Orders of magnitude (energy)

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Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates This list compares various energies in joules (J), organized by order of magnitude.

Below 1 J

List of orders of magnitude for energy
Factor (joules) SI prefix Value Item
10−35 Script error: No such module "val". Optical dipole potential measured in a tune-out experiment with ultracold metastable helium.[1]
10−34 Script error: No such module "val". Energy of a photon with a frequency of 1 hertz.,[2][3] equivalent to 4.14×10−15 eV or, alternatively stated, One two-hundred-fifty-trillionth of one eV.)
Script error: No such module "val". Average kinetic energy of translational motion of a molecule at the lowest temperature reached (38 picokelvin[4] since 2021Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[5])
10−30Script error: No such module "anchor". quecto- (qJ)
10−28 6.6×10−28Script error: No such module "String".J Energy of a typical AM radio photon (1 MHz) (4×10−9 eV)[6]
10−27Script error: No such module "anchor". ronto- (rJ)
10−24Script error: No such module "anchor". yocto- (yJ) 1.6×10−24Script error: No such module "String".J Energy of a typical microwave oven photon (2.45 GHz) (1×10−5 eV)[7][8]
10−23 2×10−23Script error: No such module "String".J Average kinetic energy of translational motion of a molecule in the Boomerang Nebula, the coldest place known outside of a laboratory, at a temperature of 1 kelvin[9][10]
10−22 2–3000×10−22Script error: No such module "String".J Energy of infrared light photons[11]
10−21Script error: No such module "anchor". zepto- (zJ) 1.7×10−21Script error: No such module "String".J 1Script error: No such module "String".kJ/mol, converted to energy per molecule[12]
2.1×10−21Script error: No such module "String".J Thermal energy in each degree of freedom of a molecule at 25 °C (kT/2) (0.01 eV)[13]
2.856×10−21Script error: No such module "String".J By Landauer's principle, the minimum amount of energy required at 25 °C to change one bit of information
3–7×10−21Script error: No such module "String".J Energy of a van der Waals interaction between atoms (0.02–0.04 eV)[14][15]
4.1×10−21Script error: No such module "String".J The "kT" constant at 25 °C, a common rough approximation for the total thermal energy of each molecule in a system (0.03 eV)[16]
7–22×10−21Script error: No such module "String".J Energy of a hydrogen bond (0.04 to 0.13 eV)[14][17]
10−20 4.5×10−20Script error: No such module "String".J Upper bound of the mass–energy of a neutrino in particle physics (0.28 eV)[18][19]
10−19 Script error: No such module "val". 1 electronvolt (eV) by definition. This value is exact as a result of the 2019 revision of SI units.[20]
3–5×10−19Script error: No such module "String".J Energy range of photons in visible light (≈1.6–3.1 eV)[21][22]
3–14×10−19Script error: No such module "String".J Energy of a covalent bond (2–9 eV)[14][23]
5–200×10−19Script error: No such module "String".J Energy of ultraviolet light photons[11]
10−18Script error: No such module "anchor". atto- (aJ) 1.78×10−18Script error: No such module "String".J Bond dissociation energy for the carbon monoxide (CO) triple bond, alternatively stated: 1072 kJ/mol; 11.11eV per molecule.[24]

This is the strongest chemical bond known.

2.18×10−18Script error: No such module "String".J Ground state ionization energy of hydrogen (13.6 eV)
10−17 2–2000×10−17Script error: No such module "String".J Energy range of X-ray photons[11]
10−16
10−15Script error: No such module "anchor". femto- (fJ) 3 × 10−15Script error: No such module "String".J Average kinetic energy of one human red blood cell.[25][26][27]
10−14 1×10−14Script error: No such module "String".J Sound energy (vibration) transmitted to the eardrums by listening to a whisper for one second.[28][29][30]
> 2×10−14Script error: No such module "String".J Energy of gamma ray photons[11]
2.7×10−14Script error: No such module "String".J Upper bound of the mass–energy of a muon neutrino[31][32]
8.2×10−14Script error: No such module "String".J Script error: No such module "anchor".Rest mass–energy of an electron[33] (0.511 MeV)[34]
10−13 1.6×10−13Script error: No such module "String".J 1 megaelectronvolt (MeV)[35]
2.3×10−13Script error: No such module "String".J Energy released by a single event of two protons fusing into deuterium (1.44 megaelectronvolt MeV)[36]
10−12Script error: No such module "anchor". pico- (pJ) 2.3×10−12Script error: No such module "String".J Kinetic energy of neutrons produced by DT fusion, used to trigger fission (14.1 MeV)[37][38]
10−11 1.3646×10−11Script error: No such module "String".J Energy consumed for one floating-point operation by KAIROS, the most energy-efficient supercomputer as of November 2025[39]
3.4×10−11Script error: No such module "String".J Average total energy released in the nuclear fission of one uranium-235 atom (215 MeV)[40][41]
10−10 1.492×10−10Script error: No such module "String".J Mass-energy equivalent of 1 Da[42] (931.5 MeV)[43]
1.503×10−10Script error: No such module "String".J Rest mass–energy of a proton[44] (938.3 MeV)[45]
1.505×10−10Script error: No such module "String".J Rest mass–energy of a neutron[46] (939.6 MeV)[47]
1.6×10−10Script error: No such module "String".J 1 gigaelectronvolt (GeV)[48]
3×10−10Script error: No such module "String".J Rest mass–energy of a deuteron[49]
6×10−10Script error: No such module "String".J Rest mass–energy of an alpha particle[50]
7×10−10Script error: No such module "String".J Energy required to raise a grain of sand by 0.1mm (the thickness of a piece of paper).[51]
10−9Script error: No such module "anchor". nano- (nJ) 1.6×10−9Script error: No such module "String".J 10 GeV[52]
8×10−9Script error: No such module "String".J Initial operating energy per beam of the CERN Large Electron Positron Collider in 1989 (50 GeV)[53][54]
10−8 1.3×10−8Script error: No such module "String".J Mass–energy of a W boson (80.4 GeV)[55][56]
1.5×10−8Script error: No such module "String".J Mass–energy of a Z boson (91.2 GeV)[57][58]
1.6×10−8Script error: No such module "String".J 100 GeV[59]
2×10−8Script error: No such module "String".J Mass–energy of the Higgs Boson (125.1 GeV)[60]
6.4×10−8Script error: No such module "String".J Operating energy per proton of the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron accelerator in 1976[61][62]
10−7 1×10−7Script error: No such module "String".J ≡ 1 erg[63]
1.6×10−7Script error: No such module "String".J 1 TeV (teraelectronvolt),[64] about the kinetic energy of a flying mosquito[65]
10−6Script error: No such module "anchor". micro- (μJ) 1.04×10−6Script error: No such module "String".J Energy per proton in the CERN Large Hadron Collider in 2015 (6.5 TeV)[66][67]
10−5
10−4 1.0×10−4Script error: No such module "String".J Energy released by a typical radioluminescent wristwatch in 1 hour[68][69] (1 μCi × 4.871 MeV × 1 hr)
10−3Script error: No such module "anchor". milli- (mJ) 3.0×10−3Script error: No such module "String".J Energy released by a P100 atomic battery in 1 hour[70] (2.4 V × 350 nA × 1 hr)
10−2Script error: No such module "anchor". centi- (cJ) 4.0×10−2Script error: No such module "String".J Use of a typical LED for 1 second[71] (2.0 V × 20 mA × 1 s)
10−1Script error: No such module "anchor". deci- (dJ) 1.1×10−1Script error: No such module "String".J Energy of an American half-dollar falling 1 metre[72][73]

1 to 105 J

List of orders of magnitude for energy
Factor (joules) SI prefix Value Item
100 J 1Script error: No such module "String".J ≡ 1 N·m (newton–metre)
1Script error: No such module "String".J ≡ 1 W·s (watt-second)
1Script error: No such module "String".J Kinetic energy produced as an extra small apple (~100 grams[74]) falls 1 meter against Earth's gravity[75]
1Script error: No such module "String".J Energy required to heat 1 gram of dry, cool air by 1 degree Celsius[76]
1.4Script error: No such module "String".J ≈ 1 ft·lbf (foot-pound force)[63]
4.184Script error: No such module "String".J ≡ 1 thermochemical calorie (small calorie)[63]
4.1868Script error: No such module "String".J ≡ 1 International (Steam) Table calorie[77]
8Script error: No such module "String".J Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin theoretical upper limit for the energy of a cosmic ray coming from a distant source[78][79]
101Script error: No such module "anchor". deca- (daJ) 1×101Script error: No such module "String".J Flash energy of a typical pocket camera electronic flash capacitor (100–400 μF @ 330 V)[80][81]
5×101Script error: No such module "String".J The most energetic cosmic ray ever detected.[82] Most likely a single proton traveling only very slightly slower than the speed of light.[83]
102Script error: No such module "anchor". hecto- (hJ) 1.25×102Script error: No such module "String".J Kinetic energy of a regulation (standard) baseball (5.1 oz / 145 g)[84] thrown at 93 mph / 150 km/h (MLB average pitch speed).[85]
1.5×102 - 3.6×102Script error: No such module "String".J Energy delivered by a biphasic external electric shock (defibrillation), usually during adult cardiopulmonary resuscitation for cardiac arrest.
3×102Script error: No such module "String".J Energy of a lethal dose of X-rays[86]
3×102Script error: No such module "String".J Kinetic energy of an average person jumping as high as they can[87][88][89]
3.3×102Script error: No such module "String".J Energy to melt 1 g of ice[90]
> 3.6×102Script error: No such module "String".J Kinetic energy of 800 gram[91] standard men's javelin thrown at > 30 m/s[92] by elite javelin throwers[93]
5–20×102Script error: No such module "String".J Energy output of a typical photography studio strobe light in a single flash[94]
6×102Script error: No such module "String".J Use of a 10-watt flashlight for 1 minute
7.5×102Script error: No such module "String".J A power of 1 horsepower applied for 1 second[63]
7.8×102Script error: No such module "String".J Kinetic energy of 7.26 kg[95] standard men's shot thrown at 14.7 m/sScript error: No such module "Unsubst". by the world record holder Randy Barnes[96]
8.01×102Script error: No such module "String".J Amount of work needed to lift a man with an average weight (81.7 kg) one meter above Earth (or any planet with Earth gravity)
103Script error: No such module "anchor". kilo- (kJ) 1.1×103Script error: No such module "String".J ≈ 1 British thermal unit (BTU), depending on the temperature[63]
1.4×103Script error: No such module "String".J Total solar radiation received from the Sun by 1 square meter at the altitude of Earth's orbit per second (solar constant)[97]
2.3×103Script error: No such module "String".J Energy to vaporize 1 g of water into steam[98]
3×103Script error: No such module "String".J Lorentz force can crusher pinch[99]
3.4×103Script error: No such module "String".J Kinetic energy of world-record men's hammer throw (7.26 kg[100] thrown at 30.7 m/s[101] in 1986)[102]
3.6×103Script error: No such module "String".J ≡ 1 W·h (watt-hour)[63]
4.2×103Script error: No such module "String".J Energy released by explosion of 1 gram of TNT[63][103]
4.2×103Script error: No such module "String".J ≈ 1 food Calorie (large calorie)
~7×103Script error: No such module "String".J Muzzle energy of an elephant gun, e.g. firing a .458 Winchester Magnum[104]
8.5×103Script error: No such module "String".J Kinetic energy of a regulation baseball thrown at the speed of sound (343Script error: No such module "String".m/s = 767Script error: No such module "String".mph = 1,235Script error: No such module "String".km/h. Air, 20 °C).[105]
9×103Script error: No such module "String".J Energy in an alkaline AA battery[106]
104 1.7×104Script error: No such module "String".J Energy released by the metabolism of 1 gram of carbohydrates[107] or protein[108]
3.8×104Script error: No such module "String".J Energy released by the metabolism of 1 gram of fat[109]
4–5×104Script error: No such module "String".J Energy released by the combustion of 1 gram of gasoline[110]
5×104Script error: No such module "String".J Kinetic energy of 1 gram of matter moving at 10 km/s[111]
105 3×105 – 15×105Script error: No such module "String".J Kinetic energy of an automobile at highway speeds (1 to 5 tons[112] at 89 km/h or 55 mph)[113]

106 to 1011 J

List of orders of magnitude for energy
Factor (joules) SI prefix Value Item
106Script error: No such module "anchor". mega- (MJ) 1×106Script error: No such module "String".J Kinetic energy of a 2 tonne[112] vehicle at 32 metres per second (115 km/h or 72 mph)[114]
1.2×106Script error: No such module "String".J Approximate food energy of a snack such as a Snickers bar (280 food calories)[115]
3.6×106Script error: No such module "String".J = 1 kWh (kilowatt-hour) (used for electricity)[63]
4.2×106Script error: No such module "String".J Energy released by explosion of 1 kilogram of TNT[63][103]
6.1×106Script error: No such module "String".J Kinetic energy of the 4 kg tungsten APFSDS penetrator after being fired from a 120mm KE-W A1 cartridge with a nominal muzzle velocity of 1740 m/s.[116][117]
8.4×106Script error: No such module "String".J Recommended food energy intake per day for a moderately active woman (2000 food calories)[118][119]
9.1×106Script error: No such module "String".J Kinetic energy of a regulation baseball thrown at Earth's escape velocity (First cosmic velocity ≈ 11.186 km/s = 25,020 mph = 40,270 km/h).[120]
107 1×107Script error: No such module "String".J Kinetic energy of the armor-piercing round fired by the ISU-152 assault gun[121]Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
1.1×107Script error: No such module "String".J Recommended food energy intake per day for a moderately active man (2600 food calories)[118][122]
3.3×107Script error: No such module "String".J Kinetic energy of a 23 lb projectile fired by the Navy's mach 8 railgun.[123]
3.7×107Script error: No such module "String".J $1 of electricity at a cost of $0.10/kWh (the US average retail cost in 2009)[124][125][126]
4×107Script error: No such module "String".J Energy from the combustion of 1 cubic meter of natural gas[127]
4.2×107Script error: No such module "String".J Caloric energy consumed by Olympian Michael Phelps on a daily basis during Olympic training[128]
6.3×107Script error: No such module "String".J Theoretical minimum energy required to accelerate 1 kg of matter to escape velocity from Earth's surface (ignoring atmosphere)[129]
9×107Script error: No such module "String".J Total mass-energy of 1 microgram of matter (25 kWh)
108 1×108Script error: No such module "String".J Kinetic energy of a 55 tonne aircraft at typical landing speed (59 m/s or 115 knots)Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
1.1×108Script error: No such module "String".J ≈ 1 therm, depending on the temperature[63]
1.1×108Script error: No such module "String".J ≈ 1 Tour de France, or ~90 hours[130] ridden at 5 W/kg[131] by a 65 kg rider[132]
7.3×108Script error: No such module "String".J ≈ Energy from burning 16 kilograms of oil (using 135 kg per barrel of light crude)Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
109Script error: No such module "anchor". giga- (GJ) 1×109Script error: No such module "String".J Energy in an average lightning bolt[133] (thunder)
1.1×109Script error: No such module "String".J Magnetic stored energy in the world's largest toroidal superconducting magnet for the ATLAS experiment at CERN, Geneva[134]
1.2×109Script error: No such module "String".J Inflight 100-ton Boeing 757-200 at 300 knots (154 m/s)
1.4×109Script error: No such module "String".J Theoretical minimum amount of energy required to melt a tonne of steel (380 kWh)[135][136]
1.77×109Script error: No such module "String".J Theoretical minimum energy required for a 1 kg object on Jupiter to accelerate to Jupiter's escape velocity and thus leave its gravity well.[137][138]
2×109Script error: No such module "String".J Combustion energy of 61 liters of gasoline in a standard fuel tank of a car.[110][139][140]
2×109Script error: No such module "String".J Derived unit of energy in Planck units,[141] roughly the diesel tank energy of a mid-sized truck. Its mass-equivalent is the Planck mass.
2.49×109Script error: No such module "String".J Approximate kinetic energy carried by American Airlines Flight 11 at the moment of impact with WTC 1 on September 11, 2001.[142][143]
3×109Script error: No such module "String".J Inflight 125-ton Boeing 767-200 flying at 373 knots (192 m/s)
3.3×109Script error: No such module "String".J Approximate average amount of energy expended by a human heart muscle over an 80-year lifetime[144][145]
3.6×109Script error: No such module "String".J = 1 MW·h (megawatt-hour)
4.2×109Script error: No such module "String".J Energy released by explosion of 1 ton of TNT.
4.5×109Script error: No such module "String".J Average annual energy usage of a standard refrigerator[146][147]
6.1×109Script error: No such module "String".J ≈ 1 bboe (barrel of oil equivalent)[148]
1010 1.9×1010Script error: No such module "String".J Kinetic energy of an Airbus A380 at cruising speed (560 tonnes at 511 knots or 263 m/s)
4.2×1010Script error: No such module "String".J ≈ 1 toe (ton of oil equivalent)[148]
4.6×1010Script error: No such module "String".J Yield energy of a Massive Ordnance Air Blast bomb, the second most powerful non-nuclear weapon ever designed[149][150]
7.3×1010Script error: No such module "String".J Energy consumed by the average U.S. automobile in the year 2000[151][152][153]
8.6×1010Script error: No such module "String".J ≈ 1 MW·d (megawatt-day), used in the context of power plants (24 MW·h)[154]
8.8×1010Script error: No such module "String".J Total energy released in the nuclear fission of one gram of uranium-235[40][41][155]
9×1010Script error: No such module "String".J Total mass-energy of 1 milligram of matter (25 MW·h)
1011 1.1×1011Script error: No such module "String".J Kinetic energy of a regulation baseball thrown at lightning speed (120 km/s = 270,000 mph = 435,000 km/h).[156]
2.4×1011Script error: No such module "String".J Approximate food energy consumed by an average human in an 80-year lifetime.[157]

1012 to 1017 J

List of orders of magnitude for energy
Factor (joules) SI prefix Value Item
1012Script error: No such module "anchor". tera- (TJ) 1.85×1012Script error: No such module "String".J Gravitational potential energy of the Twin Towers, combined, accumulated throughout their construction and released during the collapse of the complex.[158][159][160]
3.4×1012Script error: No such module "String".J Maximum fuel energy of an Airbus A330-300 (97,530 liters[161] of Jet A-1[162])[163]
3.6×1012Script error: No such module "String".J 1 GW·h (gigawatt-hour)[164]
4×1012Script error: No such module "String".J Electricity generated by one 20-kg CANDU fuel bundle assuming ~29%[165] thermal efficiency of reactor[166][167]
4.2×1012Script error: No such module "String".J Chemical energy released by the detonation of 1 kiloton of TNT[63][168]
6.4×1012Script error: No such module "String".J Energy contained in jet fuel in a Boeing 747-100B aircraft at max fuel capacity (183,380 liters[169] of Jet A-1[162])[170]
1013 1.1×1013Script error: No such module "String".J Energy of the maximum fuel an Airbus A380 can carry (320,000 liters[171] of Jet A-1[162])[172]
1.2×1013Script error: No such module "String".J Orbital kinetic energy of the International Space Station (417 tonnes[173] at 7.7 km/s[174])[175]
1.20×1013Script error: No such module "String".J Orbital kinetic energy of the Parker Solar Probe as it dives deep into the Sun's gravity well in December 2024, reaching a peak velocity of 430,000 mph.[176][177][178]
6.3×1013Script error: No such module "String".J Yield of the Little Boy atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima in World War II (15 kilotons)[179][180]
9×1013Script error: No such module "String".J Theoretical total mass–energy of 1 gram of matter (25 GW·h) [181]
1014 1.8×1014Script error: No such module "String".J Energy released by annihilation of 1 gram of antimatter and matter (50 GW·h)
3.75×1014Script error: No such module "String".J Total energy released by the Chelyabinsk meteor.[182]
6×1014Script error: No such module "String".J Energy released by an average hurricane per day[183]
1015 peta- (PJ) Script error: No such module "anchor". > 1015Script error: No such module "String".J Energy released by a severe thunderstorm[184]
1×1015Script error: No such module "String".J Yearly electricity consumption in Greenland as of 2008[185][186]
4.2×1015Script error: No such module "String".J Energy released by explosion of 1 megaton of TNT[63][187]
1016 1×1016Script error: No such module "String".J Estimated impact energy released in forming Meteor CraterScript error: No such module "Unsubst".
1.1×1016Script error: No such module "String".J Yearly electricity consumption in Mongolia as of 2010[185][188]
6.3×1016Script error: No such module "String".J Yield of Castle Bravo, the most powerful nuclear weapon tested by the United States[189]
7.9×1016Script error: No such module "String".J Kinetic energy of a regulation baseball thrown at 99% the speed of light (KE = mc^2 × [γ-1], where the Lorentz factor γ ≈ 7.09).[190]
9×1016Script error: No such module "String".J Mass–energy of 1 kilogram of matter[191]
1017 1.4×1017Script error: No such module "String".J Seismic energy released by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake[192]
1.7×1017Script error: No such module "String".J Total energy from the Sun that strikes the face of the Earth each second[193]
2.1×1017Script error: No such module "String".J Yield of the Tsar Bomba, the most powerful nuclear weapon ever tested (50 megatons)[194][195]
2.552×1017Script error: No such module "String".J Total energy of the 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai eruption[196][197]
4.2×1017Script error: No such module "String".J Yearly electricity consumption of Norway as of 2008[185][198]
4.516×1017Script error: No such module "String".J Energy needed to accelerate one ton of mass to 0.1c (~30,000 km/s)[199]
8.4x1017Script error: No such module "String".J Estimated energy released by the eruption of the Indonesian volcano, Krakatoa, in 1883[200][201][202]

1018 to 1023 J

List of orders of magnitude for energy
Factor (joules) SI prefix Value Item
1018 exa- (EJ) Script error: No such module "anchor". 9.4×1018Script error: No such module "String".J Worldwide nuclear-powered electricity output in 2023.[203][204]
1019 1×1019Script error: No such module "String".J Thermal energy released by the 1991 Pinatubo eruption[205]
1.1×1019Script error: No such module "String".J Seismic energy released by the 1960 Valdivia Earthquake[205]
1.2×1019Script error: No such module "String".J Explosive yield of global nuclear arsenal[206] (2.86 Gigatons)
1.4×1019Script error: No such module "String".J Yearly electricity consumption in the U.S. as of 2009[185][207]
1.4×1019J Yearly electricity production in the U.S. as of 2009[208][209]
5×1019Script error: No such module "String".J Energy released in 1 day by an average hurricane in producing rain (400 times greater than the wind energy)[183]
6.4×1019Script error: No such module "String".J Yearly electricity consumption of the world since 2008Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[210][211]
6.8×1019Script error: No such module "String".J Yearly electricity generation of the world since 2008Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[210][212]
1020 1.4×1020Script error: No such module "String".J Total energy released in the 1815 Mount Tambora eruption[213]
2.33×1020Script error: No such module "String".J Kinetic energy of a carbonaceous chondrite meteor 1 km in diameter striking Earth's surface at 20 km/s.[214] Such an impact occurs every ~500,000 years.[215]
2.4×1020Script error: No such module "String".J Total latent heat energy released by Hurricane Katrina[216]
5×1020Script error: No such module "String".J Total world annual energy consumption in 2010[217][218]
6.2×1020Script error: No such module "String".J World primary energy generation in 2023 (620 EJ).[219][220]
8×1020Script error: No such module "String".J Estimated global uranium resources for generating electricity 2005[221][222][223][224]
1021 zetta- (ZJ) Script error: No such module "anchor". 6.9×1021Script error: No such module "String".J Estimated energy contained in the world's natural gas reserves as of 2010[217][225]
7.0×1021Script error: No such module "String".J Thermal energy released by the Toba eruption[205]
7.9×1021Script error: No such module "String".J Estimated energy contained in the world's petroleum reserves as of 2010[217][226]
9.3×1021Script error: No such module "String".J Annual net uptake of thermal energy by the global ocean during 2003-2018[227]
1022 1.2×1022J Seismic energy of a magnitude 11 earthquake on Earth (M 11)[228]
1.5×1022J Total energy from the Sun that strikes the face of the Earth each day[193][229]
1.94×1022J Impact event that formed the Siljan Ring, the largest impact structure in Europe[230]
2.4×1022Script error: No such module "String".J Estimated energy contained in the world's coal reserves as of 2010[217][231]
2.9×1022Script error: No such module "String".J Identified global uranium-238 resources using fast reactor technology[221]
3.9×1022Script error: No such module "String".J Estimated energy contained in the world's fossil fuel reserves as of 2010[217][232]
4.0×1022Script error: No such module "String".J Mass-energy equivalent of the International Space Station (ISS), weighing around 450 tons.[233][234]
8.03×1022Script error: No such module "String".J Total energy of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake[235]
1023 1.5×1023Script error: No such module "String".J Total energy of the 1960 Valdivia earthquake[236]
2.2×1023Script error: No such module "String".J Total global uranium-238 resources using fast reactor technology[221]
3×1023Script error: No such module "String".J The energy released in the formation of the Chicxulub Crater in the Yucatán Peninsula[237]

Over 1024 J

Script error: No such module "anchor".

List of orders of magnitude for energy
Factor (joules) SI prefix Value Item
1024 yotta- (YJ) 2.31×1024Script error: No such module "String".J Total energy of the Sudbury impact event[238]
2.69×1024Script error: No such module "String".J Rotational energy of Venus, which has a sidereal period of (-)243 Earth days.[239][240][241] The anomalously low value derives its origin from the deceleration of its rotation by atmospheric tides induced by the Sun.[242]
3.8×1024Script error: No such module "String".J Radiative heat energy released from the Earth's surface each year[205]
5.5×1024Script error: No such module "String".J Total energy from the Sun that strikes the face of the Earth each year[193][243]
1025 4×1025Script error: No such module "String".J Total energy of the Carrington Event in 1859[244]
1026 >1026J Estimated energy of early Archean asteroid impacts[245]
3.2×1026Script error: No such module "String".J Bolometric energy of Proxima Centauri's superflare in March 2016 (10^33.5 erg). In one year, potentially five similar superflares erupts from the surface of the red dwarf.[246]
3.828×1026Script error: No such module "String".J Total radiative energy output of the Sun per second,[247] as defined by the IAU.[248]
1027 ronna- (RJ) 1×1027Script error: No such module "String".J Estimated energy released by the impact that created the Caloris basin on Mercury.[249]
1×1027Script error: No such module "String".J Upper limit of the most energetic solar flares possible (X1000)[250]
5.19×1027Script error: No such module "String".J Thermal input necessary to evaporate all surface water on Earth.[251][252][253] Note that the evaporated water still remains on Earth, merely in vapor form.
4.2×1027Script error: No such module "String".J Kinetic energy of a regulation baseball thrown at the speed of the Oh-My-God particle, itself a cosmic ray proton with the kinetic energy of a baseball thrown at 60Script error: No such module "String".mph (~50Script error: No such module "String".J).[254]
1028 3.845×1028Script error: No such module "String".J Kinetic energy of the Moon in its orbit around the Earth (counting only its velocity relative to the Earth)[255][256]
7×1028Script error: No such module "String".J Total energy of the stellar superflare from V1355 Orionis[257][258]
1029 2.1×1029Script error: No such module "String".J Rotational energy of the Earth[259][260][261]
1030 quetta-(QJ) 1.79×1030Script error: No such module "String".J Rough estimate of the gravitational binding energy of Mercury.[262]
1031 2×1031Script error: No such module "String".J The Theia Impact, the most energetic event ever in Earth's history[263][264]
3.3×1031J Total energy output of the Sun each day[247][265]
1032 1.71×1032Script error: No such module "String".J Gravitational binding energy of the Earth[266]
3.10×1032Script error: No such module "String".J Yearly energy output of Sirius B, the ultra-dense and Earth-sized white dwarf companion of Sirius, the Dog Star. It has a surface temperature of about 25,200 K.[267]
1033 2.7×1033Script error: No such module "String".J Earth's kinetic energy at perihelion in its orbit around the Sun[268][269]
1034 1.2×1034Script error: No such module "String".J Total energy output of the Sun each year[247][270]
4.13×1034Script error: No such module "String".J Rotational energy of Jupiter, calculated using an updated value for the moment of inertia factor of 0.26393 ± 0.00001.[271][272][273]
1035 3.5×1035Script error: No such module "String".J The most energetic stellar superflare to date (V2487 Ophiuchi)[274]
1038 7.53×1038Script error: No such module "String".J Baryonic (ordinary) mass-energy contained in a volume of one cubic light-year, on average.[275][276]
1039  2–5×1039 J Energy of the giant flare (starquake) released by SGR 1806-20[277][278][279]
6.60×1039 JScript error: No such module "String". Theoretical total mass–energy of the Moon[280][281]
1040  1.61×1040Script error: No such module "String".J Baryonic mass-energy contained in a volume of one cubic parsec, on average.[276][282]
1041 2.28×1041Script error: No such module "String".J Gravitational binding energy of the Sun[283]
5.37×1041Script error: No such module "String".J Mass–energy equivalent of the Earth[284][285]
1043 5×1043Script error: No such module "String".J Total energy of all gamma rays in a typical gamma-ray burst if collimated[286][287]
>1043 J Total energy in a typical fast blue optical transient (FBOT)[288]
1044 ~1044 J Average value of a Tidal Disruption Event (TDE) in optical/UV bands[289]
~1044 J Estimated kinetic energy released by FBOT CSS161010[290]
~1044Script error: No such module "String".J Total energy released in a typical supernova,[291][292] sometimes referred to as a foe.
1.23×1044Script error: No such module "String".J Approximate lifetime energy output of the Sun.[293][294]
1.71×1044Script error: No such module "String".J Mass-energy equivalent of Jupiter, the most massive planet in our Solar System[295]
Script error: No such module "val". Total energy of a typical gamma-ray burst if collimated[291]
5.8 × 1044Script error: No such module "String".J Kinetic energy of the star S2 as it made its closest approach to Sagittarius A*, the galactic center SMBH, at 7,650 km/s on May 2018.[296][297]
1045 ~1045 J Estimated energy released in a hypernova and pair instability supernova[298]
1045 J Energy released by the energetic supernova, SN 2016aps[299][300]
1.7-1.9×1045J Energy released by hypernova ASASSN-15lh[301]
2.3×1045 J Energy released by the energetic supernova PS1-10adi[302][303]
>1045 J Estimated energy of a magnetorotational hypernova[304]
>1045Script error: No such module "String".J Total energy (energy in gamma rays+relativistic kinetic energy) of hyper-energetic gamma-ray burst if collimated[305][306][307][308][309]
1046 >1046Script error: No such module "String".J Estimated energy in theoretical quark-novae[310]
~1046Script error: No such module "String".J Upper limit of the total energy of a supernova[311][312]
1.5×1046Script error: No such module "String".J Total energy of the most energetic optical non-quasar transient, AT2021lwx[313]
2.5×1046Script error: No such module "String".J Estimated upper limit of Extreme Nuclear Transients (ENTs), an extreme version of TDEs discovered in 2025[314]
1047 1045-47 J Estimated energy of stellar mass rotational black holes by vacuum polarization in an electromagnetic field[315][316]
1047 J Total energy of a very energetic and relativistic jetted Tidal Disruption Event (TDE)[317]
~1047 J Upper limit of collimated- corrected total energy of a gamma-ray burst[318][319][320]
1.8×1047Script error: No such module "String".J Theoretical total mass–energy of the Sun[321][322]
5.4×1047Script error: No such module "String".J Mass–energy emitted as gravitational waves during the merger of two black holes, originally about 30 Solar masses each, as observed by LIGO (GW150914)[323]
8.6×1047Script error: No such module "String".J Mass–energy emitted as gravitational waves during the most energetic black hole merger observed until 2020 (GW170729)[324]
8.8×1047Script error: No such module "String".J GRB 080916C – formerly the most powerful gamma-ray burst (GRB) ever recorded – total/true[325] isotropic energy output estimated at 8.8 × 1047 joules (8.8 × 1054 erg), or 4.9 times the Sun's mass turned to energy[326]
1048 1048 J Estimated energy of a supermassive Population III star supernova, denominated "General Relativistic Instability Supernova."[327][328]
~1.2×1048 J Approximate energy released in the most energetic black hole merging to date (GW190521), which originated the first intermediate-mass black hole ever detected[329][330][331][332][333]
1.2–3×1048 J GRB 221009A – the most powerful gamma-ray burst (GRB) ever recorded – total/true[325][334] isotropic energy output estimated at 1.2–3 × 1048 joules (1.2–3 × 1055 erg)[335][336][337]
1050 ≳1050 J Upper limit of isotropic energy (Eiso) of Population III stars Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs).[338]
1053 >1053 J Mechanical energy of very energetic so-called "quasar tsunamis"[339][340]
6×1053Script error: No such module "String".J Total mechanical energy or enthalpy in the powerful AGN outburst in the RBS 797[341]
7.65×1053Script error: No such module "String".J Mass-energy of Sagittarius A*, Milky Way's central supermassive black hole[342][343]
1054 3×1054Script error: No such module "String".J Total mechanical energy or enthalpy in the powerful AGN outburst in the Hercules A (3C 348)[344]
1055 >1055Script error: No such module "String".J Total mechanical energy or enthalpy in the powerful AGN outburst in the MS 0735.6+7421,[345] Ophiucus Supercluster Explosion[346] and supermassive black holes mergings[347][348]
1057 ~1057 J Estimated rotational energy of M87 SMBH and total energy of the most luminous quasars over Gyr time-scales[349][350]
~2×1057 J Estimated thermal energy of the Bullet Cluster of galaxies[351]
7.3×1057 J Mass-energy equivalent of the ultramassive black hole TON 618, an extremely luminous quasar / active galactic nucleus (AGN).[352][353]
1058 ~1058 J Estimated total energy (in shockwaves, turbulence, gases heating up, gravitational force) of galaxy clusters mergings[354]
4×1058Script error: No such module "String".J Visible mass–energy in our galaxy, the Milky Way[355][356]
1059 1×1059Script error: No such module "String".J Total mass–energy of our galaxy, the Milky Way, including dark matter and dark energy[357][358]
1.4×1059Script error: No such module "String".J Mass-energy of the Andromeda galaxy (M31), ~0.8 trillion solar masses.[359][360]
1062 1–2×1062Script error: No such module "String".J Total mass–energy of the Virgo Supercluster including dark matter, the Supercluster which contains the Milky Way[361]
1066 1.207×1066Script error: No such module "String".J Average mass-energy of ordinary matter contained within one cubic gigaparsec in the observable universe.[362]
1070 1.462×1070Script error: No such module "String".J Rough estimate of total mass–energy of ordinary matter (atoms; baryons) present in the observable universe.[363][364][276]
1071 3.177×1071Script error: No such module "String".J Rough estimate of total mass-energy within our observable universe, accounting for all forms of matter and energy.[365][276]

SI multiples

SI multiples of joule (J)
Submultiples Multiples
Value SI symbol Name Value SI symbol Name
10−1 J dJ decijoule 101 J daJ decajoule
10−2 J cJ centijoule 102 J hJ hectojoule
10−3 J mJ millijoule 103 J kJ kilojoule
10−6 J μJ microjoule 106 J MJ megajoule
10−9 J nJ nanojoule 109 J GJ gigajoule
10−12 J pJ picojoule 1012 J TJ terajoule
10−15 J fJ femtojoule 1015 J PJ petajoule
10−18 J aJ attojoule 1018 J EJ exajoule
10−21 J zJ zeptojoule 1021 J ZJ zettajoule
10−24 J yJ yoctojoule 1024 J YJ yottajoule
10−27 J rJ rontojoule 1027 J RJ ronnajoule
10−30 J qJ quectojoule 1030 J QJ quettajoule

The joule is named after James Prescott Joule. As with every SI unit named after a person, its symbol starts with an upper case letter (J), but when written in full, it follows the rules for capitalisation of a common noun; i.e., joule becomes capitalised at the beginning of a sentence and in titles but is otherwise in lower case.

See also

Script error: No such module "Portal".

Notes

<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Energy of a photon: E= h x v.= 6.626e-34 x 1 = 6.626e-34 J.
  4. ↑ Calculated: KEavg = (3/2) × Boltzmann constant × Temperature
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Calculated: Ephoton = hν = 6.626Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J-s × 1Template:E Hz = 6.6Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J. In eV: 6.6Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J / 1.6Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J/eV = 4.1Template:E eV.
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Calculated: Ephoton = hν = 6.626Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J-s × 2.45Template:E Hz = 1.62Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J. In eV: 1.62Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J / 1.6Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J/eV = 1.0Template:E eV.
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Calculated: KEavg ≈ (3/2) × T × 1.38Template:E = (3/2) × 1 × 1.38Template:E ≈ 2.07Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J
  11. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Calculated: 1Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J / 6.022Template:E entities per mole = 1.7Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J per entity
  13. ↑ Calculated: 1.381Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J/K × 298.15 K / 2 = 2.1Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J
  14. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Calculated: 2 to 4Script error: No such module "String".kJ/mol = 2Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J / 6.022Template:E molecules/mol = 3.3Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J. In eV: 3.3Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J / 1.6Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J/eV = 0.02 eV. 4Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J / 6.022Template:E molecules/mol = 6.7Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J. In eV: 6.7Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J / 1.6Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J/eV = 0.04 eV.
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Calculated: 4 to 13Script error: No such module "String".kJ/mol. 4Script error: No such module "String".kJ/mol = 4Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J / 6.022Template:E molecules/mol = 6.7Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J. In eV: 6.7Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J / 1.6Template:E eV/J = 0.042 eV. 13Script error: No such module "String".kJ/mol = 13Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J / 6.022Template:E molecules/mol = 2.2Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J. In eV: 13Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J / 6.022Template:E molecules/mol / 1.6Template:E eV/J = 0.13 eV.
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Calculated: 0.28 eV × 1.6Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J/eV = 4.5Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Calculated: E = hc/λ. E780 nm = 6.6Template:E kg-m2/s × 3Template:E m/s / (780Template:E m) = 2.5Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J. E_390 _nm = 6.6Template:E kg-m2/s × 3Template:E m/s / (390Template:E m) = 5.1Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J
  23. ↑ Calculated: 50 kcal/mol × 4.184Script error: No such module "String".J/calorie / 6.0Template:Ee23 molecules/mol = 3.47Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J. (3.47Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J / 1.60Template:E eV/J = 2.2 eV.) and 200 kcal/mol × 4.184Script error: No such module "String".J/calorie / 6.0Template:Ee23 molecules/mol = 1.389Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J. (7.64Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J / 1.60Template:E eV/J = 8.68 eV.)
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Calculated: 1/2 × 27Template:E g × (3.5 miles per hour)2 = 3Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".. "The eardrum is a [...] membran[e] with an area of 65 mm2."
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Calculated: two eardrums ≈ 1 cm2. 1Template:E W/m2 × 1Template:E m2 × 1 s = 1Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Calculated: 170Template:E eV × 1.6Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J/eV = 2.7Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  42. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  43. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  44. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  45. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  46. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  47. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  48. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  49. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  50. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  51. ↑ Calculated: 7Template:E g × 9.8 m/s2 × 1Template:E m
  52. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  53. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  54. ↑ Calculated: 50Template:E eV × 1.6Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J/eV = 8Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J
  55. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  56. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  57. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  58. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  59. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  60. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  61. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  62. ↑ Calculated: 400Template:E eV × 1.6Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J/eV = 6.4Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J
  63. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  64. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  65. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  66. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  67. ↑ Calculated: 6.5Template:E eV per beam × 1.6Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J/eV = 1.04Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J
  68. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  69. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  70. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  71. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  72. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  73. ↑ Calculated: m×g×h = 11.34Template:E kg × 9.8 m/s2 × 1 m = 1.1Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J
  74. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  75. ↑ Calculated: m×g×h = 1Template:E kg × 9.8 m/s2 × 1 m = 1Script error: No such module "String".J
  76. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  77. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  78. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  79. ↑ Calculated: 5Template:E eV × 1.6Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J/ev = 8Script error: No such module "String".J
  80. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  81. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  82. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  83. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  84. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  85. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  86. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  87. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  88. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  89. ↑ Kinetic energy at start of jump = potential energy at high point of jump. Using a mass of 70 kg and a high point of 40 cm => energy = m×g×h = 70 kg × 9.8 m/s2 × 40Template:E m = 274Script error: No such module "String".J
  90. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  91. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  92. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  93. ↑ Calculated: 1/2 × 0.8 kg × (30 m/s)2 = 360Script error: No such module "String".J
  94. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  95. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  96. ↑ Calculated: 1/2 × 7.26 kg × (14.7 m/s)2 = 784Script error: No such module "String".J
  97. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  98. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  99. ↑ powerlabs.org – The PowerLabs Solid State Can Crusher!, 2002
  100. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  101. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  102. ↑ Calculated: 1/2 × 7.26 kg × (30.7 m/s)2 = 3420Script error: No such module "String".J
  103. ↑ a b 4.2Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J/ton of TNT-equivalent × (1 ton/1Template:E grams) = 4.2Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J/gram of TNT-equivalent
  104. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  105. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  106. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  107. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  108. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  109. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  110. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  111. ↑ Calculated: E = 1/2 m×v2 = 1/2 × (1Template:E kg) × (1Template:E m/s)2 = 5Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J.
  112. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  113. ↑ Calculated: Using car weights of 1 ton to 5 tons. E = 1/2 m×v2 = 1/2 × (1Template:E kg) × (55 mph × 1600 m/mi / 3600 s/hr) = 3.0Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J. E = 1/2 × (5Template:E kg) × (55 mph × 1600 m/mi / 3600 s/hr) = 15Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J.
  114. ↑ Calculated: KE = 1/2 × 2Template:E kg × (32 m/s)2 = 1.0Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J
  115. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  116. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  117. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  118. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  119. ↑ Calculated: 2000 food calories = 2.0Template:E cal × 4.184Script error: No such module "String".J/cal = 8.4Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J
  120. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  121. ↑ Calculated: 1/2 × m × v2 = 1/2 × 48.78 kg × (655 m/s)2 = 1.0Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J.
  122. ↑ Calculated: 2600 food calories = 2.6Template:E cal × 4.184Script error: No such module "String".J/cal = 1.1Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J
  123. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  124. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  125. ↑ Calculated J per dollar: 1 million BTU/$28.90 = 1Template:E BTU / 28.90 dollars × 1.055Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J/BTU = 3.65Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J/dollar
  126. ↑ Calculated cost per kWh: 1 kWh × 3.60Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J/kWh / 3.65Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J/dollar = 0.0986 dollar/kWh
  127. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  128. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  129. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  130. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  131. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  132. ↑ Calculated: 90 hr × 3600 seconds/hr × 5 W/kg × 65 kg = 1.1Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J
  133. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  134. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  135. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  136. ↑ Calculated: 380 kW-h × 3.6Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J/kW-h = 1.37Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J
  137. ↑ 12×1kg×(59.5km/s)2=1.7701×109J≈1.77GJ
  138. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  139. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  140. ↑ thepartsbin.com – Volvo Fuel Tank: Compare at The Parts BinScript error: No such module "Unsubst"., 6 May 2012
  141. ↑ EP=ℏc5G
  142. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  143. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  144. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  145. ↑ Calculated: 1.3Script error: No such module "String".J/s × 80 years × 3.16Template:E s/year = 3.3Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J
  146. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  147. ↑ Calculated: 1239 kWh × 3.6Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J/kWh = 4.5Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J
  148. ↑ a b Energy Units Template:Webarchive, by Arthur Smith, 21 January 2005
  149. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  150. ↑ Calculated: 11 tons of TNT-equivalent × 4.184Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J/ton of TNT-equivalent = 4.6Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J
  151. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  152. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  153. ↑ Calculated: 581 gallons × 125Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J/gal = 7.26Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J
  154. ↑ Calculated: 1Template:E watts × 86400 seconds/day = 8.6Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J
  155. ↑ Calculated: 3.44Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J/U-235-fission × 1Template:E kg / (235 amu per U-235-fission × 1.66Template:E amu/kg) = 8.82Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J
  156. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  157. ↑ Calculated: 2000 kcal/day × 365 days/year × 80 years = 2.4Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J
  158. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  159. ↑ Equation for calculating potential assumes that the towers' center of mass is located halfway along the building's height of ~416 meters.
  160. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  161. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  162. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  163. ↑ Calculated: 97530 liters × 0.804 kg/L × 43.15 MJ/kg = 3.38Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J
  164. ↑ Calculated: 1Template:E watts × 3600 seconds/hour
  165. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  166. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  167. ↑ Calculated: 7500Template:E watt-days/tonne × (0.020 tonnes per bundle) × 86400 seconds/day = 1.3Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J of burnup energy. Electricity = burnup × ~29% efficiency = 3.8Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J
  168. ↑ Calculated: 4.2Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J/ton of TNT-equivalent × 1Template:E tons/megaton = 4.2Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J/megaton of TNT-equivalent
  169. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  170. ↑ Calculated: 183380 liters × 0.804 kg/L × 43.15 MJ/kg = 6.36Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J
  171. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  172. ↑ Calculated: 320,000 L × 0.804 kg/L × 43.15  MJ/kg = 11.1Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J
  173. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  174. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  175. ↑ Calculated: E = 1/2 m.v2 = 1/2 × 417000 kg × (7700m/s)2 = 1.2Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J
  176. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  177. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  178. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  179. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  180. ↑ Calculated: 15 kt = 15Template:E grams of TNT-equivalent × 4.2Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J/gram TNT-equivalent = 6.3Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J
  181. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  182. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  183. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  184. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  185. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  186. ↑ Calculated: 288.6Template:E kWh × 3.60Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J/kWh = 1.04Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J
  187. ↑ Calculated: 4.2Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J/ton of TNT-equivalent × 1Template:E tons/megaton = 4.2Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J/megaton of TNT-equivalent
  188. ↑ Calculated: 3.02Template:E kWh × 3.60Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J/kWh = 1.09Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J
  189. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  190. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  191. ↑ Calculated: E = mc2 = 1 kg × (2.998Template:E m/s)2 = 8.99Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J
  192. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  193. ↑ a b c The Earth has a cross section of 1.274×1014 square meters and the solar constant is 1361 watts per square meter. Note, however, that because portions of Earth reflect light well, the actual energy absorbed is about 1.2*10^17 watts, from an average albedo of 0.3.
  194. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  195. ↑ Calculated: 50Template:E tons TNT-equivalent × 4.2Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J/ton TNT-equivalent = 2.1Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J
  196. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  197. ↑ Calculated to be 61 megatons of TNT, equivalent to 2.552Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J
  198. ↑ Calculated: 115.6Template:E kWh × 3.60Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J/kWh = 4.16Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J
  199. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  200. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  201. ↑ Calculated: 200Template:E tons of TNT equivalent × 4.2Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J/ton of TNT equivalent = 8.4Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J
  202. ↑ This value appears to be referred only to the third explosion on 27 August, 10.02 a.m. According to reports, the third explosion was by far the largest; it is associated to the biggest sound in the recorded history, the highest tsunami during the eruption and the most powerful shock waves rounded the world several times. 200 Megatons of TNT are often referred as the total energy released by the entire eruption, but it's plausible that are rather the energy released by the single third explosion, considering the effects.[1][2]
  203. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  204. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  205. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  206. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  207. ↑ Calculated: 3.741Template:E kWh × 3.600Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J/kWh = 1.347Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J
  208. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  209. ↑ Calculated: 3.953Template:E kWh × 3.600Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J/kWh = 1.423Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J
  210. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  211. ↑ Calculated: 17.8Template:E kWh × 3.60Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J/kWh = 6.41Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J
  212. ↑ Calculated: 18.95Template:E kWh × 3.60Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J/kWh = 6.82Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J
  213. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  214. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  215. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  216. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  217. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  218. ↑ Calculated: 12002.4Template:E tonnes of oil equivalent × 42Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J/tonne of oil equivalent = 5.0Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J
  219. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  220. ↑ "2023 saw a second consecutive record year for global primary energy consumption as it grew by 2%, reaching 620 EJ."
  221. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  222. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  223. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  224. ↑ Final number is computed. Energy Outlook 2007 shows 15.9% of world energy is nuclear. IAEA estimates conventional uranium stock, at today's prices is sufficient for 85 years. Convert billion kilowatt-hours to joules then: 6.25×1019×0.159×85 = 8.01×1020.
  225. ↑ Calculated: "6608.9 trillion cubic feet" => 6608.9Template:E billion cubic feet × 0.025 million tonnes of oil equivalent/billion cubic feet × 1Template:E tonnes of oil equivalent/million tonnes of oil equivalent × 42Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J/tonne of oil equivalent = 6.9Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J
  226. ↑ Calculated: "188.8 thousand million tonnes" => 188.8Template:E tonnes of oil × 42Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J/tonne of oil = 7.9Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J
  227. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".Calculated per reference: 0.58Script error: No such module "String".W·m−2 is 9.3Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J·yr−1 in the global domain
  228. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  229. ↑ Calculated: 1.27Template:E m2 × 1370 W/m2 × 86400 s/day = 1.5Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J
  230. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  231. ↑ Calculated: 860938 million tonnes of coal => 860938Template:E tonnes of coal × (1/1.5 tonne of oil equivalent / tonne of coal) × 42Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J/tonne of oil equivalent = 2.4Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J
  232. ↑ Calculated: natural gas + petroleum + coal = 6.9Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J + 7.9Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J + 2.4Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J = 3.9Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J
  233. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  234. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  235. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  236. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  237. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  238. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  239. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  240. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  241. ↑ Clarification of calculation: Rotational energy = (defined equal to) 1/2 * Moment of Inertia Factor * Mass * Radius^2 * Angular Velocity^2 The inertial factor has been normalized, and takes on a value between 0 and 1. In this case it is 0.337(24).
  242. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  243. ↑ Calculated: 1.27Template:E m2 × 1370 W/m2 × 86400 s/day = 5.5Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J
  244. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  245. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  246. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  247. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  248. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". pp.3
  249. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  250. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  251. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  252. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  253. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  254. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  255. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  256. ↑ KE=12⋅(7.349×1022kg)⋅(1.023×103m/s)2=3.845×1028J
  257. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  258. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  259. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  260. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  261. ↑ Calculated: E_rotational = 1/2 × I × w2 = 1/2 × (8.0Template:E kg m2) × (2×pi/(23.9345 hour period × 3600 seconds/hour))2 = 2.1Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J
  262. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  263. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  264. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  265. ↑ Calculated: 3.8Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J/s × 86400 s/day = 3.3Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J
  266. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  267. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  268. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  269. ↑ KE = 1/2 × 5.9722×10^24 kg × (30.29 km/s)^2 = 2.74×10^33 J
  270. ↑ Calculated: 3.8Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J/s × 86400 s/day × 365.25 days/year = 1.2Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J
  271. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  272. ↑ Rotational Energy = 1/2 × k (moment of inertia factor) × M × R^2 × ω^2, where angular velocity ω = 2 × π / rotational period.
  273. ↑ 12⋅0.26393⋅1.8982×1027kg⋅(71492km)2⋅(2π9.9250h)2=4.134×1034J
  274. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  275. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  276. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  277. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  278. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  279. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  280. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  281. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  282. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  283. ↑ U=(3/5)GM2rScript error: No such module "string".Chandrasekhar, S. 1939, An Introduction to the Study of Stellar Structure (Chicago: U. of Chicago; reprinted in New York: Dover), section 9, eqs. 90–92, p. 51 (Dover edition)Script error: No such module "string".Lang, K. R. 1980, Astrophysical Formulae (Berlin: Springer Verlag), p. 272
  284. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  285. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  286. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1". "the gamma-ray energy release, corrected for geometry, is narrowly clustered around 5 × 1050 erg"
  287. ↑ Calculated: 5Template:E erg × 1Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J/erg = 5Template:EScript error: No such module "String".J
  288. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  289. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  290. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  291. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  292. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  293. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  294. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  295. ↑ 1.899×1027kg×c2=1.707×1044J≈1.71×1044J
  296. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". pp 1: "... and a surface gravity of 4.1–4.2. These parameters imply a spectral type of B0-B3V for these stars. The inferred masses lie within 8–14M_Sun. We derive..."
  297. ↑ 8-14 M_Sun for S-stars around Sgr A*, according to paper. Employing a median of 10 solar masses: KE calc: 10 M_Sun x 1/2 x (7650 km/s)^2 ~ 5.8e+44 J.
  298. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  299. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  300. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  301. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  302. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  303. ↑ Both ASSASN-15lh and PS1-10adi are indicated as supernovae and probably they are; actually, other mechanisms are proposed to explain them, more or less in accordance to the characteristics of supernovae
  304. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  305. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  306. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  307. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  308. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  309. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  310. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  311. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  312. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  313. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  314. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  315. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  316. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  317. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  318. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  319. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  320. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  321. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  322. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  323. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  324. ↑ If GW190521 is a boson star merging, the present one remains the largest. See note [246][247]
  325. ↑ a b It is important to specify that the energetic reduction for beaming (invoked to explain so much energetics and jet breaks) is expected in the "Fireball model", which is the traditional one; other main models explain both Long and Short GRBs with binary systems, such as "Induced Gravitational Collapse", "Binary-Driven Hypernovae" which refer to the "Fireshell" one, in which cases the beaming isn't assumpted and the isotropic energy is a real value of energy due to the rotational energy of the stellar black hole and vacuum polarization in an electromagnetic field, which are able to explain energetics up and over 1047 J
  326. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  327. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  328. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  329. ↑ Assuming the uncertainties about the masses of the objects, the values of the LIGO Data are taken in consideration; so we have a newborn black hole with about 142 solar masses and the conversion in gravitational waves of about 7 solar masses
  330. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  331. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  332. ↑ A research claims that this is instead a boson stars merging with approximately 8 times more probability than the black hole case; if so, the existence and the collision of boson stars there would be confirmed together. Furthermore, the energy released and the distance would be reduced.[3] See the following note for the link of the research
  333. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  334. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  335. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  336. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  337. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  338. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  339. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  340. ↑ To determinate this value, the maximum energy of 1047 J for gamma-ray burts is taken in consideration; then six orders of magnitude are added, equivalent to ten million of years, the time frame in which the quasar tsunami will exceed the GRBs energetics over 1 million of times, according to the Nahum Arav's statement in the previous note
  341. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  342. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  343. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  344. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  345. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  346. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  347. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  348. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  349. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  350. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  351. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  352. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  353. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  354. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  355. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  356. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  357. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  358. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  359. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  360. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  361. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  362. ↑ Diameter of Observable Universe: 28.5 Gpc. Volume: 1/6 x pi x D^3 = 12121. Average per Gpc^3 : 1.462e+70 / 12121 ~ 1.206e+66 J.
  363. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  364. ↑ Details of calculation: WMAP 10 year survey's estimate of mass-energy density * volume of Observable Universe * percentage of which is ordinary matter: [9.9e-30 g/cm^3] * [3.566e+80 m^3] * [0.046] * [c^2] = 1.46e+70 Joules.
  365. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Template:Orders of magnitude

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