Elphidium
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Template:Short description Template:More footnotes Template:Automatic taxobox
Elphidium is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of the species within this genus is disputed due to the high variability of some species.[1]
Description
Elphidium is generally around 1 mm in size. The test is spiral-shaped, and can be red, orange, or brown. This shell is made up of calcium carbonate. Species of this genus have seven to twenty chambers in the final whorl, and may have an umbilical plug on each side. Script error: No such module "Unsubst". In some species the rim is sharp, while in others it is more rounded. Another distinctive feature is the retral processes (small backward extensions of the chamber walls) that cross the sutures, giving some the appearance of tiny rolled up glass baskets. Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Elphidium crawls using a type of pseudopod called reticulopodia.
Life cycle
Elphidium shows dimorphism with alternating generations. The complete cycle for Elphidium crispum takes two years in the shallower marine regions, although it may be delayed at deeper stations. Asexual reproduction reaches a peak in spring of the first year. Sexual reproduction begins early in the second spring as temperatures begin to rise. The gametes conjugate outside in open sea to produce zygotes and the B form then develops and matures during the second summer. Lister (1895) observed Elphidium in two different forms as megalospheric form (sexual form) and microspheric form (asexual form). The megalospheric form was developed from the microspheric form. The gametes which gives rise to microspheric form by syngamy. Elphidium exhibits an alternation of generation in its life cycle. The megalospheric forms alternates with microspheric forms. The microspheric forms are developed by the conjugation or syngamy. It means there is always an alternations of asexual (microspheric) and sexual (megalospheric) generation in Elphidium. The microspheric form reproduces asexually by fission to produce a number of amoebulae. The inner cytoplasm mass containing several nuclei creeps out of the shell and remains as a lump around it. A small amount of cytoplasm collects around each nucleus. As a result, a large number of amoeboid cells are formed. Each amoebula secretes the proloculus, forms rhizopodia, then it grows and forms other chambers of the shell to become a megalospheric forms. The megalospheric form reproduces sexually by syngamy or conjugation. During sexual reproduction in megalospheric forms, nucleus first breaks up into many small nuclei and the cytoplasm collects around each of these nuclei. The nuclei divide twice giving rise to a large haploid and known as isogametes. Template:Clarify Isogametes of two different individuals fuse in pairs to form zygotes. These are then develops into microspheric form. The life cycle of Elphidium may be summarized as follows: the microspheric forms produce amoebulae by asexual fission which develops into megalospheric forms. The megalospheric forms produce flagellated isogametes which after syngamy produce zygotes that develop into microspheric forms. Thus, its life cycle clearly exhibits the phenomenon of alternations of asexual microspheric generations with sexual megalospheric generations.
Subdivisions
- Subgenus Elphidium (Parrellina) Carter, 1958
- Template:ExtinctElphidium (Parrellina) centrifugalis Carter, 1958
- Subgenus Elphidium (Polystomella) Heron-Allen & Earland, 1932
- Elphidium incertae sedis
- Elphidium abyssicola Ishiwada, 1964
- Elphidium aculeatum (d'Orbigny, 1846)
- Template:ExtinctElphidium adelaidense Howchin & Parr, 1938
- Elphidium advenum (Cushman, 1922)
- Template:ExtinctElphidium africanum LeRoy, 1953
- Template:ExtinctElphidium aguafrescaense Todd & Kniker, 1952
- Elphidium alaskense Cushman & Todd, 1947
- Elphidium albanii Hayward, 1997 in Hayward, Hollis & Grenfell, 1997
- Elphidium alvarezianum (d'Orbigny, 1839)
- Template:ExtinctElphidium ancestrum Le Calvez, 1950
- Elphidium argenteum Parr, 1945
- Template:ExtinctElphidium armenium Saakyan-Gezalyan, 1957
- Elphidium articulatum (d'Orbigny, 1839)
- Template:ExtinctElphidium asagaiense Asano, 1949
- Template:ExtinctElphidium asanoi Kaiho, 1984
- Template:ExtinctElphidium asanoi Matsunaga, 1963
- Elphidium asiaticum Polski, 1959
- Elphidium asklundi Brotzen, 1943
- Template:ExtinctElphidium australis Cushman & Parker, 1931
- Template:ExtinctElphidium azerbaidjanicum Mamedova, 1966
- Template:ExtinctElphidium aznaburticum Pronina, 1964
- Elphidium bartletti Cushman, 1933
- Elphidium batavum Hofker, 1968
- Elphidium batialis Saidova, 1961
- Template:ExtinctElphidium bhattacharyai Jauhri, 1994
- Elphidium biperforatus (Whittaker & Hodgkinson, 1979)
- Template:ExtinctElphidium bogdanowiczi Pronina, 1964
- Elphidium bosoense Fujita, 1956
- Elphidium botaniense Albani, 1981
- Template:ExtinctElphidium brooklynense Shupack, 1934
- Template:ExtinctElphidium californicum Cook Ms., 1959
- Elphidium capelavelaense McCulloch, 1981
- Template:ExtinctElphidium carenerosensis Bermúdez & Fuenmayor, 1966
- Template:ExtinctElphidium cariacoense Bermúdez & Seiglie, 1963
- Elphidium carpentariaense Albani & Yassini, 1993
- Elphidium carteri Hayward, 1997 in Hayward, Hollis & Grenfell, 1997
- Template:ExtinctElphidium cercadense Bermúdez, 1949
- Template:ExtinctElphidium chapmani Cushman, 1936
- Elphidium charlottense (Vella, 1957)
- Template:ExtinctElphidium cherifi Anan, 2010
- Template:ExtinctElphidium chilenum Todd & Kniker, 1952
- Template:ExtinctElphidium clarki Graham, 1950
- Template:ExtinctElphidium clavatum Cushman Em. Loeblich & Tappan, 1953
- Elphidium cochense McCulloch, 1981
- Elphidium collinsi Hayward, 1997 in Hayward, Hollis & Grenfell, 1997
- Elphidium colomboense McCulloch, 1977
- Template:ExtinctElphidium colomi Ferrer, 1971
- Elphidium complanatum (d'Orbigny, 1839)
- Template:ExtinctElphidium compressulum Copeland, 1964
- Template:ExtinctElphidium concinnum Khalilov, 1957
- Template:ExtinctElphidium concinnum Nicol, 1944
- Template:ExtinctElphidium consociatum Khalilov, 1957
- Template:ExtinctElphidium costiferum (Terquem, 1882)
- Template:ExtinctElphidium crassatum Cushman, 1936
- Elphidium crassimargo Shchedrina, 1984
- Elphidium craticulatum (Fichtel & Moll, 1798)
- Template:ExtinctElphidium crespinae Cushman, 1936
- Elphidium crispum (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Elphidium cristobalense McCulloch, 1981
- Elphidium cubaguaense McCulloch, 1981
- Template:ExtinctElphidium culebrense Cushman, 1936
- Elphidium cuvillieri Levy, 1966
- Template:ExtinctElphidium cynicalis Jennings, 1936
- Elphidium decipiens (O.G.Costa, 1856)
- Template:ExtinctElphidium decorum Qiu & Lin, 1978
- Template:ExtinctElphidium deferrariisi Malumián, 1990
- Elphidium delicatulum Bermúdez, 1949
- Elphidium discoidale (d'Orbigny, 1839)
- Template:ExtinctElphidium dominicense Bermúdez, 1949
- Template:ExtinctElphidium dopperti Daniels, 2001
- Template:ExtinctElphidium duzdagicum Pronina, 1964
- Elphidium earlandi Cushman, 1936
- Template:ExtinctElphidium echinus Serova, 1955
- Template:ExtinctElphidium elegans Serova, 1955
- Elphidium elegantum (Hofker, 1976)
- Template:ExtinctElphidium ellisi Weiss, 1954
- Template:ExtinctElphidium eocenicum Cushman & Ellisor, 1931
- Elphidium excubitor Nicol, 1944
- Elphidium exoticum Haynes, 1973
- Template:ExtinctElphidium ezoense Asano, 1937
- Template:ExtinctElphidium fastigiatum Cushman, 1945
- Elphidium fax Nicol, 1944
- Template:ExtinctElphidium fedorowi Bogdanovich, 1960
- Template:ExtinctElphidium felsense Papp, 1963
- Template:ExtinctElphidium ferrentegranulum Krasheninnikov, 1960
- Elphidium fichtelianum (d'Orbigny, 1846)
- Elphidium fijiense Hayward, 1997 in Hayward, Hollis & Grenfell, 1997
- Elphidium fimbriatulum (Cushman, 1918)
- Template:ExtinctElphidium fissurisuturalum Wang, He & Lu, 1988
- Template:ExtinctElphidium flexuosum (d'Orbigny, 1846)
- Template:ExtinctElphidium florentinae Shupack, 1934
- Template:ExtinctElphidium formosum Todd, 1957
- Template:ExtinctElphidium friedbergi Serova, 1955
- Elphidium frigidum Cushman, 1933
- Elphidium frizzelli Miller, 1953
- Elphidium galvestonense Kornfeld, 1931
- Template:ExtinctElphidium georgianum Cushman, 1935
- Template:ExtinctElphidium georgium Venglinsky, 1958
- Template:ExtinctElphidium gibsoni Hayward, 1979
- Template:ExtinctElphidium glabratum Cushman, 1939
- Template:ExtinctElphidium granatum Gudina, 1964
- Template:ExtinctElphidium granti Kleinpell, 1938
- Elphidium granulosum (Sidebottom, 1909)
- Template:ExtinctElphidium grimensis Quilty, 1980
- Elphidium groenlandicum Cushman, 1933
- Template:ExtinctElphidium guraboense Bermúdez, 1949
- Template:ExtinctElphidium haagensis van Voorthuysen, 1950
- Template:ExtinctElphidium hadleyana Smitter, 1955
- Elphidium halickii Brodniewicz, 1972
- Elphidium hallandense Brotzen, 1943
- Template:ExtinctElphidium hampdenense Finlay, 1939
- Template:ExtinctElphidium hauerinum (d'Orbigny, 1846)
- Elphidium hawkesburyense (Albani, 1974)
- Template:ExtinctElphidium helenae Quilty, 1980
- Template:ExtinctElphidium hiltermanni Hagn, 1952
- Elphidium hispidulum Cushman, 1936
- Elphidium hokkaidoense Asano, 1950
- Template:ExtinctElphidium hornibrooki Srinivasan, 1966
- Template:ExtinctElphidium howchini Cushman, 1936
- Elphidium hughesi Cushman & Grant, 1927
- Template:ExtinctElphidium humboldtensis Haller, 1980
- Template:ExtinctElphidium hungaricum Korecz-Laky, 1967
- Elphidium hyalocostatum Todd, 1957
- Template:ExtinctElphidium ibericum (Schrodt, 1890)
- Template:ExtinctElphidium icenorum Macfadyen, 1939
- Elphidium inchonense Mcculloch, 1977
- Template:ExtinctElphidium inclarum Krasheninnikov, 1960
- Elphidium indicum Cushman, 1936
- Template:ExtinctElphidium infrajuliense Bertels, 1977
- Template:ExtinctElphidium ingressans Dorreen, 1948
- Template:ExtinctElphidium inopinatum Khalilov, 1957
- Template:ExtinctElphidium iojimaense Asano & Murata, 1958
- Elphidium iranicum (Yassini & Ghahreman, 1977)
- Template:ExtinctElphidium ishikariense Kaiho, 1984
- Template:ExtinctElphidium izumoense Nomura, 1990
- Template:ExtinctElphidium javanum Yabe & Asano, 1937
- Elphidium jiani Lei & Li, 2016
- Template:ExtinctElphidium johnstonae Mclean, 1956
- Template:ExtinctElphidium joukovi Serova, 1955
- Template:ExtinctElphidium kadilnicovi Semenov & Semenova, 1980
- Template:ExtinctElphidium kaicherae Mclean, 1956
- Elphidium kaneharai Ishiwada, 1958
- Template:ExtinctElphidium kanoum Hayward, 1979
- Template:ExtinctElphidium karenae Asbjornsdottir, 1994
- Template:ExtinctElphidium karpaticum Myatlyuk, 1950
- Template:ExtinctElphidium kazmakrisense Mamedova, 1966
- Elphidium kerguelenense Parr, 1950
- Elphidium kobense McCulloch, 1977
- Template:ExtinctElphidium koberi Tollmann, 1955
- Elphidium koeboeense LeRoy, 1939
- Elphidium kozlowskii Brodniewicz, 1965
- Template:ExtinctElphidium kudakoense Bogdanovich, 1947
- Elphidium kusiroense Asano, 1938
- Template:ExtinctElphidium laeve (d'Orbigny in Parker, Jones & Brady, 1865)
- Elphidium lagunense (Albani & Balbero, 1982)
- Template:ExtinctElphidium laloviensis Venglinsky, 1948
- Elphidium lanieri (d'Orbigny, 1839)
- Template:ExtinctElphidium latidorsatum (Reuss, 1864)
- Template:ExtinctElphidium latispatium Poag, 1966
- Template:ExtinctElphidium latusovum Krasheninnikov, 1960
- Template:ExtinctElphidium lauritaense Todd & Kniker, 1952
- Template:ExtinctElphidium lautenschlaegeri Voloshinova, 1952
- Elphidium lene Cushman & McCulloch, 1940
- Template:ExtinctElphidium lens Galloway & Heminway, 1941
- Template:ExtinctElphidium leonensis Applin & Jordan, 1945
- Elphidium lessonii (d'Orbigny, 1839)
- Template:ExtinctElphidium ligatum Krasheninnikov, 1960
- Template:ExtinctElphidium limatulum Copeland, 1964
- Elphidium limpidum Ho, Hu & Wang, 1965
- Template:ExtinctElphidium lobatum Galloway & Heminway, 1941
- Template:ExtinctElphidium ludbrookae Bhalla & Dev, 1988
- Template:ExtinctElphidium mabutii Asano, 1962
- Elphidium macellum (Fichtel & Moll, 1798)
- Elphidium maioricense Colom, 1942
- Template:ExtinctElphidium manibulum Khalilov, 1957
- Elphidium maorium Hayward, 1997
- Elphidium margaritaceum Cushman, 1930
- Template:ExtinctElphidium marshallana Todd & Post, 1954
- Elphidium matagordanum (Kornfeld, 1931)
- Template:ExtinctElphidium matanginuiense Hayward, 1997
- Template:ExtinctElphidium matauraense Hayward, 1997
- Template:ExtinctElphidium matsuense Nomura, 1990
- Elphidium matsukawauraense Takayanagi, 1955
- Elphidium mawsoni Parr, 1950
- Elphidium mexicanum Kornfeld, 1931
- Template:ExtinctElphidium microelegans Serova, 1955
- Template:ExtinctElphidium microgranulosum Galloway & Wissler, 1951
- Template:ExtinctElphidium miikense Murata, 1961
- Elphidium millettiforme McCulloch, 1977
- Template:ExtinctElphidium minutum (Reuss, 1865)
- Template:ExtinctElphidium mirandum Krasheninnikov, 1960
- Template:ExtinctElphidium mironovi Voloshinova, 1952
- Elphidium morenoi Bermúdez, 1935
- Elphidium mortonbayense Albani & Yassini, 1993
- Template:ExtinctElphidium multacamerum Krasheninnikov, 1960
- Template:ExtinctElphidium mundulum Todd & Low, 1960
- Template:ExtinctElphidium musselroeensis Quilty, 1980
- Template:ExtinctElphidium nagaoi Asano, 1938
- Elphidium nakanokawaense Shirai, 1960
- Template:ExtinctElphidium nataliae Popescu, 1995
- Template:ExtinctElphidium nautiloideum Galloway & Heminway, 1941
- Template:ExtinctElphidium neocrespinae Gibson, 1983
- Elphidium neosimplex McCulloch, 1977
- Template:ExtinctElphidium nigarense Cushman, 1936
- Template:ExtinctElphidium nipeense Keijzer, 1945
- Template:ExtinctElphidium noniformis Gerke in Voloshinova & Dain, 1952
- Template:ExtinctElphidium nonioniformis Smigielska, 1957
- Elphidium norvangi Buzas, Smith & Beem, 1977
- Template:ExtinctElphidium notabilis Pishvanova, 1958
- Elphidium novozealandicum Cushman, 1936
- Template:ExtinctElphidium obtusum (d'Orbigny, 1846)
- Elphidium oceanense (d'Orbigny in Fornasini, 1904)
- Elphidium oceanicum Cushman, 1933
- Template:ExtinctElphidium oligocenicum Khalilov, 1951
- Template:ExtinctElphidium ombetsuense Asano, 1962
- Template:ExtinctElphidium omotoensis Dorreen, 1948
- Elphidium omuraense Shuto, 1953
- Template:ExtinctElphidium onerosum Bogdanovich, 1960
- Template:ExtinctElphidium orientale Voloshinova, 1952
- Elphidium owenianum (d'Orbigny, 1839)
- Elphidium ozawai Uchio, 1951
- Template:ExtinctElphidium panamense Cushman, 1936
- Template:ExtinctElphidium papillosum Cushman, 1936
- Template:ExtinctElphidium paraense Petri, 1954
- Template:ExtinctElphidium paraskevaidisi Christodoulou, 1960
- Elphidium parviforme McCulloch, 1981
- Template:ExtinctElphidium parvulum Aoki, 1968
- Elphidium parvum Zheng, 1980
- Template:ExtinctElphidium parvus Eremeeva, 1961
- Template:ExtinctElphidium patagonicum Todd & Kniker, 1952
- Template:ExtinctElphidium perforatum Nomura, 1990
- Template:ExtinctElphidium perscitum Serova, 1955
- Template:ExtinctElphidium philippense Hayward, 1997
- Elphidium phillipense Hayward, 1997 in Hayward, Hollis & Grenfell, 1997
- Elphidium pilasense McCulloch, 1977
- Elphidium planiforme McCulloch, 1981
- Elphidium planulatum (Lamarck, 1822)
- Elphidium planum Husezima & Maruhasi, 1944
- Template:ExtinctElphidium podolicum Serova, 1955
- Elphidium ponticum (Dolgopolskaya & Pauli, 1931)
- Template:ExtinctElphidium primum Ten Dam, 1944
- Elphidium pseudoinflatum Cushman, 1936
- Template:ExtinctElphidium pseudolessonii Ten Dam & Reinhold, 1941
- Template:ExtinctElphidium pseudonodosum Cushman, 1936
- Template:ExtinctElphidium puertoricense Galloway & Heminway, 1941
- Elphidium pulvereum Todd, 1958
- Elphidium punctatum (Terquem, 1878)
- Template:ExtinctElphidium puscharovski Serova, 1955
- Template:ExtinctElphidium pusillogranosum Venglinsky, 1958
- Template:ExtinctElphidium pustulisuturale Wang & Cheng, 1981
- Elphidium pustulosum Cushman & McCulloch, 1940
- Template:ExtinctElphidium rarum Husezima & Maruhasi, 1944
- Template:ExtinctElphidium rasshamali Haque, 1970
- Template:ExtinctElphidium reginum (d'Orbigny, 1846)
- Elphidium reticulosum Cushman, 1933
- Template:ExtinctElphidium rioturbiense Malumián, 1994
- Template:ExtinctElphidium rischtanicum Bykova, 1939
- Template:ExtinctElphidium rolshauseni Cushman & Ellisor, 1939
- Template:ExtinctElphidium rota Ellis, 1939
- Elphidium rotatum Howchin & Parr, 1938
- Template:ExtinctElphidium rugosum (d'Orbigny, 1846)
- Elphidium rugulosum Cushman & Wickenden, 1929
- Elphidium rutteni Hermes, 1945
- Template:ExtinctElphidium saginatum Finlay, 1939
- Elphidium sagrum (d'Orbigny, 1839)
- Template:ExtinctElphidium saitoi Asano & Murata, 1958
- Template:ExtinctElphidium salebrosum Serova, 1955
- Template:ExtinctElphidium samueli Zlinská, 1993
- Elphidium sandiegoense (Lankford, 1973)
- Template:ExtinctElphidium sandongensis He & Hu, 1978
- Template:ExtinctElphidium schencki Cushman & Dusenbury, 1934
- Template:ExtinctElphidium schreiteri Eichenberg, 1935
- Template:ExtinctElphidium semiinvolutum Myatlyuk, 1956
- Elphidium semistriatum (d'Orbigny, 1852)
- Template:ExtinctElphidium sendaiense Takayanagi, 1950
- Template:ExtinctElphidium seranense Valk, 1945
- Elphidium seymourense McCulloch, 1977
- Elphidium shochinae Mayer, 1968
- Elphidium silvestrii Hayward, 1997 in Hayward, Hollis & Grenfell, 1997
- Elphidium simaense Makiyama & Nakagawa, 1941
- Elphidium simulatum McCulloch, 1977
- Elphidium singaporense McCulloch, 1977
- Template:ExtinctElphidium skyringense Todd & Kniker, 1952
- Template:ExtinctElphidium smithi Cushman & Dusenbury, 1934
- Elphidium somaense Takayanagi, 1955
- Elphidium spinatum Cushman & Valentine, 1930
- Template:ExtinctElphidium stebnicaensis Pishvanova, 1964
- Template:ExtinctElphidium stellans Krasheninnikov, 1960
- Template:ExtinctElphidium stelliferum Khalilov, 1957
- Elphidium stimulum Cushman & McCulloch, 1940
- Elphidium strattoni (Applin, 1925)
- Elphidium striatopunctatum (Fichtel & Moll, 1798)
- Template:ExtinctElphidium subcarinatum (Egger, 1857)
- Elphidium subcrispum Nakamura, 1937
- Template:ExtinctElphidium subfichtelianum Mamedova, 1966
- Elphidium subincertum Asano, 1950
- Template:ExtinctElphidium subinflatum Cushman, 1936
- Elphidium subnodosum (Münster, 1838)
- Template:ExtinctElphidium subrotatum Hornibrook, 1961
- Template:ExtinctElphidium subsphaericum Cushman & Hedberg, 1930
- Template:ExtinctElphidium sumitomoi Asano & Murata, 1958
- Template:ExtinctElphidium suzukii Husezima & Maruhasi, 1944
- Template:ExtinctElphidium taiwanum Nakamura, 1937
- Template:ExtinctElphidium tengiense Mamedova, 1966
- Template:ExtinctElphidium terquemianum Le Calvez, 1950
- Template:ExtinctElphidium tikutoensis Nakamura, 1937
- Template:ExtinctElphidium toddae Petri, 1955
- Elphidium tongaense (Cushman, 1931)
- Template:ExtinctElphidium transcarpaticum Venglinsky, 1948
- Elphidium translucens Natland, 1938
- Template:ExtinctElphidium tropicale Petri, 1954
- Elphidium tsudai Chiji & Nakaseko, 1950
- Elphidium tumidum Natland, 1938
- Template:ExtinctElphidium twiggsanum Cushman, 1945
- Template:ExtinctElphidium ukrainicum Krasheninnikov, 1960
- Template:ExtinctElphidium ustilatum Todd, 1957
- Elphidium vavauense Hayward, 1997 in Hayward, Hollis & Grenfell, 1997
- Elphidium vellai Hayward, 1997
- Elphidium venetum (Albani, Favero & Serandrei Barbero, 1991)
- Elphidium vitreum Collins, 1974
- Elphidium voorthuyseni Haake, 1962
- Template:ExtinctElphidium vulgare Voloshinova, 1952
- Elphidium waddense van Voorthuysen, 1975
- Template:ExtinctElphidium wadeae (Hornibrook, 1961)
- Template:ExtinctElphidium wakkanabense Kaiho, 1992
- Elphidium williamsoni Haynes, 1973
- Elphidium wordeni McCulloch, 1977
- Template:ExtinctElphidium yumotoense Asano, 1949
- Template:ExtinctElphidium zeivensis Khalilov, 1957
References
- Loeblich and Helen Tappan, 1964. Sarcodina Chiefly "Thecamoebians" and Foraminiferida; Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part C Protista 2. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press.
- _____ 1988. Forminiferal Genera and their Classification. E-book [1]
- For illustrations see: Elphidium, World Modern Foraminifera Database
Further reading
- Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".