FOX-7
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| Template:Longitem | C2H4N4O4 |
| Molar mass | 148.08 |
| Appearance | Bright yellow crystalline powder[1] |
| Density | 1.885 g cm−3 |
| Melting point | Template:Chembox CalcTemperatures |
| Friction sensitivity | >350N[2] |
| Detonation velocity | 8870 m/s at density 1.885 g cm−3 (estimated) 8335 m/s at density 1.756 g cm−3 (measured, small-scale testing) |
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FOX-7 or 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (DADNE)[3] is an insensitive high explosive compound. It was first synthesized in 1998 by the Swedish National Defence Research Institute (FOA).[4] According to other information it was synthesized in the USSR in 1990. The name FOX-7 is derived from the acronym of the Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), with the I replaced by an X to indicate an explosive, as in RDX and HMX.[5]
FOX-7 is similar to the insensitive chemical compound TATB, which is a benzene ring compound with three amino and three nitro groups.[6] FOX-7 has a two-carbon backbone rather than a benzene ring, but the amino and nitro groups have similar effects in both cases according to published reports on the sensitivity and chemical decay processes of FOX-7.[1] FOX-7 is stoichiometrically identical (but structurally unrelated)[2] to the explosives and propellants RDX and HMX, and therefore produces the same quantity of gas per gram, a key determinant of performance.[1]
By various measures, such as dropped-weight impact, friction force, temperature of ignition, and response to heating under confinement, it is less sensitive than the benchmark explosive RDX, while having performance slightly greater than the same.[2] Its explosive properties appear extremely favorable; in addition to its insensitive properties, the detonation velocity of mixtures of 80% FOX-7 plus binders is as high as Composition B, and nearly pure FOX-7 based plastic bonded explosives are slightly superior to RDX.[7] FOX-7 has been calculated to have a detonation velocity of 8,870 m/s.[8] Charges composed of EVA-coated FOX-7 granules pressed into pellets of 92% theoretical maximum density were found to have a detonation velocity of 7730 m/s, compared to 7630 m/s for a similar RDX/EVA composition, and 5% greater detonation pressure.[2]
FOX-7 is produced as of 2018 by EURENCO Bofors AB of Sweden,[9] having been made in batches up to 7kg in 2001.[10] In laboratory-scale synthesis, material costs were calculated at ~AU$3000/kg (prices in 2002 AUD) using prices from research chemical suppliers. At that time, FOX-7 could be purchased from NEXPLO Bofors AB at SEK3200/kg.[2] Due to its small-scale production, the cost of FOX-7 is relatively high. However, the production is based on commercial starting material and the synthesis is uncomplicated.[11]
FOX-7 is an attractive subject for research and development due to its combination of insensitivity and power. FOX-7 performs similarly to RDX, one of the most powerful explosives and propellants in use, unlike other insensitive high explosives under investigation, such as TATB, nitrotriazolone, TEX, and 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide (LLM-105). Due to the need for less sensitive munitions, FOX-7 is being investigated at many military research centers,[1] including in Australia, India, the USA, and Sweden.[5][2][9][10]
References
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- ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c d e f Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>Template:Citation/make link, Nikolai Latypov; Ulf Wellmar & Abraham Langlet, "Method of preparing salts of dinitromethane", issued Script error: No such module "auto date formatter"., assigned to Swedish Defence Research AgencyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- ↑ Bemm, U.; Östmark, H. (1998) "1,1-Diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene: a Novel Energetic Material with Infinite Layers in Two Dimensions". Acta Cryst C54: 1997-1999. Script error: No such module "CS1 identifiers"..
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ Detonation and Sensitivity Properties of FOX-7 and Formulations Containing FOX-7 Script error: No such module "webarchive"., Karlsson et al., 2002, accessed Aug 25, 2005
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>Template:Citation/make link, Nikolai Latypov; Ulf Wellmar & Abraham Langlet, "Chemical compound suitable for use as an explosive, intermediate and method for preparing the compound", issued Script error: No such module "auto date formatter"., assigned to Swedish Defence Research AgencyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Further reading
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