Flight airspeed record

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates

File:Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird.jpg
The Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird is the current record-holder for a crewed airbreathing jet aircraft.

An air speed record is the highest airspeed attained by an aircraft of a particular class. The rules for all official aviation records are defined by Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI),[1] which also ratifies any claims. Speed records are divided into a number of classes with sub-divisions. There are three classes of aircraft: landplanes, seaplanes, and amphibians, and within these classes there are records for aircraft in a number of weight categories. There are still further subdivisions for piston-engined, turbojet, turboprop, and rocket-engined aircraft. Within each of these groups, records are defined for speed over a straight course and for closed circuits of various sizes carrying various payloads.

Timeline

File:Flight airspeed records over time.svg
Flight speed records over time, taken from the table below.

Gray text indicates unofficial records, including unconfirmed or unpublicized war secrets.

Date Pilot Airspeed Location Notes
mph km/h Aircraft
17 December 1903 Template:Flagicon Wilbur Wright 6.82 10.98 Wright Flyer Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, US This figure is groundspeed, not airspeed. The Wrights' first flight covered just over 120 ft (37 m) and about 12 seconds into a gusty wind. The Wrights estimated airspeed at 31 mph (50 km/h).
5 October 1904 37.85 60.23 Wright Flyer III Huffman Prairie, Ohio, US
12 November 1906 Template:Flagicon Alberto Santos-Dumont 25.65 41.292 Santos-Dumont 14-bis Bagatelle Castle, Paris, France First officially recognized airspeed record.[2][3]Template:Rp
26 October 1907 Template:Flagicon Henri Farman 32.73 52.700 Voisin-Farman I Issy-les-Moulineaux, France [2][3]Template:Rp
25 May 1909 Template:Flagicon Paul Tissandier 34.04 54.810 Wright Model A Pau, France [2][3]Template:Rp
23 August 1909 Template:Flagicon Glenn Curtiss 44.367 69.821 Curtiss No. 2 Reims, France 1909 Gordon Bennett Cup.[2][4]Template:Rp
24 August 1909 Template:Flagicon Louis Blériot 46.160 74.318 Blériot XI [2][3]Template:Rp
28 August 1909 47.823 76.995 [2][3]Template:Rp
23 April 1910 Template:Flagicon Hubert Latham 48.186 77.579 Antoinette VII Nice, France [2][3]Template:Rp
10 July 1910 Template:Flagicon Léon Morane 66.154 106.508 Blériot Reims, France [2][3]Template:Rp
29 October 1910 Template:Flagicon Alfred Leblanc 68.171 109.756 Blériot XI New York, New York, US [2][3]Template:Rp
12 April 1911 69.442 111.801 Blériot Pau, France [2][3]Template:Rp
11 May 1911 Template:Flagicon Édouard Nieuport 73.385 119.760 Nieuport IIN Châlons, France [2][3]Template:Rp
12 June 1911 Template:Flagicon Alfred Leblanc 77.640 125.000 Blériot [2]
16 June 1911 Template:Flagicon Édouard Nieuport 80.781 130.057 Nieuport IIN Châlons, France [2][3]Template:Rp
21 June 1911 82.693 133.136 [2][3]Template:Rp
13 January 1912 Template:Flagicon Jules Védrines 87.68 145.161 Deperdussin Monocoque Pau, France [2][3]Template:Rp
22 February 1912 100.18 161.290 [2][3]Template:Rp
29 February 1912 100.90 162.454 [2][3]Template:Rp
1 March 1912 103.62 166.821 [2][3]Template:Rp
2 March 1912 104.29 167.910 [2][3]Template:Rp
13 July 1912 106.07 170.777 Reims, France [2][3]Template:Rp
9 September 1912 108.14 174.100 Chicago, Illinois, US [2][3]Template:Rp
17 June 1913 Template:Flagicon Maurice Prévost 111.69 179.820 Reims, France [2][3]Template:Rp
27 September 1913 119.19 191.897 [2][3]Template:Rp
29 September 1913 126.61 203.850 [2][3]Template:Rp
1914 Template:Flagicon Norman Spratt 134.5 216.5 Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.4 Unofficial
August 1918 Template:Flagicon Roland Rohlfs 163 262.3 Curtiss Wasp Not officially recognised.[4]Template:Rp
1919 Template:Flagicon Joseph Sadi-Lecointe 191.1 307.5 Nieuport-Delage NiD 29V Not officially recognised.
7 February 1920 Template:Flagicon Joseph Sadi-Lecointe 171.0 275.264 Nieuport-Delage NiD 29V Villacoublay, France. [5] First official record post World War 1.[2][3]Template:Rp
28 February 1920 Template:Flagicon Jean Casale 176.1 283.464 SPAD S.20bis [2][3]Template:Rp[6]
9 October 1920 Template:Flagicon Bernard de Romanet 181.8 292.682 Buc, France [2][3]Template:Rp[7]
10 October 1920 Template:Flagicon Joseph Sadi-Lecointe 184.3 296.694 Nieuport-Delage NiD 29V [2][3]Template:Rp
20 October 1920 187.9 302.529 Villacoublay, France [2][3]Template:Rp
4 November 1920 Template:Flagicon Bernard de Romanet 191.9 309.012 SPAD S.XX Buc, France [2][8]
12 December 1920 Template:Flagicon Joseph Sadi-Lecointe 194.4 313.043 Nieuport-Delage NiD 29V Villacoublay, France [2][3]Template:Rp
26 September 1921 205.2 330.275 Nieuport-Delage Sesquiplan Ville Sauvage, France [3]Template:Rp[9]
13 October 1922 Template:Flagicon Billy Mitchell 222.88 358.836 Curtiss R Detroit, Michigan, US [2][10]
18 October 1922 224.28 360.93 Curtiss R-6 Selfridge Field, Detroit, Michigan, US [3]Template:Rp[4]Template:Rp[11]
15 February 1923 Template:Flagicon Joseph Sadi-Lecointe 232.91 375.00 Nieuport-Delage NiD 42S Istres, France [10]
29 March 1923 Template:Flagicon 1st Lt. Russell L. Maughan 236.587 380.74 Curtiss R-6 Wright Field, Dayton, Ohio, US [3]Template:Rp[4]Template:Rp[12]
2 November 1923 Template:Flagicon Lt. Harold J. Brow 259.16 417.07 Curtiss R2C-1 Mineola, New York, US [3]Template:Rp[4]Template:Rp
4 November 1923 Template:Flagicon Lt. Alford J. Williams 266.59 429.02 [3]Template:Rp[4]Template:Rp[13]
11 November 1924 Template:Flagicon Template:Ill 278.37 448.171 Bernard-Ferbois V.2 [2]
4 November 1927 Template:Flagicon Mario de Bernardi 297.70 479.290 Macchi M.52 seaplane Venice, Italy Database ID 11828[1][2]
30 March 1928 318.620 512.776 Macchi M.52bis seaplane Database ID 11827[1][14]
August 1929 Template:Flagicon Giuseppe Motta 362.0 582.6 Macchi M.67 seaplane Unofficial
10 September 1929 Template:Flagicon George H. Stainforth 336.3 541.4 Gloster VI seaplane Calshot, UK Database ID 11829[1][15]
12 September 1929 Template:Flagicon Augustus Orlebar 357.7 575.5 Supermarine S.6 seaplane Database ID 11830[1][16]
13 September 1931 Template:Flagicon George H. Stainforth 407.5 655.8 Lee-on-the-Solent, UK Database ID 11831[1][17]
10 April 1933 Template:Flagicon Francesco Agello 423.6 682.078 Macchi M.C.72 seaplane Desenzano del Garda, Italy Database ID 11836[1][2]
23 October 1934 440.5 709.209 Database ID 4497, current piston-engined seaplane speed record.[1][2]
13 September 1935 Template:Flagicon Howard Hughes 354.4 567.12 Hughes H-1 Racer Santa Ana, California, US FAI Database ID 8748[18]
11 November 1937 Template:Flagicon Dr. Hermann Wurster 379.63 610.95 Messerschmitt Bf 109 V.13 Augsburg, Germany FAI Database ID 8747[19]
30 March 1939 Template:Flagicon Hans Dieterle 466.6 746.60 Heinkel He 100 V8 Oranienburg, Germany FAI Database ID 8744[20]
26 April 1939 Template:Flagicon Fritz Wendel 469.220 755.138 Messerschmitt Me 209 V1 Augsburg, Germany Piston-engined record until 1969[21]
2 October 1941 Template:Flagicon Heini Dittmar 623.65 1,003.67 Messerschmitt Me 163A "V4" Peenemünde-West, Germany Rocket powered – World War II secret, not an Official FAI record but over the Template:Cvt FAI distance[22]Template:Rp[23][24]
1944 Template:Flagicon Heinz Herlitzius 624 1,004 Messerschmitt Me 262 S2 Leipheim, Germany World War II secret, not an Official FAI record. Steep dive.[22]Template:Rp
6 July 1944 Template:Flagicon Heini Dittmar 702 1,130 Messerschmitt Me 163B "V18" Lagerlechfeld, Germany Rocket powered – World War II secret, not an Official FAI record. Dive, details unknown.[22]Template:Rp
7 November 1945 Template:Flagicon H. J. Wilson 606.4 975.9 Gloster Meteor F Mk.4 Herne Bay, UK EE454 Britannia, first official record post World War II.[3]Template:Rp[25]
7 September 1946 Template:Flagicon Edward Mortlock Donaldson 615.78 990.79 Gloster Meteor F Mk.4 Littlehampton, UK [25] EE530, a long-span Mk 4.[3]Template:Rp
19 June 1947 Template:Flagicon Col. Albert Boyd 623.74 1,003.60 Lockheed P-80R Shooting Star Muroc (Edwards AFB), California, US [26]
20 August 1947 Template:Flagicon Cmdr. Turner Caldwell 640.663 1,031.049 Douglas D-558-1 Skystreak First record flight to exceed secret October 1941 Me 163A V4 figure[27]
25 August 1947 Template:Flagicon Major Marion Eugene Carl USMC 650.796 1,047.356 [27]
14 October 1947 Template:Flagicon Chuck Yeager 670.0 1,078 Bell X-1 (flight #50) Muroc, California, US Rocket powered – Cold War secret, not an official FAI C-1 record
6 November 1947 Template:Flagicon Chuck Yeager 891.0 1,434 Bell X-1 (flight #58) Muroc, California, US Rocket powered – Cold War secret, not an official FAI C-1 record, first to exceed secret July 1944 Me 163B V18 record
15 September 1948 Template:Flagicon Maj. Richard L. Johnson, USAF 670.84 1,079.6 North American F-86A-3 Sabre Cleveland, Ohio, US [2][28]
18 November 1952 Template:Flagicon J. Slade Nash 698.505 1,124.13 North American F-86D Sabre Salton Sea, California, US [29]
16 July 1953 Template:Flagicon William Barnes 715.745 1,151.88 North American F-86D Sabre Salton Sea, California, US [30]
7 September 1953 Template:Flagicon Neville Duke 727.6 1,171 Hawker Hunter Mk.3 Littlehampton, UK [31]
26 September 1953 Template:Flagicon Mike Lithgow 735.7 1,184 Supermarine Swift F4 Castel Idris, Tripoli, Libya [32]
3 October 1953 Template:Flagicon James B. Verdin, US Navy 752.9 1,211.5 Douglas F4D Skyray Salton Sea, California, US [33]
29 October 1953 Template:Flagicon Frank K. Everest USAF 755.1 1,215.3 North American F-100 Super Sabre Salton Sea, California, US
20 August 1955 Template:Flagicon Horace A. Hanes 822.1 1,323 North American F-100C Super Sabre Palmdale, California, US
10 March 1956 Template:Flagicon Peter Twiss 1,132 1,822 Fairey Delta 2 Chichester, UK [34]
12 December 1957 Template:Flagicon USAF 1,207.6 1,943.5 McDonnell F-101A Voodoo Muroc, California, US [35]
16 May 1958 Template:Flagicon Capt. Walt Wayne Irwin, USF 1,404.012 2,259.538 Lockheed YF-104A Starfighter [3]Template:Rp[36]
5 October 1959 Template:Flagicon Maj. André Turcat 1,441.6 2,320 Nord 1500 Griffon France [37]
31 October 1959 Template:Flagicon Col. Georgi Mosolov 1,484 2,388 Mikoyan-Gurevich Ye-6/3 or Ye-66 USSR [38]
15 December 1959 Template:Flagicon Maj. Joseph Rogers, USAF 1,525.9 2,455.7 Convair F-106 Delta Dart Muroc, California, US The record should have gone to civilian (former military) pilot Charles Myers, who flew a Delta Dart at Template:Convert in 1959, but Cold War pressures dictated that the award go to an active-military pilot.[39][40][41]
22 November 1961 Template:Flagicon Robert B. Robinson, US Navy 1,606.3 2,585.1 McDonnell-Douglas F4H-1F Phantom II Muroc, California, US [3]Template:Rp[42]
7 July 1962 Template:Flagicon Col. Georgi Mosolov 1,665.9 2,681 Mikoyan Gurevich Ye-166 USSR [43][44] Name adopted for record attempt, a version of a Ye-152 a.k.a. E-166.[3]Template:Rp
1 May 1965 Template:Flagicon Robert L. Stephens
and Daniel Andre		 2,070.1 3,331.5 Lockheed YF-12A Muroc, California, US [45]
28 July 1976 Template:Flagicon Capt. Eldon W. Joersz (P) and
Maj. George T. Morgan Jr. (RSO)		 2,193.2 3,529.6 Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird #61-7958 Beale AFB, US [46]

Official records versus unofficial

The Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird holds the official Air Speed Record for a crewed airbreathing jet engine aircraft with a speed of Template:Cvt. The record was set on 28 July 1976 by Eldon W. Joersz and George T. Morgan Jr. near Beale Air Force Base, California, USA. It was able to take off and land unassisted on conventional runways.[47] SR-71 pilot Brian Shul claimed in The Untouchables that he flew in excess of Mach 3.5 on 15 April 1986, over Libya, in order to avoid a missile.[48]

Although the official record for fastest piston-engined aeroplane in level flight was held by a Grumman F8F Bearcat, the Rare Bear, with a speed of Template:Cvt, the unofficial record for fastest piston-engined aeroplane in level flight is held by a British Hawker Sea Fury at Template:Cvt. Both were demilitarised and modified fighters, while the fastest stock (original, factory-built) piston-engined aeroplane was unofficially the Supermarine Spiteful F Mk 16, which "achieved a speed of 494m.p.h. at 28,500ft during official tests at Boscombe Down" in level flight.[49] The unofficial record for fastest piston-engined aeroplane (not in level flight) is held by a Supermarine Spitfire Mk.XIX flown by Flight Lieutenant Edward "Ted" Powles, which was calculated to have achieved a speed of Template:Cvt in a dive on 5 February 1952.

The last new speed record ratified before the outbreak of World War II was set on 26 April 1939 with a Me 209 V1, at Template:Cvt. The chaos and secrecy of World War II meant that new speed breakthroughs were neither publicized nor ratified. In October 1941, an unofficial speed record of Template:Cvt was secretly set by a Messerschmitt Me 163A "V4" rocket aircraft. Continued research during the war extended the secret, unofficial speed record to Template:Cvt by July 1944, achieved by a Messerschmitt Me 163B "V18". The first new official record in the post-war period was achieved by a Gloster Meteor F Mk.4 in November 1945, at Template:Cvt. The first aircraft to exceed the unofficial October 1941 record of the Me 163A V4 was the Douglas D-558-1 Skystreak, which achieved Template:Cvt in August 1947. The July 1944 unofficial record of the Me 163B V18 was officially surpassed in November 1947, when Chuck Yeager flew the Bell X-1 to Template:Cvt.

The official speed record for a seaplane moved by piston engine is Template:Cvt, which attained on 24 October 1934, by Francesco Agello in the Macchi-Castoldi M.C.72 seaplane ("idrocorsa") and it remains the current record.[50] It was equipped with the Fiat AS.6 engine (version 1934) developing a power of Template:Cvt at 3,300 rpm, with coaxial counter-rotating propellers. The original record holding Macchi-Castoldi M.C.72 MM.181 seaplane is at the Air Force Museum at Vigna di Valle in Italy.

Other air speed records

Date Pilot Airspeed Aircraft Comments
mph km/h
2 October 1985 Holger Rochelt 27.54 44.32 Musculair 2 Fastest human-powered aircraft[51]
22 December 2006 Klaus Ohlmann & Matias Garcia Mazzaro 190.6 306.8 Schempp-Hirth Nimbus-4DM Fastest (non-powered) glider over 500 km[52]
11 August 1986 Trevor Egginton 249 400.87 Westland Lynx Fastest helicopter[53][54][55]
31 December 1988 L.P. Krantov 258.8 415 Tupolev Tu-134A Highest landing speed for a civil aircraft[56]
11 June 2013 Hervé Jammayrac 293 472 Eurocopter X3 Fastest propeller compound helicopter[57]
15 September 2010 Kevin Bredenbeck 299 481 Sikorsky X2 Fastest compound helicopter, shallow dive (unofficial)[58]
19 March 1989 Unknown pilot 316 509 Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey[59][60] Tiltrotor
15 April 1969 Unknown pilot 316 509 Bell 533 Compound jet helicopter[61][62]
19 November 2021 Steve Jones 345.4 555.9 Rolls-Royce Accel ‘Spirit of Innovation’ Fastest electric-only aeroplane[63]
6 February 2003 Joseph J. Ritchie, Steve Fossett 576.3 927.4 Piaggio P.180 Avanti Fastest propeller-driven aircraft of any type.[64]
2 September 2017 Steve Hinton Jr. 531.53 855.41 P-51 "Voodoo" Fastest straight-line piston-engined aircraft in level flight[65][66]
9 April 1960 Ivan Sukhomlin, Konstantin Sapielkine 545.07 877.21 Tupolev Tu-114 Fastest propeller-driven airliner-size aircraft, per FAI.[67]

Both Tu-116 and Tu-142 claim higher maximum speeds.

5 February 1952 Flight Lieutenant Edward Powles 690 1,110.447 Supermarine Spitfire PR.XIX PS852 Reached (Mach 0.96) during an emergency dive while carrying out spying flights over China, the highest speed ever recorded for a piston-engined aircraft (though not in level flight).[68]
14 October 2012 Felix Baumgartner 844 1,358 None (jumped from a helium balloon gondola) Fastest unpowered descent of a human[69][70]
7 February 1996 Captain Leslie Scott 1,249 2,010 Concorde Fastest passenger plane on a regular route[71]
3 October 1967 William 'Pete' Knight 4,519 7,274 North American X-15 Rocket plane[72]
16 November 2004 Uncrewed 6,755 10,870 NASA X-43A Air-launched hypersonic scramjet; fastest free-flying air-breathing vehicle[73]
22 April 2010 Uncrewed 13,201 21,245 HTV-2 Falcon Air-launched hypersonic glider; fastest uncrewed aerial vehicle[74]
14 November 1981 Joe H. Engle 17,500 28,000 Space Shuttle Columbia Fastest manually controlled flight in atmosphere during atmospheric reentry of STS-2 mission.
15 November 1988 Uncrewed 18,019 29,000 Buran The fastest unmanned (but capable of carrying up to 8-10 people) spaceplane ever built Script error: No such module "Unsubst"., weighing 100 tons or more.

Flying between any two airports allow a large number of combinations, so setting a speed record ("speed over a recognised course") is fairly easy with an ordinary aircraft, although there are many administrative requirements for recognition.[75][76][77]

See also

References

Template:Reflist

  • Allward, Maurice. Modern Combat Aircraft 4: F-86 Sabre. London: Ian Allan, 1978. Template:ISBN.
  • Andrews, C.F. and E.B. Morgan. Supermarine Aircraft since 1914. London:Putnam, 1987. Template:ISBN.
  • Belyakov, R.A. and J. Marmain. MiG: Fifty Years of Secret Aircraft Design. Shrewsbury, UK:Airlife, 1994. Template:ISBN.
  • Bowers, Peter M. Curtiss Aircraft 1907–1947. London:Putnam, 1979. Template:ISBN.
  • Cooper, H.J. "The World's Speed Record". Flight, 25 May 1951, pp. 617–619.
  • "Eighteen Years of World's Records". Flight, 7 February 1924, pp. 73–75.
  • Francillon, René J. McDonnell Douglas Aircraft since 1920. London:Putnam, 1979. Template:ISBN.
  • James, Derek N. Gloster Aircraft since 1917. London:Putnam, 1971. Template:ISBN.
  • Mason, Francis K. The British Fighter since 1912. Annapolis Maryland, US: Naval Institute Press, 1992. Template:ISBN.
  • Munson, Kenneth and John William Ransom Taylor Jane's Pocket Book of Record-breaking Aircraft. New York New York, US: Macmillan, 1978. Template:ISBN.
  • Taylor, H. A. Fairey Aircraft since 1915. London:Putnam, 1974. Template:ISBN.
  • Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1965–66. London:Sampson Low, Marston & Company, 1965.
  • Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1976–77. London:Jane's Yearbooks, 1976. Template:ISBN.
  • Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1988–89. Coulsdon, UK:Jane's Defence Data, 1988. Template:ISBN.
  • Organ, Richard Avro Arrow: The Story of the Avro Arrow From Its Evolution To Its Extinction. Erin, ON, Canada: Boston Mills Press, 1980. Template:ISBN.

External links

Template:Extreme motion Script error: No such module "Navbox". Template:Portal bar

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak Cooper Flight 25 May 1951, p. 619.
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ a b c d e f Bowers 1979
  5. ↑ The Royal Aero Club of the U.K.: Official Notices to Members". Flight, No. 625 Volume XII 16 December 1920. p. 1274.
  6. ↑ "Speed Records in France". Flight, 4 March 1920.
  7. ↑ "Meeting at Buc". Flight, 14 October 1920, pp. 1090–1091.
  8. ↑ "De Romanet Breaks Records". Flight, 11 November 1920, p. 1166.
  9. ↑ "Some Records Homologated". Flight, 3 November 1921, p. 710.
  10. ↑ a b Flight 7 February 1924, p. 75.
  11. ↑ "American World's Speed Record Homologated". Flight, 11 January 1923, p. 26.
  12. ↑ "Records Homologated". Flight, 28 June 1923, p. 356.
  13. ↑ Flight. 27 December 1923, p.776.
  14. ↑ Robertson, F.A. de V. "The Attempt on the World's Speed Record". Flight, 8 November 1928, pp. 965–967.
  15. ↑ James 1971, p.188.
  16. ↑ Andrews and Morgan 1987, p.194.
  17. ↑ Andrews and Morgan 1987, p. 201.
  18. ↑ [1] Template:Webarchive FAI record No.8748
  19. ↑ [2] Template:Webarchive FAI Record No.8747
  20. ↑ [3] Template:Webarchive FAI Record No.8744
  21. ↑ [4] Template:Webarchive FAI Record No.8743
  22. ↑ a b c Käsmann, Ferdinand C.W., Die schnellsten Jets der Welt, Template:ISBN, 1994
  23. ↑ Heini Dittmar Template:Webarchive
  24. ↑ Wolfgang Späte, Der streng geheime Vogel Me 163 p.32,33 Template:ISBN, 1983
  25. ↑ a b Mason 1992, p. 340.
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ a b Francillon 1979, p.438.
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Allward 1978, p. 24.
  30. ↑ Allward 1978, pp. 24–25.
  31. ↑ Mason 1992, p. 370.
  32. ↑ Mason 1992, p. 366.
  33. ↑ Francillon 1979, p.476.
  34. ↑ Taylor 1974, p. 432.
  35. ↑ Francillon 1979, p. 544.
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Belyakov and Marmain 1994, pp. 298, 300.
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  42. ↑ Francillon 1979, p. 572.
  43. ↑ Taylor 1965, p. 346.
  44. ↑ Belyakov and Marmain 1994, pp. 274–275.
  45. ↑ Taylor 1976, p. 72.
  46. ↑ Taylor 1988, p. [51].
  47. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  48. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  49. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  50. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  51. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  52. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  53. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  54. ↑ "Rotorcraft Absolute: Speed over a straight 15/25 km course". Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI). Note search under E-1 Helicopters and "Speed over a straight 15/25 km course". Accessed: 26 April 2014.
  55. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  56. ↑ Л. Л. Селяков. "Человек, среда, машина". Самолет Ту-134А №65011.
  57. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  58. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  59. ↑ Wall, Robert. "U.S. Marines See MV-22 Improvements."Template:Dead link Aviation Week, 24 June 2010.
  60. ↑ Norton, Bill. Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey, Tiltrotor Tactical Transport, page 111. Earl Shilton, Leicester, UK: Midland Publishing, 2004. Template:ISBN.
  61. ↑ Robb, Raymond L. (2006). Hybrid helicopters: Compounding the quest for speed Template:Webarchive, page 43. Vertiflite, Summer 2006. American Helicopter Society. Size: 25 pages in 2MB
  62. ↑ Spenser, Jay P. "Bell Helicopter". Whirlybirds, A History of the U.S. Helicopter Pioneers, p. 274. University of Washington Press, 1998. Template:ISBN.
  63. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  64. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  65. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  66. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  67. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  68. ↑ Spitfire Timeline
  69. ↑ "Baumgartner's Records Ratified by FAI !" Record Template:Webarchive FAI, 14 October 2012. Accessed: 18 November 2013.
  70. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  71. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  72. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  73. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  74. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  75. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  76. ↑ "FAI Record ID #17439 - Albuquerque - Amarillo, C-1b (Landplanes: take off weight 500 to 1000 kg)Template:Dead link" FAI Record date 8 April 2015. Accessed: 4 October 2015.
  77. ↑ Records Downloads, NAA.
Retrieved from "http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=Flight_airspeed_record&oldid=2132897"