Erta Ale

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Erta Ale (or Ertale or Irta'ale; Template:IPAc-en Amharic: ኤርታሌ) is a continuously active basaltic shield volcano in the Afar Region of northeastern Ethiopia, which is itself part of the wider Afar Triangle (a barren desert region straddling Djibouti, Ethiopia and Eritrea). The volcano is located in the Danakil Depression, an area on the border between Ethiopia and Eritrea that is below sea level. It is the most active of the volcanoes in Ethiopia.[1]

Geology

Erta Ale is Script error: No such module "convert". high, with one or sometimes two active lava lakes at the summit which occasionally overflow on the south side of the volcano.[2] It is notable for holding the longest-existing lava lake, present since at least 1906.[3] Volcanoes with lava lakes are rare: there were only eight in the world reported in 2019.[4]

Erta Ale means "smoking mountain" in the local Afar language and its southernmost pit is known locally as "the gateway to hell". In 2009, it was mapped by a team from the BBC using three-dimensional laser techniques,[5] in order for the mapping team to maintain a distance and avoid the lakes' searingly hot temperatures.

Erta Ale is located in the Afar triple junction where three tectonic plates split apart: the African plate, the Arabian plate and the Somali plate. Specifically, it lies almost at the end of the southern Red Sea rift, where tectonic extension (via normal faults) proceeds in conjunction with igneous intrusions to generate a new oceanic crust between Africa and Arabia.[6] The volcano comprises mainly mafic lavas which were brought up to the surface by dike emplacement during a rifting event.[7]

A major eruption occurred on 25 September 2005 which killed 250 heads of livestock and forced thousands of nearby residents to flee.[8] There was further lava flow in August 2007, forcing the evacuation of hundreds and leaving two missing.[9] A new eruption started in November 3, 2008 at the Alu-Dalafilla volcanic centre, at the northern end of the Erta Ale range.[10][11] The latest eruptive activity started in January 2017,[12] with outpouring of lava flows extending for kilometers from the vent, and lasted until March 2020; volcanic pulses have occurred since that time,[13] lasting until at least April 2024.[14][15]

Tourism

File:ET Afar asv2018-01 img106 Ertale.jpg
Tourists standing at the crater and watching the lava lake's activity

Erta Ale is the most regularly visited volcano in the Danakil Depression.[16] However, not much is known about the volcano, and the surrounding terrain is some of the most inhospitable on Earth, making travel difficult and dangerous. The Afar region also experiences intermittent ethnic violence due to unification struggles by the native Afar people. On January 17, 2012, a group of European tourists was attacked at Erta Ale. Five tourists were killed, two taken as hostages and seven others wounded.[17] The Afar Revolutionary Democratic Unity Front (ARDUF) claimed responsibility for the attack[18] and released the two kidnapped tourists in March 2012.[19] One travel guide recommends hiring "one or maybe two armed guards or police" as guides to visit Erta Ale.[20] Commercial tour companies offer tours to Erta Ale which are generally accompanied by military escort.

In December 2017, a German tourist was fatally shot while descending Erta Ale.[21]

In popular culture

Erta Ale was featured in the episode "Volcano" of the 2008 documentary series Earth: The Biography. The lava lake on Erta Ale was shown briefly during the 2010 movie Clash of the Titans during the journey sequence where Perseus travels to the underworld. Erta Ale is featured in the 2016 Werner Herzog documentary, Into the Inferno.

See also

References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
  3. ↑ Barnie, T.D., Oppenheimer, C., and Pagli, C. (2016). Magmatic Rifting and Active Volcanism. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 420, 181–208. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP420.15
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Hottest Place On Earth, Episode 2 at bbc.co.uk
  6. ↑ Hurman, G.L., Keir, D., Bull, J.M., McNeill, L.C., Booth, A.D., and Bastow, I.D. (2023). Quantitative analysis of faulting in the Danakil Depression Rift of Afar: The importance of faulting in the final stages of magma-rich rifting. Tectonics, 42, e2022TC007607. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022TC007607
  7. ↑ Moore, C., Wright, T., Hooper, A., & Biggs, J. (2019). The 2017 eruption of Erta 'Ale Volcano, Ethiopia: Insights into the shallow axial plumbing system of an incipient mid-ocean ridge. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 20, 5727–5743. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GC008692
  8. ↑ "Focus on Ethiopia, September 2005"Template:Category handler[<span title="Script error: No such module "string".">usurped]Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., UN-OCHA . Retrieved 25 February 2009.
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Volcano erupts in Ertale volcanic area of Afar Region Template:Webarchive, Ethiopian News Agency website. Retrieved January 20, 2010.
  11. ↑ Pagli, C., Wright, T., Ebinger, C. et al. Shallow axial magma chamber at the slow-spreading Erta Ale Ridge. Nature Geosci 5, 284–288 (2012). https://doi-org.insu.bib.cnrs.fr/10.1038/ngeo1414
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Global Volcanism Program: Erta Ale, Eruptive History. Retrieved April 20, 2024.
  15. ↑ Volcano Discovery: Erta Ale volcano. Retrieved April 20, 2024.
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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External links

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