Epipactis
Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox
Epipactis, or helleborine, is a genus of terrestrial orchids consisting of approximately 70 species.[1][2] This genus is abbreviated as Epcts in horticultural trade.
Description
Their creeping, fleshy rhizomes grow offshoots, from which then emerge the 20–70 cm long stems during the next spring.
There are four to eight alternate, lanceolate leaves, that grow progressively shorter near the top. The margins are entire, the top is acute. Species with less chlorophyll have blue-purple leaves.
Their bilaterally symmetrical colorful flowers grow from a terminal raceme. The three sepals and the two lateral petals are ovate and acuminate. Their color can vary from greenish-white to violet and purple.
The lip is divided in a bowl-shaped hypochile, with the outer surface greenish-white and threaded with dark veins. The wavy, snow-white epichile is fan-shaped.
The ovary is inferior. It produces a dry capsule with countless minute seeds.
Chemistry
As is characteristic of all orchids, Epipactis spp. are dependent on a mycorrhizal symbiosis (see also Orchid mycorrhiza). This allows some species to have reduced leaves and need little chlorophyll. Violet helleborine (Epipactis viridiflora) can even do without chlorophyll. These forms can be recognized by their purple instead of violet flowers.
Habitat
The species occur in temperate and subtropical climates of America, Asia, and Europe. These orchids grow in open spaces in forests, in undergrowth, on calcareous soils and are often found in wet dune-slacks near the sea. The only original American species is the giant helleborine (Epipactis gigantea). One species from Europe, broad-leaved helleborine (Epipactis helleborine), is invasive in North America. Most species are protected.
Most of these hardy orchids grow in a wet environment, but there are exceptions. The marsh helleborine (Epipactis palustris) is the only European orchid able to survive in a flooded habitat. Epipactis gigantea is a species found in the American west, and into southern Canada, in wet areas and even streams. It can grow to a height of 1 m. However, Epipactis helleborine grows in more diverse habitats, from sheltered sandy beaches to open spaces in deciduous or coniferous forests, on roadsides, in meadows, and on moist soils. It is sometimes called the weed orchid.
Species
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According to Plants of the World Online there are 54 accepted species in the genus.[3]
- Epipactis africana RendleScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Ethiopia to Malawi)
- Epipactis alata Aver. & EfimovScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epipactis albensis Nováková & RydloScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (C. Europe)
- Epipactis ariosica V.A.Romano, S.Hertel & PresserScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epipactis atrorubens (Hoffm.) BesserScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". : dark red helleborine, royal helleborine (Europe to Caucasus)
- Epipactis bucegensis Anghelescu, L.Balogh & Mih.BaloghScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epipactis bugacensis RobatschScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Hungary, near Bugacpusztaháza)
- Epipactis caramolica Presser & S.HertelScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epipactis condensata Boiss. ex D.P.YoungScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Turkey to Lebanon, Cyprus, W. Transcaucasus)
- Epipactis cordigera S.Hertel & PresserScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epipactis cupaniana C.Brullo, D'Emerico & Pulv.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epipactis dunensis (T.Stephenson & T.A.Stephenson) GodferyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Great Britain: N. England to N. Wales)
- Epipactis euxina Fateryga, Popovich & KreutzScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epipactis fascicularis T.P.LinScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epipactis flaminia P.R.Savelli & Aless.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (EC. Europe)
- Epipactis flava Seidenf.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Laos, Thailand)
- Epipactis garganica S.HertelScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epipactis gigantea DouglasScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". : stream orchid, chatterbox, giant helleborine (W. Canada to N. Mexico)
- Epipactis greuteri H.Baumann & KünkeleScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epipactis guegelii RobatschScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Romania)
- Epipactis helleborine (L.) CrantzScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". : broad-leaved helleborine (N. Africa, Europe to C. China, Type species)
- Epipactis humilior (Tang & F.T.Wang) S.C.Chen & G.H.ZhuScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epipactis hyblaea Brullo & ZimmittiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epipactis hygrophila S.HertelScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epipactis ioessa Bongiorni, De Vivo, Fori & RomoliniScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Italy)
- Epipactis kartliana Kreutz & Van Domm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epipactis kleinii M.B.Crespo & M.R.Lowe & PieraScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (S. France to E. Spain)
- Epipactis krymmontana Kreutz, Fateryga & EfimovScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epipactis leptochila (Godfery) GodferyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". : narrow-lipped helleborine (Europe)
- Epipactis mairei Schltr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epipactis majellensis Presser & S.HertelScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epipactis microphylla (Ehrh.) Sw.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Europe to Iran)
- Epipactis minipurpurata S.Hertel & PresserScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epipactis muelleri GodferyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (W. & C. Europe)
- Epipactis nasuta S.Hertel, Presser & CicmirScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epipactis odemensis Kreutz & ShifmanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epipactis ohwii Fukuy.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (C. Taiwan)
- Epipactis palustris (L.) CrantzScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". : marsh helleborine, marsh orchid (Europe to Caucasus and Mongolia)
- Epipactis papillosa Franch. & Sav.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Russian Far East to Korea, Japan)
- Epipactis persica (Soó) Hausskn. ex Nannf.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (SE. Europe to W. Pakistan)
- Epipactis phyllanthes G.E.Sm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". : green-flowered helleborine (W. & NW. Europe)
- Epipactis pontica TaubenheimScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (EC. Europe to N. Turkey)
- Epipactis purpurata Sm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epipactis rivularis Kranjcev & CicmirScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epipactis royleana Lindl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (E. Afghanistan to Himalaya)
- Epipactis stellifera Di Antonio & VeyaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Switzerland)
- Epipactis thunbergii A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (S. Russian Far East to Korea, Japan to Nansei-shoto)
- Epipactis torqueta Presser, S.Hertel & V.A.RomanoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epipactis turcomanica K.P.Popov & Neshat.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (C. Asia)
- Epipactis ulugurica Mansf.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Tanzania)
- Epipactis veluwensis Kreutz, H.Dekker, Bons & LöfflerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epipactis veratrifolia Boiss. & Hohen.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Caucasus to Somalia and SC. China)
- Epipactis wartensteinii F.FohringerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epipactis xanthophaea Schltr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (China)
Hybrids
There are also 22 known natural hybrids.[3]
References
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