Fibre-optic Link Around the Globe

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Template:Short descriptionTemplate:Too specialized

Template:Use British English Oxford spelling Template:Use dmy dates Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherTemplate:Main otherScript error: No such module "Check for clobbered parameters".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Fibre-optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) is a Template:Convert fibre optic mostly-submarine communications cable that connects the United Kingdom, Japan, India, and many places in between. The cable is operated by Global Cloud Xchange, a subsidiary of RCOM.[1] The system runs from the eastern coast of North America to Japan.[2] Its Europe–Asia segment was the fourth longest cable in the world in 2008.[3]

The Europe–Asia segment was laid by Cable & Wireless Marine in the mid-1990s, and was the subject of an article in Wired magazine in December 1996 by Neal Stephenson.[2]

Description

The FLAG cable system was first placed into commercial service in late 1997.[4] FLAG offered a speed of 10 Gbit/s, and uses synchronous digital hierarchy technology. It carries over 120,000 voice channels via Template:Convert of mostly undersea cable. FLAG uses erbium-doped fibre amplifiers, and was jointly supplied by AT&T Submarine Systems and KDD-Submarine Cable Systems. Its design, development, installation, and service conformed to ISO 9000 quality standards. FLAG provided a link between the European end of high-density transatlantic crossings and the Asian end of the transpacific crossings.[5]

FLAG includes undersea cable segments, and two terrestrial crossings. The segments can be either direct point-to-point links, or multi-point links, which are attained through branching units. At each cable landing point, a FLAG cable station is located. The total route length exceeds Template:Convert, and comprises Template:Convert of terrestrial crossings. Approximately Template:Convert of the submerged cable is buried Template:Convert below the sea bed. Cable burial was performed by either a submersible plough as the cable was laid, or jetting the laid cable into the sea bed via remotely operated vehicles (ROVs).[5]

Over several years, the route evolved as new branches and feeder systems were considered and realized. FLAG includes two terrestrial crossings, one in Egypt, and the other in Thailand. Each of these land crossings is totally duplicated on fully different routes. As a result, any fault within one route will cause automatic protection switching to the other route within a time period of less than 50 ms.[5]

Like other global undersea networks, FLAG uses erbium-doped fibre amplifiers (EDFAs). EDFAs boost the optical signals instead of the optical/electrical conversion, which is generally used in regenerative technology. These optical amplifiers use short, gain-specific lengths of fibre which are doped with erbium ions, and spliced in-line with the transmission fibre. The signal power is amplified by pumping the erbium-doped fibre (EDF) with 1,480 nm laser light which is attached through an optical coupler. The majority of the repeater components are passive. These include EDF, fused-fibre optical couplers and optical isolators. Active components include laser pump assemblies, and associated controls. The total number of components within the repeater is less than that of regenerative systems.[5]

The FLAG terrestrial crossings do not contain repeaters for reliability reasons. The terminal stations in land crossings use optical amplifiers, high performance transmitter / receivers, and forward error correction to cross the large distances without repeaters. Amplification at the terminal output provides output signal power as high as +17 dBm, and optical amplification at the receiver improves the receiver sensitivity as much as 8 dB.[5]Template:Clarify

The route between Alexandria and Cairo is Template:Convert long, and hence requires remote pumping in order to meet performance requirements. Remotely pumped amplifiers can be regarded as repeaters without active modules. This technology comprises short lengths of EDF spliced into the land cable. The erbium-doped sections are situated within the cable span, and are pumped by 1,480 nm pump lasers which are based at the station.[5]

An upgrade to the network was announced in 2006, when the acronym was expanded to "Fibre Loop Across Globe" (FLAG).[6]Template:Clarify

Segments and landing points

Cable landing points are:

Europe Asia

File:FLAG FEA map.svg
Map of FLAG Europe Asia

FLAG Europe Asia (FEA) was the first segment opened for commercial use on 22 November 1997.[4][7]

Atlantic

The FLAG Atlantic 1 (FA-1) segment became operational in June 2001.[8] It was constructed as a joint venture between a FLAG Atlantic subsidiary of the parent company FLAG Telecom Holdings, and GTS Transatlantic. Alcatel Submarine Networks laid the undersea portion, and the entire cost was estimated at $1.1 billion.[4][9]

In March 2013, an upgrade for the southerly link was announced to up to 100 Gbit/s, with equipment from Ciena.[10]

FLAG Alcatel-Lucent Optical Network

The FLAG Alcatel-Lucent Optical Network (FALCON) cable system, connecting India and several countries in the Persian Gulf, became operational in September 2006.[11] It has landing points in:[12][13]

There is an additional segment, listed as part of FALCON, but not directly connected. It has landing points in:[12]

In 2006, Kenya Data Networks announced plans for a spur from Yemen to Mombasa.[14]

FLAG North Asia Loop / Tiger

FLAG North Asia Loop (FNAL) / Tiger became operational in stages, with the final stages completed in 2002.[15] The FNAL landing points are:[16]

West of Mumbai, FLAG has a capacity of 80 Gbit/s.

The segment between Lantau, Hong Kong, and Busan, South Korea was broken by the 2006 Hengchun earthquake.

Disruptions

December 2006 and January 2007

The 2006 Hengchun earthquake on 26 December 2006, off the southwest coast of Taiwan, disrupted internet services in Asia, affecting many Asian countries. Financial transactions, particularly financial transactions in foreign currencies were seriously affected as well.[17][18] The disruption was caused by damage to several submarine communications cables.[19]

January and February 2008

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". On 30 January 2008, internet services were widely disrupted in the Middle East and in the Indian subcontinent following damage to the SEA-ME-WE 4 and FLAG cables in the Mediterranean Sea.[20] BBC News Online reported 70% disruption in Egypt and 60% disruption in India.[21] Problems were reported in Bahrain, Bangladesh, Kuwait, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates.[22] The respective contributions of the two cable systems to this blackout is unclear. Network outage graphs suggest that the two breaks occurred at 04:30 and 08:00 UTC.[23]

The cause of the damage was not declared by either cable operator, but news sources speculated the damage was caused by a ship's anchor near Alexandria.[21][24] According to the Agence France-Presse, the Kuwaiti government attributed the breaks to "weather conditions and maritime traffic".[25] The New York Times reported that the damage occurred to the two systems separately near Alexandria and near Marseille.[26] Egypt knew of "no passing ships" near Alexandria which has restricted waters.[27]

One day later, on 1 February 2008, the FALCON cable was also reported cut Template:Convert off Dubai.[28][29] The first of two repair ships was in place by 5 February.[30]

December 2008

On 19 December 2008, internet services were widely disrupted in the Middle East, and in the Indian subcontinent, following damage to the SEA-ME-WE 4, SEA-ME-WE 3, and FLAG FEA cables in the Mediterranean Sea.[31]

It is not known what caused these multiple breaks, however, there was seismic activity in the Malta area shortly before the breaks were identified,[31] although it is thought that the damage may have been caused by a ship's anchor or trawler net.[32]

According to FEA Cable System of Reliance Globalcom, the failure lay between Alexandria and Palermo. Reliance Globalcom completed the repair on the FLAG EUROPE ASIA (FEA) cable on 29 December 2008, at 14:15 GMT. Customer services that were affected due to the cable cut have been restored back normal with the completion of repairs.[33]

August 2009

Damage to FNAL caused by Typhoon Morakot was reported as affecting internet traffic to China on 18 August 2009.[34]

January 2020

On 9 January 2020, Yemen’s FALCON connection was cut, causing an 80% drop in that nation’s capacity. Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Ethiopia all felt major effects from the same cut, and to a lesser extent Comoros and Tanzania.[35]

GCHQ interception

In 2014, it was revealed that Skewjack was the location of the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) interception point on the Reliance Communications international fibre link, copying data to GCHQ Bude, as part of GCHQ's Mastering the Internet project.[36][37][38]

See also

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Other cable systems following a substantially similar route to FLAG Europe-Asia (FEA) are:

References

Template:Reflist

External links

Template:Transatlantic telecommunications cables Template:Submarine communications cables in the Atlantic Ocean Template:Submarine communications cables in the Indian Ocean Template:Submarine communications cables in the Pacific Ocean Template:Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b Template:Cite magazine
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ a b c d e f Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Coverage map > cable systems > FEA Template:Webarchive, Reliance Globalcom. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
  8. ↑ Template:Usurped, FLAG Telecom, 15 June 2001. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
  9. ↑ "Coverage map > cable systems > FA-1" Template:Webarchive, Reliance Globalcom. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ "History: 2006" Template:Webarchive, Reliance Globalcom. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
  12. ↑ a b "Coverage map > cable systems > FALCON", Reliance Globalcom. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
  13. ↑ Template:Usurped, FLAG Telecom. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ "Flag North Asian Loop extends service into Korea and Japan", Submarine Cable Networks, 21 May 2002. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
  16. ↑ "Coverage map > cable systems > FNAL" Template:Webarchive, Reliance Globalcom. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ 韓股匯市受挫港交易無礙 星洲期貨受影響 「彭博」電訊一度中斷 Template:Webarchive, Ming Pao, 28 December 2006 Template:In lang
  19. ↑ "Quakes disrupt Asia communications" Integrated Network Cable
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Cut Undersea Cable Plunges Yemen Into Days-Long Internet Outage: The fragility of global internet infrastructure has left the entire Red Sea region struggling to connect., Lily Hay Newman, Wired, 2020-01-13
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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