Eulaema
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Eulaema is a genus of large-bodied euglossine bees that occur primarily in the Neotropics.[1][2] They are robust brown or black bees, hairy or velvety, and often striped with yellow or orange, typically resembling bumblebees. They lack metallic coloration as occurs in the related genus Eufriesea.[3]
Distribution
Eulaema is found from Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil), Misiones (Argentina) and Paraguay[4] to northern Mexico with occasional strays into the United States.[5]
Behavior
Like other euglossine bees, male Eulaema gather and store scents to attract females. Scientists use different mixes of scents to study these bees, including eugenol, cineole, vanillin, skatole and methyl salicylate.[6][7] However, this list is not exhaustive. After collecting scents, males choose a branch or tree trunk in an area with more open canopy to make their displays. These displays consist of bouts of movement and buzzing before returning to their perch or mating.[8][9] When they are not foraging and collecting scents, males may reuse refugia, like flowers, for sleeping.[8] Females nest in tree hollows, buildings, or soil banks, with some reports of cooperative nesting.[10] They collect nectar, pollen, and nest building materials such as mud, resin, and fecal matter to provision their young and build nests.[11] Interestingly, scientists report a wide range of social habits in reproductive females. Some live in solitary nests while others live in large groups.[12] One study reported a nest including two different species.[13] There is not current evidence that generations overlap. So, it is unlikely that daughters stay in the nest to help rear more sisters or their own daughters.[14] Despite their behavioral plasticity, Eulaema females are not eusocial. Daughters and sons leave the nest and reproduce separately, starting the cycle anew. While Eulaema generally reproduce year-round, local fluctuations in climate affect abundance and activity.[15] For those interested in learning more, Eulaema meriana is a good species to start with.
Species
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References
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- ↑ <templatestyles src="smallcaps/styles.css"/>Cameron, Sydney A. (2004): Phylogeny and Biology of Neotropical Orchid Bees (Euglossini). Annual Review of Entomology 49: 377-404. Script error: No such module "CS1 identifiers".
- ↑ <templatestyles src="smallcaps/styles.css"/>Williams, Norris H. & Whitten, W. Mark (1983): Orchid floral fragrances and male euglossine bees: methods and advances in the last sesquidecade. Biol. Bull. 164: 355-395.
- ↑ Michener, C. D. (2000). The Bees of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press. 913 pp.
- ↑ dos Anjos-Silva, Evandson J.; Camillo, Evandro & Garófalo, Carlos A. (2006): Occurrence of Aglae caerulea Lepeletier & Serville (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Euglossini) in the Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Neotrop. Entomol. 35(6) Script error: No such module "CS1 identifiers".
- ↑ Minckley, R. L., S. G. Reyes (1996). Capture of the orchid bee, Eulaema polychroma (Friese) (Apidae: Euglossini) in Arizona, with notes on northern distributions of other Mesoamerican bees. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 69(1): 102-104.
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