Eskişehir

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Eskişehir (Template:IPAc-en Script error: No such module "Respell".,[1][2] Script error: No such module "IPA".; from Script error: No such module "Lang". 'old' and Script error: No such module "Lang". 'city')[3] is a city in northwestern Turkey and the capital of the Eskişehir Province. The urban population of the city is 821 315 (Odunpazari + Tebebasi), with a metropolitan population of 921 630.[4]

The city is located on the banks of the Porsuk River, 792 m above sea level, where it overlooks the fertile Phrygian Valley. In the nearby hills one can find hot springs. The city is Script error: No such module "convert". to the west of Ankara, Script error: No such module "convert". to the southeast of Istanbul and Script error: No such module "convert". to the northeast of Kütahya. It is located in the vicinity of the ancient city of Dorylaeum.[5]

Known as a university town, it houses Eskişehir Technical University, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, and Anadolu University. The province covers an area of Script error: No such module "convert"..[6]

Etymology

The name Script error: No such module "Lang". can be literally translated as 'Old City' in Turkish.[3] The name has been documented in Ottoman records since the late 15th century.[7]

History

File:Cybele Figure with lions (Roman period) - 3.jpg
Cybele Statue (30 BC - 395 AD) excavated from the Ancient City of Pessinus exhibited in the Eskişehir Archeology Museum.
File:Nasuh Al-Silahi - View of Eskisehir.jpg
Miniature view of Eskişehir in the 16th century during the Ottoman Empire.

The city was founded by the Phrygians in at least 1000 BC, although it has been estimated to be older than 4000 years old. The current city lies about a mile from the ancient Phrygian city of Dorylaeum.Template:Sfn Many Phrygian artifacts and sculptures are on display in the city's archeological museum.

There is also a museum of meerschaum stone, whose production remains still notable, used to make high quality meerschaum pipes. In the fourth century AD the city moved about ten km northeast, from Karacahisar to Şehirhöyük. The region was originally inhabited by Hittites.

Many ancient geographers described the city as one of the most beautiful in Anatolia.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". As with many towns in Anatolia, Christianity arrived after Constantine the Great legalized the religion in the Roman Empire. Beginning in the 4th century, records exist of bishops holding office in Eskişehir. The city was known as Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".) in Greek in that period. One of these bishops, Eusebius, was heavily involved in shaping the evolving dogma of the church.

It was called Script error: No such module "Lang". during the Seljuk period.[8] In 1097, it was the site of a battle of the First Crusade in which the Crusaders defeated the Seljuk Turkish sultan Kilij Arslan I; the town later fell to the Turks in 1176, or the 13th century.Template:Sfn

From 1867 until 1922, Eskişehir was part of Hüdavendigâr vilayet. In 1921, it was captured by the invading Greek Army. Eskişehir holds the title of Cultural Capital of the Turkish World and UNESCO Capital of Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2013.

Geography

Eskişehir is situated on the banks of Porsuk River, which flows into the Sakarya River. Porsuk Dam, located near the Eskişehir-Kütahya border, controls the flow of the water in the river.

Climate

Template:Magnify iconKöppen map of Eskişehir Province and surrounding regions:[9] Template:Legend-col

Eskişehir has a cold semi-arid climate (BSk) under the Köppen climate classification, and a temperate continental climate (Dc) under the Trewartha climate classification.[10][11] The city features cold, snowy winters and warm, dry summers. Rainfall occurs mostly during the spring and autumn. Due to Eskişehir's high altitude and its dry summers, nightly temperatures in the summer months are cool. Precipitation levels are low, but precipitation can be observed throughout the year.

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Economy

Traditionally dependent on flour milling and brickyards, the city expanded with the building of railway workshops in 1894 for work on the Berlin–Baghdad railway.

As of 1920, Eskişehir was one of the major locations for meerschaum mining. At that time, most of the mining sites were owned by the state.[12]

Devrim, the first Turkish automobile, was produced in 1961 at the TÜLOMSAŞ factory in Eskişehir. Devrim was never put into mass production and stayed a concept study; it can be viewed in the TÜLOMSAŞ factory in Eskişehir. In addition to production, the first Turkish steam powered locomotive called Karakurt was produced at the TÜLOMSAŞ factory in 1961. Eskişehir was also the site of Turkey's first aviation industry (Aeronautical Supply Maintenance Centre) and its air base was the command centre of Turkey's first Tactical Air Force headquarters on NATO's southern flank during the Cold War.

File:Eskişehir railway station.jpg
Eskişehir railway station

Eskişehir produces trucks, home appliances, railway locomotives, fighter aircraft engines, agricultural equipment, textiles, brick, cement, chemicals, processed meerschaum, and refined sugar. Template:Interlanguage link multi, one of Turkey's largest food brands (mostly producing biscuits, chocolate, and candy), is based in Eskişehir. Arçelik, a major Turkish home appliances and consumer electronics manufacturer, has one of its production plants in Eskişehir. Eskişehir was the first stage of High-speed rail in Turkey from Ankara. This service improved the travel and commerce between Eskişehir and Ankara, thanks to reduced journey time. GKN, a major global automotive supplier for passenger and commercial car powertrain systems, has a plant in Eskişehir.

The city is served by the Hasan Polatkan Airport.

Education

File:Anadolu Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi.JPG
Library of the Anadolu University
File:Odunpazarı... - panoramio.jpg
Ottoman architecture in Odunpazarı, Eskişehir
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Streets of Odunpazarı, Eskişehir
File:Eskisehir ulus aniti.jpg
Ulus Monument in the city representing Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

There are three universities in Eskişehir. These are the Anadolu University, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, and the Eskişehir Technical University, which is the first university in the world that gained the privilege of managing airports.Template:Explain Anadolu University, in addition to its on-campus studies, started open university courses through TV broadcasts in the 1980s, allowing access to tertiary education for thousands of students who otherwise would not have been able to benefit from any.

Culture

The city has a significant population of Turkic Crimean Tatars. It also attracted ethnic Turks emigrating from Balkan countries such as Bulgaria, Romania, Bosnia, North Macedonia, and the Sandžak region of Serbia, who contributed to the development of the city's metalworking industries.

In 2013, Eskişehir hosted the inaugural Turkvision Song Contest, which aims to highlight music and artists from various Turkic-speaking regions. The city is also home to the Dünya Müzeleri Müzesi or Museum of World Museums.

Other museums in the city are Eti Archaeology Museum, Aviation Museum, Meerschaum Museum, Museum of Independence, Museum of Modern Glass Art, Tayfun Talipoğlu Typewriter Museum, Yılmaz Büyükerşen Wax Museum, and the Odunpazarı Modern Museum.

Attractions

File:Statue of Yunus Emre, Eskişehir 04.jpg
Statue of Yunus Emre in Eskişehir.
File:Bridge over Porsuk, Eskişehir 01 (cropped).jpg
One of Eskişehir's many bridges across the Porsuk River.

Most of modern-day Eskişehir was rebuilt after the Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923), but a number of historic buildings remain, such as the Kurşunlu Mosque. The archaeological site of the ancient Phrygian city of Dorylaeum is close to Eskişehir. The city is noted for its natural hot sulphur springs.

Sports

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A shopping mall in Eskişehir
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Eskişehir Modern Glass Art Museum
File:Odunpazarı, Eskişehir, Turkey 01.jpg
Odunpazarı Modern Arts Museum by the architect Kengo Kuma.

Association football club Eskişehirspor, founded in 1965, plays in the TFF Second League after being relegated during the 2021-22 TFF First League. It plays its home games in the New Eskişehir Stadium.

Notable natives

International relations

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Eskişehir is twinned with:[13]

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  8. ↑ Türkiye İller Ansiklopedisi 1.Cilt s.409
  9. ↑ "Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution". Nature Scientific Data. DOI:10.1038/sdata.2018.214.
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1". Template:In lang
  11. ↑ Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification - Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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References

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External links

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