Epilobium
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Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox
Epilobium is a genus of flowering plants in the family Onagraceae, containing about 197 species.[1] The genus has a worldwide distribution. It is most prevalent in the subarctic, temperate and subantarctic regions, whereas in the subtropics and tropics Epilobium species are restricted to the cool montane biomes, such as the New Guinea Highlands.
The taxonomy of the genus has varied between different botanists, but the modern trend is to include the previously recognised genera Boisduvalia, Chamaenerion (previously Chamerion), Pyrogennema and Zauschneria within Epilobium according to Peter H. Raven, who has extensively studied the willowherbs and merges the other segregate genera into Epilobium. Fringed willowherb (Epilobium ciliatum) is likely a cryptic species complex; apparently these plants also commonly hybridize with their congeners.[2]
Most species are known by the common name willowherbs for their willow-like leaves.[3] Those that were once separated in Boisduvalia are called spike-primroses or boisduvalias. Those Epilobium species previously placed in the Chamaenerion group are known as fireweeds.
Description
Epilobiums are mostly herbaceous plants, either annual or perennial; a few are subshrubs. The leaves are opposite or rarely whorled,[4]Template:Rp simple and ovate to lanceolate in shape. The flowers are actinomorphic (radially symmetrical) with four petals that may be notched.[4][5] These are usually smallish and pink in most species, but red, orange or yellow in a few. The fruit is a slender cylindrical capsule containing numerous seeds embedded in fine, soft silky fluff which disperses the seeds very effectively in the wind.
The genus name derives from the Greek words "epi" meaning "upon" and "lobos" meaning "lobe", with reference to position of the petals above the ovary.[6]
A number of Epilobium species with slightly asymmetrical (zygomorphic) magenta flowers and alternate leaves are placed in a Chamaenerion group and are further separated by some authorities into a genus Chamerion. However, Chamerion has not been universally accepted.[7][8][9]
Habitat and ecology
Willowherbs sensu lato are typically very quick to carpet large swathes of ground and may become key or dominant species of local ecosystems. In the United Kingdom, for example, rosebay willowherb (Chamaenerion angustifolium) is widely found on mesotrophic soils dominated by false oat-grass (Arrhenatherum elatius), cock's-foot grass (Dactylis glomerata), and red fescue (Festuca rubra), while great willowherb (Epilobium hirsutum) is found in mesotrophic grassland with stinging nettle (Urtica dioica). These two willowherb species also dominate open habitat early in ecological succession, to the virtual exclusion of other plant life. Broad-leaved willowherb (Epilobium montanum) is found characteristically, though not abundantly, in the mesotrophic grasslands with meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria) and sometimes the uncommon Greek valerian (Polemonium caeruleum). Most willowherbs will not tolerate shade trees and thus are limited to more recently disturbed patches, yielding to other plants over time. Consequently, though the genus contains many pioneer plants, rather few of them are invasive weeds of major importance.
Epilobium species are used as food plants by the caterpillars of certain Lepidoptera species, including:
Geometridae
- Grey pug (Eupithecia subfuscata), recorded on several species
- Mouse moth (Amphipyra tragopoginis), recorded on several species
- Small angle shades (Euplexia lucipara), recorded on several species
- Australian grapevine moth (Phalaenoides glycinae), recorded on fringed willowherb (E. ciliatum)
- Elephant hawk-moth (Deilephila elpenor), recorded on several species
- Small elephant hawk-moth (Deilephila porcellus), recorded on several species
- White-lined sphinx (Hyles lineata), recorded on several species
Use by humans
The main use of Epilobium by humans is as a herbal supplement in the treatment of prostate, bladder (incontinence) and hormone disorders. Many of the small willowherb species are nuisance weeds in gardens. Though few are regularly used as ornamental plants, the larger willowherbs may be attractive in ruderal locales. One of the most frequently recognized members of the genus is the circumboreal fireweed (E. angustifolium), known as rosebay willowherb in the United Kingdom. It rapidly colonizes burnt ground; during the bombing of London in World War II many of the derelict bomb sites were soon covered with these plants, bringing a splash of colour to what was otherwise a very grim scene. It is the floral emblem of Yukon in Canada, Hedmark in Norway and Southern Ostrobothnia in Finland.
Fireweed is used as a sweetener in north-western North America. It is put in candy, jellies, ice cream, syrup, and sxusem ("Indian ice cream"). In the late summer its flowers yield pollen and copious nectar which give a rich spicy honey. Its young leaves, roots, and shoots are edible (if somewhat bitter), and rich in provitamin A and vitamin C. The Dena’ina found them also useful as food supplement for dogs and applied sap from the stem to wounds, believing it to have antiinflammatory properties.
Several researchers have studied this taxon. Heinrich Carl Haussknecht in the late 19th century and Peter H. Raven about a century later researched the phylogeny, systematics, and taxonomy of willowherbs. Peter Michaelis' studies of this genus paved the way for understanding of extranuclear inheritance in plants.
Species
The following species are recognised in the genus Epilobium:[10]
Bottom left: Epilobium anagallidifolium (alpine willowherb)
Center: Epilobium tetragonum (square-stemmed willowherb)
Right: Epilobium obscurum (dwarf willowherb)
<templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/>
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × abortivum Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × aggregatum Čelak.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium aitchisonii P.H.RavenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium algidum M.Bieb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium alpestre (Jacq.) Krock.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium alsinifolium Vill.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – chickweed willowherb
- Epilobium alsinoides A.Cunn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × amphibolum Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium amurense Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium anagallidifolium Lam.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – alpine willowherb, pimpernel willowherb
- Epilobium anatolicum Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium anglicum E.S.MarshallScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium angustifolium L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium angustum (Cheeseman) P.H.Raven & EngelhornScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium arcticum Sam.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Arctic willowherb
- Epilobium × argillaceum Kitch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium arvernense Rouy & E.G.CamusScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × aschersonianum Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium astonii (Allan) P.H.Raven & EngelhornScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium atlanticum Litard. & MaireScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium australe Poepp. & Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium barbeyanum H.Lév.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium billardiereanum Ser.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – glabrous willowherb
- Epilobium blinii H.Lév.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × boissieri Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × borbasianum Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × brachiatum Čelak.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium brachycarpum C.PreslScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – tall willowherb, tall annual willowherb, tall fireweed, panicled willowherb
- Epilobium brevifolium D.DonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium brevipes Hook.f.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × brevipilum Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium brevisquamatum P.H.RavenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × brunnatum Kitch. & McKeanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium brunnescens (Cockayne) P.H.Raven & EngelhornScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – New Zealand willowherb
- Epilobium campestre (Jeps.) Hoch & W.L.WagnerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – pygmy willowherb, smooth boisduvalia
- Epilobium canum (Greene) P.H.RavenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Zauschneria, California-fuchsia, hummingbird flower, hummingbird trumpet
- Epilobium capense Buchinger ex KraussScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × celakovskyanum Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × chateri Kitch. & McKeanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium chionanthum Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium chitralense P.H.RavenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium chlorifolium Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium ciliatum Raf.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – fringed willowherb, American willowherb
- Epilobium clarkeanum Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium clavatum Trel.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – talus willowherb, clavatefruit willowherb
- Epilobium cleistogamum (Curran) Hoch & P.H.RavenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – selfing willowherb
- Epilobium cockayneanum PetrieScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium colchicum AlbovScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium collinum C.C.Gmel.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium coloratum BiehlerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – purpleleaf willowherb
- Epilobium confertifolium Hook.f.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × confine Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × confusilobum Kitch. & McKeanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium confusum Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium conjungens Skottsb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium conspersum Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × cornubiense Kitch. & McKeanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium crassum Hook.f.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium curtisiae P.H.RavenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium cylindricum D.DonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × dacicum BorbásScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × dasycarpum Fr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium davuricum Fisch. ex Hornem.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Daurian willowherb
- Epilobium × decipiens F.W.SchultzScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium densiflorum (Lindl.) Hoch & P.H.RavenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – denseflower willowherb, dense spike-primrose, dense boisduvalia
- Epilobium densifolium Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium densum Raf.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – downy willowherb, stiff spike-primrose
- Epilobium denticulatum Ruiz & Pav.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium detznerianum Schltr. ex DielsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium dodonaei Vill.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium duriaei J.Gay ex Godr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium elegans PetrieScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × erroneum Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × fallacinum Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium fangii C.J.Chen, Hoch & P.H.RavenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium fastigiatoramosum NakaiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium fauriei H.Lév.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × finitimum Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium fleischeri Hochst.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × floridulum SmejkalScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium forbesii AllanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × fossicola SmejkalScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium fragile Sam.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium fugitivum P.H.Raven & EngelhornScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium gemmascens C.A.Mey.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × gemmiferum BoreauScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × gerstlaueri RubnerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium glabellum G.Forst.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – smooth spike-primrose
- Epilobium glaberrimum BarbeyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – glaucous willowherb
- Epilobium glaciale P.H.RavenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × glanduligerum K.KnafScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium glaucum Phil.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × goerzii RubnerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium gouldii P.H.RavenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium gracilipes KirkScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × grenieri Rouy & E.G.CamusScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium griffithianum Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium gunnianum Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × gutteanum GnüchtelScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium hallianum Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – glandular willowherb
- Epilobium × haussknechtianum BorbásScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × haynaldianum Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × hectori-leveilleanum Thell.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium hectorii Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × heterocaulon BorbásScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium hirsutum L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – great willowherb, great hairy willowherb, hairy willowherb, codlins-and-cream, apple-pie, cherry-pie
- Epilobium hirtigerum A.Cunn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium hohuanense S.S.YingScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium hooglandii P.H.RavenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium hornemannii Rchb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Hornemann's willowherb
- Epilobium howellii HochScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Yuba Pass willowherb, subalpine fireweed
- Epilobium × huteri Borbás ex Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium indicum Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium insulare Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × interjectum SmejkalScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × intersitum Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × jinshaense P.H.Raven & H.LiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium karsteniae ComptonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × keredjense Bornm. & GaubaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium kermodei P.H.RavenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium keysseri DielsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium kingdonii P.H.RavenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × kitcheneri McKeanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium komarovianum H.Lév.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – bronzy willowherb
- Epilobium komarovii Ovcz.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium korshinskyi MorozovaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × krausei R.Uechtr. & Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium lactiflorum Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – milkflower willowherb, whiteflower willowherb
- Epilobium ladakhianum T.K.PaulScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium laestadii Kytöv.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × lamotteanum Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium lanceolatum Sebast. & MauriScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – spear-leaved willowherb
- Epilobium × langeanum Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × laschianum Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium latifolium L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium laxum RoyleScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium leiophyllum Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium leptocarpum Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – slenderfruit willowherb
- Epilobium leptophyllum Raf.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – bog willowherb, linear-leaved willowherb
- Epilobium × limosum SchurScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium lipschitzii Pachom.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium luteum PurshScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – yellow willowherb
- Epilobium macropus Hook.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium margaretiae BrockieScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × marshallianum Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium matthewsii PetrieScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium maysillesii MunzScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium melanocaulon Hook.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × mentiens SmejkalScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium microphyllum A.Rich.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium minutiflorum Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium minutum Lindl. ex Lehm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – chaparral willowherb, desert willowherb, smallflower willowherb
- Epilobium mirabile Trel. ex PiperScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Olympic Mountain willowherb
- Epilobium × montaniforme K.Knaf ex Čelak.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium montanum L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – broad-leaved willowherb
- Epilobium nanhualpinum S.S.YingScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium nankotaizanense Yamam.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Nankotaizan willowherb
- Epilobium × neogradiense BorbásScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium nerterioides A.Cunn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium nevadense MunzScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Nevada willowherb
- Epilobium nivale MeyenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium nivium BrandegeeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Snow Mountain willowherb
- Epilobium × novae-civitatis SmejkalScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium nummulariifolium R.Cunn. ex A.Cunn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium nutans F.W.SchmidtScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × nutantiflorum SmejkalScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium obcordatum A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – rockfringe willowherb
- Epilobium × obscurescens Kitch. & McKeanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium obscurum Schreb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – dwarf willowherb, short-fruited willowherb
- Epilobium oreganum GreeneScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Grants Pass willowherb, Oregon fireweed
- Epilobium oregonense Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Oregon willowherb
- Epilobium × palatinum F.W.SchultzScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium pallidiflorum Sol. ex A.Cunn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium pallidum (Eastw.) Hoch & P.H.RavenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – largeflower spike-primrose
- Epilobium palustre L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – marsh willowherb
- Epilobium pannosum Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium parviflorum Schreb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – small-flowered willowherb, hoary willowherb
- Epilobium pedicellare C.PreslScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium pedunculare A.Cunn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – rockery willowherb
- Epilobium pengii C.J.Chen, Hoch & P.H.RavenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × percollinum Simonk.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium pernitens Cockayne & AllanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium perpusillum Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × persicinum Rchb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium petraeum HeenanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium pictum PetrieScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium platystigmatosum C.B.Rob.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium ponticum Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium porphyrium G.SimpsonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × prionophylloides Hand.-Mazz.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium prostratum Warb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium pseudorubescens A.K.SkvortsovScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × pseudotrigonum BorbásScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium psilotum Maire & Sam.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium pubens A.Rich.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium puberulum Hook. & Arn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × pulchrum Suksd.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium purpuratum Hook.f.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × purpureum Fr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium pycnostachyum Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium pyrricholophum Franch. & Sav.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium ravenii Hoch & GandhiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – leafy willowherb, California willowherb
- Epilobium rechingeri P.H.RavenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × reedii H.Lév.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium rhynchospermum Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium rigidum Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – stiff willowherb, Siskiyou Mountains willowherb
- Epilobium × rivulare Wahlenb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × rivulicola Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium roseum (Schreb.) Schreb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – pale willowherb
- Epilobium rostratum CheesemanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium rotundifolium G.Forst.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium royleanum Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium rubromarginatum CockayneScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium salignum Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium sarmentaceum Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium saximontanum Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Rocky Mountain willowherb
- Epilobium × schmidtianum Rostk.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × schulzeanum Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium semiamplexicaule H.J.Chowdhery & S.SinghScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium septentrionale (D.D.Keck) Bowman & HochScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – northern willowherb, Humboldt County fuchsia
- Epilobium × sericeum Bernh.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium sikkimense Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × similatum Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × simulatum Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium sinense H.Lév.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium siskiyouense (Munz) Hoch & P.H.RavenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Siskiyou willowherb, Siskiyou fireweed
- Epilobium smithii H.Lév.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium speciosum Decne.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium spitianum H.J.Chowdhery & MurtiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium staintonii P.H.RavenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium stereophyllum Fresen.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium stevenii Boiss.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium stracheyanum Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium subalgidum Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium subcoriaceum Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium subdentatum (Meyen) Lievens & HochScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium suffruticosum Nutt.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – shrubby willowherb
- Epilobium × surreyanum E.S.MarshallScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium taiwanianum C.J.Chen, Hoch & P.H.RavenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium tasmanicum Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium tetragonum L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – square-stemmed willowherb
- Epilobium thermophilum PaulsenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × thuringiacum Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium tianschanicum PavlovScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium tibetanum Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium tonkinense H.Lév.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium torreyi (S.Watson) Hoch & P.H.RavenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Torrey's willowherb, brook spike-primrose
- Epilobium × treleaseanum H.Lév.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium trichophyllum Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium tulinianum S.S.YingScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium turkestanicum Pazij & Vved.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × udicola Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × uechtritzianum PaxScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium ulleungensis J.ChungScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium vernicosum CheesemanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium vernonicum SnogerupScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium verticillatum W.X.Wang, W.Y.Guo & Y.S.FuScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × vicinum SmejkalScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium wallichianum Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × waterfallii E.S.MarshallScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium wattianum Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium williamsii P.H.RavenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium willisii P.H.Raven & EngelhornScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium wilsonii PetrieScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × winkleri A.Kern.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Epilobium × wisconsinense UgentScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Wisconsin willowherb
Formerly placed here
- Stylidium tenellum (as E. tonkinense)
It is possible to distinguish between leaves of different Epilobium species using high-accuracy FT-IR method based on attenuated total reflection (ATR) without time-consuming preparation.[11]
Footnotes
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Bleeker et al. (2007)
- ↑ Template:OED
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Webb,D.A., Parnell, J. and Doogue, D. 1996. An Irish Flora. Dundaldan Press (W. Tempest) Ltd, Dundalk. Template:ISBN
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Krajšek, S., Buh, P., Zega, A., Kreft, S. (2008). Identification of herbarium whole-leaf samples of Epilobium species by ATR-IR spectroscopy. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 5:310-317 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cbdv.200890028/abstract;jsessionid=46F30B7C6B30DADFBD57A4789993E047.f01t02
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
References
- Bleeker, Walter; Schmitz, Ulf & Ristow, Michael (2007): Interspecific hybridisation between alien and native plant species in Germany and its consequences for native biodiversity. Biological Conservation 137 (2): 248–253. Script error: No such module "CS1 identifiers".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (HTML abstract, appendix reserved for subscribers)
- Steenkamp, V; Gouws, M.C; Gulumian, M; Elgorashi, E.E. & van Stade, J. (2006): Studies on antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of herbal remedies used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatitis. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 103 (1): 71–75. Script error: No such module "CS1 identifiers".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". PDF fulltext
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Wagner, W.L. & Hoch, P.C. [2009b]: Evening Primrose Family website – Epilobium. Retrieved 2009-JAN-26.