Enchodus

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Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox

Enchodus (from Template:Langx Template:Transliteration, 'spear' and Template:Langx Template:Transliteration 'tooth')[1] is an extinct genus of aulopiform ray-finned fish related to lancetfish and lizardfish. Species of Enchodus flourished during the Late Cretaceous, where they were a widespread component of marine ecosystems worldwide, and there is some evidence that they may have survived to the Paleocene or Eocene; however, this may just represent reworked Cretaceous material.[2][3][4]

Description

Enchodus species were small to medium in size, with E. zinensis reaching Template:Convert long.[5] One of the genus' most notable attributes are the large "fangs" at the front of the upper and lower jaws and on the palatine bones, leading to its misleading nickname among fossil hunters and paleoichthyologists, "the saber-toothed herring". These fangs, along with a long sleek body and large eyes, suggest Enchodus was a predatory species.[6]

E. petrosus, with standard length around Template:Convert[5] and sometimes over Template:Convert,[7] is known from common remains coming from the Niobrara Chalk, the Mooreville Chalk Formation, the Pierre Shale, and other geological formations deposited within the Western Interior Seaway and the Mississippi Embayment. Large individuals of this species had fangs measuring over Template:Convert in length, giving its skull an appearance somewhat reminiscent of modern deep-sea fishes, such as anglerfish and viperfish. Other species, such as E. parvus, were considerably smaller, measuring only some centimetres (a few inches) long.[8]

Despite being a formidable predator, remains of Enchodus are commonly found among the stomach contents of larger predators, including sharks, other bony fish, mosasaurs, plesiosaurs and seabirds such as Baptornis advenus.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Distribution

Enchodus fossils have been found all over the world. In North America, Enchodus remains have been recovered from most US states with fossiliferous Late Cretaceous rocks, including Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, Tennessee, Wyoming, Texas, California, North Carolina, and New Jersey. Fossils also have been found in the Aguja and El Doctor Formations of Mexico and the Ashville, Vermillion River and Dinosaur Park Formations, and Brown Bed Member of Canada. The taxon is also known from coeval strata in Mexico, South America (Tiupampan Santa Lucía Formation and Maastrichtian El Molino Formation of Bolivia, Paraíba, Pernambuco and Sergipe states of Brazil, as well as Argentina, Chile, and Peru[9]), Africa (Egypt, Morocco, the Congo, Angola, Niger, and Equatorial Guinea), the Middle East (Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine and Jordan), Europe (England, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Italy, Germany, Sweden, the Czech Republic, Slovenia, Greece, Ukraine[10] and Russia), India, and Japan.[11][12] Potentially the latest Enchodus remains are known from the earliest Eocene of Barmer, India.[3] However, it has also been suggested that all post-Cretaceous Enchodus records are just reworked material.[4]

Taxonomy

Species of Enchodus are generally classified into two different clades, the North American and the Mediterranean. It has been proposed that this distinction is the result of several isolated events between the two populations over the Late Cretaceous.[13] The earliest known species is E. zimapanensis from the late Albian or earliest Cenomanian of Mexico.[14] Potentially earlier remains are known from the late Barremian/early Aptian of Brazil (Morro de Chaves Formation), but these specimens are too fragmentary to confidently assign to this genus.[15][16]

Species

File:Enchodus gracilis.jpg
Specimen of E. gracilis
File:Enchodus petrosus 2.jpg
Reconstructed school of E. petrosus
File:Enchodus faujasi.jpg
Specimen of E. faujasi

Enchodus was a diverse, long-lived genus with many species known throughout its temporal and geographic range. The following valid species are known:[11][12][15][17]

  • E. brevis Chalifa, 1989Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Cenomanian of the West Bank, Palestine (Amminadav Formation), potentially Lebanon (Sannine Formation)
  • E. bursauxi (Arambourg, 1952)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Coniacian of Angola (Itombe Formation), Late Campanian of Egypt, Maastrichtian to potentially Danian of Morocco (Ouled Abdoun Basin)
  • E. dentex (Heckel, 1856)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Cenomanian of Slovenia (Komen Limestone)
  • E. dirus (Leidy, 1857)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Maastrichtian of the United States (Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, Severn Formation of Maryland), potentially Gavdos, Greece[18]
  • E. elegans Dartevelle & Casier 1949Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Coniacian of Angola (Itombe Formation), Maastrichtian of Brazil (Gramame Formation), Niger, Syria, and Jordan (Alhisa Phosphorite Formation); Maastrichtian to potentially Danian of Morocco (Ouled Abdoun Basin)
  • E. faujasi Agassiz, 1843Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Coniacian of Angola (Itombe Formation), Campanian of Israel (Mishash Formation), Maastrichtian of France (Calcarintes du Jadet Formation), Maastrichtian/potentially Danian of the Netherlands (Maastricht Formation)[19]
  • E. ferox Leidy, 1855Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Santonian of Orenburg, Russia; Campanian to Maastrichtian (potentially Paleocene) of the United States (Marshalltown, Mount Laurel, Navesink, and Hornerstown Formations of New Jersey, Marshalltown Formation of Delaware, Severn Formation of Maryland, Arkansas, Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota); Maastrichtian of Argentina (Jagüel Formation) and India (Intertrappean Beds)
  • E. gladiolus (Cope, 1872)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Cenomanian to Maastrichtian of the United States (Greenhorn Limestone of Colorado, Kansas & Iowa, Graneros Shale & Carlile Shale of Nebraska, Mancos Shale of New Mexico, Carlile Shale of Kansas, Arkansas, and Merchantville, Navesink & Hornerstown Formations of New Jersey), Santonian to Campanian of Russia (Orenburg, Rybushka Formation), Maastrichtian of Argentina (Jagüel Formation), potentially Peru (Vivian Formation)[9]
  • E. gracilis (von der Marck, 1858)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Campanian of Germany (Ahlen Formation)
  • E. lewesiensis (Mantell, 1822)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (type species) - Cenomanian to Coniacian of England (English Chalk, Seaford Formation), Cenomanian/Turonian of Germany (Hesseltal Formation)[20] and the Czech Republic, potentially Maastrichtian of Germany (Gerhardsreit Formation)
  • E. libycus (Quaas, 1902) - Cenomanian to Maastrichtian of Brazil (Cotinguiba Formation, Gramame Formation), Campanian of Egypt, Maastrichtian to potentially Danian of Morocco (Ouled Abdoun Basin)[21]
  • E. longidens (Pictet, 1850)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Santonian of Lebanon (Sahel Alma), potentially Paleocene/early Eocene of India (Akli Formation)[3]
  • E. longipectoralis (Schaeffer, 1947)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Cenomanian to Coniacian of Brazil (Cotinguiba Formation)
  • E. lycodon Kner, 1867 - Cenomanian of Slovenia (Komen Limestone)
  • E. macropterus (von der Marck, 1863) - Campanian of Germany (Baumberge Formation)
  • E. major Davis, 1887Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Santonian of Lebanon (Sahel Alma)
  • E. marchesettii (Kramberger, 1895)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Cenomanian of Lebanon (Sannine Formation)
  • E. mecoanalis Forey et al., 2003Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Cenomanian of Lebanon (Sannine Formation)
  • E. oliveirai Maury, 1930Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Cenomanian to Maastrichtian of Brazil (Cotinguiba & Gramame Formations)
  • E. petrosus Cope, 1874Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Cenomanian to late Campanian/early Maastrichtian of the United States (Tokio Formation of Arkansas, Carlile Shale of Kansas, Niobrara Formation of South Dakota, Mooreville & Demopolis Chalk of Alabama, Blufftown Formation of Georgia, Tar Heel Formation of North Carolina, Donoho Creek Formation of South Carolina, Navesink Formation of New Jersey), Turonian of Canada (Northwest Territories), Santonian to Campanian of Russia (Orenburg & Rybushka Formation)
  • E. shumardi Leidy, 1856Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Cenomanian to Santonian of the United States (Greenhorn Limestone of Iowa, Kansas & Colorado, Carlile & Graneros Shale of Nebraska & Kansas, Niobrara Formation of Kansas & South Dakota) and Canada (Ashville Formation of Saskatchewan, Kaskapau Formation of Alberta)
  • E. subaequilateralis Cope, 1885Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Maastrichtian of Brazil (Gramame Formation)
  • E. tineidae Holloway et al., 2017Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Campanian of Egypt (Duwi Formation)[13]
  • E. venator Arambourg, 1954Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Cenomanian of Morocco (Jbel Tselfat), Italy (Scaglia Variegata Alpina Formation), and Germany (Hesseltal Formation)
  • E. zinensis Chalifa, 1996 - Campanian/Maastrichtian of Egypt
  • E. zimapanensis Fielitz & González-Rodríguez, 2010Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Late Albian/Cenomanian of Mexico (El Doctor Formation)[14]

Many other dubious species based on insufficient remains have been described throughout its range. Even most of the valid Enchodus species are based on only isolated teeth and bones.[15] The genus Parenchodus, considered to be the sister genus of Enchodus, has been synonymized with this genus based on some studies.[15] However, more recent studies have found it to be a valid genus distinct from Enchodus.[13][18]

Phylogeny

Template:Cladogram

Gallery

References

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Further reading

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External links

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  5. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Enchodus at Fossilworks.org
  18. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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