Fasciation
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Fasciation (pronounced Template:IPAc-en, from the Latin root meaning "band" or "stripe"), also known as cresting, is a relatively rare condition of abnormal growth in vascular plants in which the apical meristem (growing tip), which normally is concentrated around a single point and produces approximately cylindrical tissue, instead becomes elongated perpendicularly to the direction of growth, thus producing flattened, ribbon-like, crested (or "cristate"), or elaborately contorted tissue.[1] Fasciation may also cause plant parts to increase in weight and volume in some instances.[2] The phenomenon may occur in the stem, root, fruit, or flower head.
Some plants are grown and prized aesthetically for their development of fasciation.[3] Any occurrence of fasciation has several possible causes, including hormonal, genetic, bacterial, fungal, viral and environmental causes.
Cause
Fasciation can be caused by hormonal imbalances in the meristematic cells of plants, which are cells where growth can occur.[4][5] Fasciation can also be caused by random genetic mutation.[6] Bacterial and viral infections can also cause fasciation.[4] The bacterial phytopathogen Rhodococcus fascians has been demonstrated as one cause of fasciation, such as in sweet pea (Lathyrus odoratus) plants,[7] and in lilies (Lilium longiflorum),[8] but many fasciated plants have tested negative for the bacteria in studies,[9]Template:Better source needed hence bacterial infection is not an exclusive causation.
Additional environmental factors that can cause fasciation include fungi, mite or insect attack and exposure to chemicals.[9] General damage to a plant's growing tip[9] and exposure to cold and frost can also cause fasciation.[4][6] Some plants, such as peas and cockscomb Celosia, may inherit the trait.[9]
Genetic fasciation is not contagious, but infectious fasciation can be spread from infected plants to others from contact with wounds on infected plants, and from water that carries the bacteria to other plants.[10]
Occurrence
Although fasciation is rare overall, it has been observed in over 100 vascular plant families,[11]Template:Better source needed including members of the genera Acer, Aloe, Acanthosicyos, Cannabis, Celosia, Cycas, Delphinium, Digitalis, Echinacea, Echinopsis, Euphorbia, Forsythia, Glycine max (specifically, soybean plants),[12] Primula, Iochroma, Prunus, Salix, and many genera of the cactus family, Cactaceae.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Cresting results in undulating folds instead of the typical "arms" found on mature saguaro cactus.[13]
Some varieties of Celosia are raised especially for their dependably fasciated flower heads, for which they are called "cockscomb".[4] The Japanese fantail willow (Salix sachalinensis 'Sekka') is another plant that is valued for its fasciations.[4][9]
Prevention
Fasciation that is caused by bacteria can be controlled by not using fasciated plants and disposing of fasciated material.[10] Avoiding injury to plant bases and keeping them dry can reduce the spread of bacteria.[10] Avoidance of grafting fasciated plants and the pruning of fasciated matter can also reduce the spread of bacteria.[10]
Examples
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- Fasciation
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An example of fasciation, or "cresting," on a coneflower (Echinacea).
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Fasciation leading to two fully formed flower heads on a dandelion.
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Fasciation on Digitalis. Note the larger thickened stem compared to the normal-sized flowering spike on the left.
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Fasciation on a flowering cherry (Prunus) tree
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Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) fasciation. Note the flattened state of the stem. Image published 1893.
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Common dandelion displaying both regular (upper right) and fasciated (center) flowers.
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Fasciation on a lilac shrub.
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Fasciation on a Phacelia campanularia or California bluebell wildflower.
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Fasciated showy daisy (Erigeron speciosus).
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Fasciated Crookneck Squash
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Fasciation seen on common dandelion
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Regular (left) and fasciated (right) geranium flowers
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Fasciation in the inflorescence of a cultivated Odontonema tubaeforme plant.
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Fasciation exhibited on Sedum sexangulare.
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Fasciation on a zinnia that resembles a smiley face
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See also
References
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- ↑ Galun, Esra (2007). Plant Patterning: Structural and Molecular Genetic Aspects. World Scientific Publishing Company. p. 333. Template:ISBN
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Further reading
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External links
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