Enterographa

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Enterographa is a genus of lichens in the family Roccellaceae.[1] These lichens grow as thin, paint-like crusts on tree bark that range in colour from off-white and pale grey to dark olive-green or brown, sometimes breaking into networks of tiny, flat blocks. They reproduce through tiny slits or dots embedded in the crust that contain spindle-shaped spores divided into multiple cells, distinguishing them from other similar-looking bark lichens.

Description

Enterographa species grow as thin, paint-like crusts that either lie smoothly on the bark or break into a network of tiny, flat blocks (Template:Lichengloss). Colours range from off-white and pale grey to dark olive-green or brown, and neighbouring colonies often form mosaic patterns separated by a narrow, grey-to-black Template:Lichengloss—the band of purely fungal tissue at the thallus edge. Because the crust is not layered, the algal partner (Trentepohlia) sits directly beneath the surface and lends a faint orange hue where the thallus is scratched. A few species are lichenicolous, living on other lichens; in these the parasite produces only its reproductive bodies and lacks a thallus of its own. Thin-layer chromatography shows a variable secondary chemistry: some taxa contain acids such as confluentic, gyrophoric, protocetraric or psoromic, while others appear chemically inert.[2]

The sexual fruit bodies are tiny slits or dots immersed in the crust. They range from pin-prick pores to short, narrow Template:Lichengloss that can be straight, gently curved or, rarely, star-shaped. Their exposed Template:Lichengloss are flat and brown-to-black, never dusted with the pale frosting (Template:Lichengloss) seen in certain related genera. The surrounding wall (Template:Lichengloss) remains thin and stays buried in the thallus, so only the opening is usually visible from above. Inside, the spore layer (hymenium) is threaded by very slender filaments (paraphyses) that branch and fuse near the top but lack the swollen tips typical of many other crustose lichens. Each ascus is long and narrow, splitting open to release either four or eight spindle-shaped ascospores. A microscopy stain with iodine picks out a tiny, dark blue ring around the Template:Lichengloss at the ascus apex, while the rest of the apex often turns pale blue. The spores are colourless, multi-celled (three to sixteen internal walls) and gently tapered at both ends.[2]

Asexual reproduction occurs in microscopic, flask-shaped pycnidia embedded in the crust; these appear as minute, pale-brown specks. Inside, cylindrical conidiogenous cells bud off colourless, rod-shaped conidia that escape through a small pore and help the fungus spread independently of its algal partner. Together, the combination of an immersed thallus lacking a cortex, slit-like apothecia with an inconspicuous wall, very thin paraphyses, iodine-reactive asci and multi-septate spores distinguishes Enterographa from superficially similar crusts on tropical and temperate bark.[2]

Species

File:Enterographa bella 29457380.jpg
Enterographa bella

As of May 2021Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., Species Fungorum (via the Catalogue of Life) accepts 66 species of Enterographa.[3]

  • Enterographa albopunctata Sparrius (2004)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Enterographa aldabrensis Sparrius (2009)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[4]
  • Enterographa bagliettoae Seavey & J.Seavey (2017)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[5]
  • Enterographa bella R.Sant. (1952)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[6]
  • Enterographa bengalensis Jagad. Ram, G.P.Sinha & Kr.P.Singh (2008)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[7]
  • Enterographa bradleyana Seavey & J.Seavey (2014)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[8] – United States
  • Enterographa brezhonega Sparrius & Aptroot (2007)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[9]
  • Enterographa caudata Seavey & J.Seavey (2014)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[8] – United States
  • Enterographa chiodectonoides M.Cáceres & Lücking (2007)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[10]
  • Enterographa compunctula (Nyl.) Redinger (1938)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Enterographa confusa Ertz & Van den Broeck (2018)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[11]
  • Enterographa crassa (DC.) Fée (1825)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Enterographa cretacea P.M.McCarthy & Elix (2016)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[12] – Australia
  • Enterographa deslooveri Sérus. (1995)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[13] – Papua New Guinea
  • Enterographa diederichiana Ertz (2009)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[14] – Zambia
  • Enterographa divergens (Müll.Arg.) Redinger (1939)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Enterographa dokdoensis S.Y.Kondr., Lőkös, B.G.Lee & Hur (2020)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[15] – South Korea
  • Enterographa elaborata (Lyell ex Leight.) Coppins & P.James (1979)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[16]
  • Enterographa elixii Sparrius (2004)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Enterographa epigraphis Etayo & Sipman (2017)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[17]
  • Enterographa epiphylla (Sérus.) Ertz, Diederich & Sparrius (2005)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Enterographa falcata Lücking & V.Wirth (2003)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[18]
  • Enterographa fellhaneroides Yeshitela, Eb. Fisch., Killmann & Sérus. (2009)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[19]
  • Enterographa glaucotremoides Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2018)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[20]
  • Enterographa hainanensis B.Gao & J.C.Wei (2009)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[21]
  • Enterographa hutchinsiae (Leight.) A.Massal. (1860)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Enterographa incognita Ertz & Tehler (2014)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[22]
  • Enterographa inthanonensis Sparrius (2007)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Enterographa johnsoniae Seavey & J.Seavey (2017)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[5]
  • Enterographa kalbii Sparrius (2004)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Enterographa keylargoensis Seavey & J.Seavey (2017)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[5]
  • Enterographa kinabaluensis Sparrius & Kalb (2020)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[23] – Kota Kinabalu
  • Enterographa lecanoracea Sipman (2011)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Enterographa lichexanthonica M.Cáceres & Aptroot (2017)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[24]
  • Enterographa lueckingii Kalb (2001)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[25]
  • Enterographa meklitiae Yeshitela, Eb.Fisch., Killmann & Sérus. (2009)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[19]
  • Enterographa membranacea P.M.McCarthy & Elix (2018)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[26]
  • Enterographa micrographa (Nyl.) Redinger (1938)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Enterographa multilocularis (Müll.Arg.) Sparrius (2004)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Enterographa murrayana Seavey & J.Seavey (2013)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[8] – United States
  • Enterographa nicobarica Jagad.Ram (2016)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[27] – India
  • Enterographa nitidula Seavey & J.Seavey (2014)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[8] – United States
  • Enterographa oregonensis Sparrius & Björk (2008)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[28]
  • Enterographa osagensis C.A.Morse (2013)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[29]
  • Enterographa pallidella (Nyl.) Redinger (1938)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Enterographa paruimae Sipman (2016)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[30]
  • Enterographa perez-higaredae Herrera-Camp. & Lücking (2002)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[31]
  • Enterographa pertusarioides Groenh. ex Sparrius (2004)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Enterographa pitardii (B.de Lesd.) Redinger (1938)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Enterographa punctata Ertz & Diederich (2005)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[32]
  • Enterographa rotundata M.Cáceres, E.L.Lima & Aptroot (2013)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[33]
  • Enterographa seawardii Lücking & Henssen (2004)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Enterographa serusiauxii Lebreton & Aptroot (2020)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[34]
  • Enterographa seychellensis Vězda & Ceni (2000)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Enterographa sipmanii Sparrius (2004)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Enterographa sorediata Coppins & P.James (1979)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[16]
  • Enterographa subcervina (Zahlbr.) Ertz (2009)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Enterographa subgelatinosa (Stirt.) Redinger (1938)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Enterographa subquassiicola M.Cáceres & Lücking (2007)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Enterographa tanzanica Kalb (2001)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Enterographa tropica Sparrius (2004)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Enterographa vezdae Sparrius (2004)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Enterographa wijesundarae Weerakoon & Aptroot (2016)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[35] – Sri Lanka
  • Enterographa zephyri Sparrius (2004)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Enterographa zonata (Körb.) Källsten ex Torrente & Egea (1989)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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  3. ↑ Template:Catalogue of Life
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

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Cited literature

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