philippines, Portugal, South Africa, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, USA, Greece
3 Los Angeles Metropolitan Area United States 5,541,000[61] Mexico, the Philippines, El Salvador, China, Vietnam, South Korea, Guatemala, Ethiopia, Armenia, Iran, India, Nigeria, Colombia
4 Greater Toronto AreaTemplate:Efn Canada 3,231,295[38][62][63][64][65]Template:Efn India, China, Philippines, Pakistan, Hong Kong, Sri Lanka, Jamaica, Italy, Iran, United Kingdom, Guyana, Portugal, Vietnam, Poland, South Korea, United States, Trinidad and Tobago, Iraq, Russia, Ukraine, Afghanistan, Egypt, Nigeria, Greece, Romania
5 Paris metropolitan area France 3,041,148[66] Algeria, Portugal, Morocco, Tunisia, Spain, Romania, Turkey, China, Italy, Mali, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Democratic Republic of Congo, Senegal, Cameroon
6 Hong Kong (SAR) Hong Kong 2,793,450 China, Indonesia, Philippines, Macau, Thailand, United Kingdom, France, India, Pakistan, Japan, United States, Canada
7 San Francisco Bay Area United States 2,634,270[67][68] Mexico, China, Philippines, Vietnam, India, El Salvador, Guatemala, South Korea, Taiwan, Iran, Russia, Japan, Nicaragua
8 Sydney Greater Capital City Statistical Area Australia 2,071,872[69] China, United Kingdom, India, New Zealand, Vietnam, Philippines, South Korea, Lebanon, Sri Lanka
9 Miami metropolitan area United States 1,949,629Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Cuba, Haiti, Colombia, Canada, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Brazil, Panama, Peru, Argentina
10 Melbourne Greater Capital City Statistical Area Australia 1,801,139[70] India, China, Vietnam, New Zealand, United Kingdom, Italy, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Greece, Philippines, South Africa, Hong Kong
11 Chicago metropolitan area United States 1,625,649Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Mexico, India, Poland, Philippines, China, Palestine, Ukraine, Italy, Guatemala, Lithuania, Ghana, Nigeria, Jamaica, Cuba, Colombia, Trinidad and Tobago
12 Brussels Urban Area Belgium 1,441,600Script error: No such module "Unsubst". France, Romania, Morocco, Italy, Spain, Poland, Portugal, Bulgaria, Germany
13 Singapore (city only) Singapore 1,305,011Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Malaysia, China, India, Indonesia, Philippines, Bangladesh, Taiwan, Myanmar, South Korea
14 Berlin Urban Area Germany 1,231,500Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Turkey, Russia, Poland, Syria, Italy, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, France, Vietnam, United Kingdom
15 Metro Vancouver Canada 1,222,460[71]Template:Efn Hong Kong, China, India, South Korea, Taiwan, Philippines, Vietnam, Japan, Iran, Pakistan, Poland, United Kingdom, Italy, United States
16 Greater Montreal Canada 1,184,620[72]Template:Efn Algeria, Morocco, Romania, France, Haiti, Lebanon, Philippines, Vietnam, Italy, China
17 Moscow (city only) Russia 1,128,035Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Moldova, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Armenia, Belarus
18 Houston metropolitan area United States 1,113,875Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Mexico, El Salvador, Vietnam, India, Nigeria, China, Honduras, Philippines, Myanmar, Guatemala, Colombia
19 Metropolitan Dubai United Arab Emirates 1,056,000Script error: No such module "Unsubst". India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Philippines, Iran, Sri Lanka, United Kingdom
20 Riyadh (city only) Saudi Arabia 1,054,000Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Arab League, Pakistan, India, African Union, Bangladesh, Iran
21 Washington metropolitan area United States 1,017,432Script error: No such module "Unsubst". El Salvador, China, Ethiopia, Mexico, South Korea, Nigeria, Philippines, Vietnam, Ghana, Bolivia
22 Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex United States 1,016,221Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Mexico, India, Vietnam, El Salvador, China, South Korea, Honduras, Philippines
23 Frankfurt Urban Area Germany 998,400Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Turkey, Italy, Croatia, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Russia, North Macedonia
24 Tokyo Urban Area Japan 978,172Script error: No such module "Unsubst". China, South Korea, Philippines, Vietnam, United States, Brazil, Nepal, Taiwan, Peru, Thailand
25 Santiago Metropolitan Region Chile 938,904Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Venezuela, Peru, Colombia, Haiti, Argentina
26 Birmingham Urban Area United Kingdom 902,438Script error: No such module "Unsubst". India, Pakistan, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Poland, Bangladesh, Romania, China, Italy, Albania, Nigeria, Somalia
27 Barcelona Urban Area Spain 862,200Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Italy, Pakistan, China, Ecuador, Bolivia, Morocco, France
28 Atlanta metropolitan area United States 861,208Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Mexico, India, Jamaica, South Korea, China, Vietnam, Nigeria, Guatemala, El Salvador, Colombia
29 Brisbane Greater Capital City Statistical Area Australia 731,198Script error: No such module "Unsubst". New Zealand, England, China, India, South Africa, Philippines, Vietnam, South Korea, Taiwan, Scotland, Malaysia
30 Auckland Urban Area New Zealand 662,298Script error: No such module "Unsubst". United Kingdom, China, India, Fiji, Samoa, Philippines, South Korea, Sri Lanka
31 Stockholm County Sweden 660,302[73] Finland, Iraq, Poland, Syria, Iran, Turkey, Eritrea, Afghanistan
32 Muscat Oman 571,000Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Philippines, Pakistan, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh
33 Amsterdam metropolitan area Netherlands 554,530Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Morocco, Turkey, Suriname, Poland, Ukraine, Syria, Afghanistan, Germany, India
34 Calgary Metropolitan Region Canada 488,740[74]Template:Efn India, Pakistan, Philippines, United States, Nigeria, China, Lebanon, Vietnam, United Kingdom, South Korea, Iran, Hong Kong, Ethiopia, Germany, European Union
35 Milan Urban Area Italy 475,000Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Egypt, Philippines, China, Romania, Sri Lanka
36 Edmonton Metropolitan Region Canada 389,490[75]Template:Efn China, Pakistan, India, Somalia, Hong Kong, Philippines, Lebanon
37 National Capital Region (Canada) Canada 349,005[76]Template:Efn Italy, Pakistan, India
38 Hamburg Metropolitan Region Germany 332,473[77] Turkey, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Italy, Spain, Ghana
39 Greater Manchester United Kingdom 302,000Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Pakistan, China, Ireland, Bangladesh, Poland, Nigeria, India, Somalia, Jamaica, Iraq
40 Winnipeg Metropolitan Region Canada 238,170[78]Template:Efn China, United Kingdom, Lebanon, United States, India, Philippines, Vietnam, Pakistan, Syria, Haiti, Iran, Somalia, Egypt, Italy, Iraq, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Germany, Jamaica, Russia, Hong Kong
41 Helsinki Finland 213,290[79] Russia, Estonia, Somalia, Iraq, Sweden, China, Yugoslavia, Vietnam, India, Turkey
42 Hannover–Braunschweig–Göttingen–Wolfsburg Metropolitan Region Germany 132,684Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Turkey, Serbia, Ukraine, Greece, Russia, Italy, Spain
43 Geneva Switzerland 77,602Script error: No such module "Unsubst". France, Spain, Germany

See also

Notes

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References

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  1. ↑ foreign-born, Dictionary.com
  2. ↑ Foreign-born, Merriam-Webster
  3. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ United States Census Bureau. Current Population Survey - March 2012 Detailed Tables, Table 1.1. Accessed September 6, 2014.
  5. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  23. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  38. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  45. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  46. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  47. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  52. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  53. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  54. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  55. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  56. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  57. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  58. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  59. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  60. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  61. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  62. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  63. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  64. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  65. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  66. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  67. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  68. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  69. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  70. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  71. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  72. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  73. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  74. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  75. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  76. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  77. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  78. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  79. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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External links

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