Eight Provinces of Korea

During most of the Joseon dynasty, Korea was divided into eight provinces (do; ; Template:Category handler). The eight provinces' boundaries remained unchanged for about 480 years from 1413 to 1895, and formed a geographic paradigm that is still reflected today in the Korean Peninsula's administrative divisions, dialects, and regional distinctions. The names of all eight provinces are still preserved today, in one form or another. These eight historical provinces form both North and South Korea, and are not to be confused with the provinces that make up North Korea or South Korea.

History

Provinces before 1895

File:8 Provinces of Korea.png

A map of the eight provinces of Joseon with their Korean names. Excluded and uncolored is Hanyang (; Template:Category handler, modern-day Seoul), the capital of Joseon.

In 1413 (the 13th year of the reign of King Jeongjong), the north-eastern boundary of Korea was extended to the Tumen River. The country was reorganized into eight provinces: Chungcheong, Gangwon, Gyeonggi, Gyeongsang, Jeolla, P'unghae (renamed Hwanghae in 1417), P'yŏngan, and Yŏnggil (eventually renamed Hamgyŏng in 1509).

Districts of 1895–96

For almost 500 years, the eight-province system remained virtually unchanged. In 1895 (the 32nd year of the reign of King Gojong), the five-century-old provincial system was abolished. On May 26 of that year—as part of the Gabo Reform—the country was redivided into 23 districts, each named for the city or county that was its capital.

Each district name in the following list links to the article on the province from which the district was formed, and where more detailed information on the district is provided:

• Andong
• Chuncheon
• Chungju
• Daegu
• Dongnae
• Gangneung
• Gongju
• Haeju
• Hamhŭng
• Hanseong
• Hongju
• Incheon
• Jeju
• Jeonju
• Jinju
• Kaesŏng
• Kanggye
• Kapsan
• Kyŏngsŏng
• Naju
• Namwon
• P'yŏngyang
• Ŭiju

Restored provinces of 1896

The new system of districts did not last long, however, as one year later, on August 4, 1896, the former eight provinces were restored, with five of them (Chungcheong, Gyeongsang, Jeolla, Hamgyŏng, and P'yŏngan), being divided into north and south halves, to form a total of 13 provinces. This structure remained unchanged through the entire lifetime of the Korean Empire (1897–1910) and the Japanese Colonial Period (1910–1945). Since the end of World War II and the division of Korea in 1945, special cities and administrative regions and a handful of new provinces have been added in both the South and North.

Cultural significance

The boundaries between the eight provinces for the most part followed rivers, mountain chains, and other natural boundaries, and consequently corresponded closely to dialect and cultural divisions. Due to the correspondence between provincial boundaries and Korean geography, most provincial boundaries and names have mostly survived to the present day; most Koreans are keenly aware of the regional and dialect distinctions that still exist.

For example, a regional rivalry (akin to that between the Northeast United States and Southern United States) exists between Gyeongsang and Jeolla residents (Gyeongsang and Jeolla mostly corresponding to the ancient kingdoms of Silla and Baekje respectively) due to historic, social, economic, and political differences, some of which have continued into the present day in more muted form. Most of the traditional provinces also had alternative regional names which are still used today (especially Honam, Yeongdong, and Yeongnam) informally if not on paper.

Modern-day usage

The term Paldo ("Eight Provinces") is itself often used as a shorthand to denote Korea as a whole, or to describe the traditional folk culture of Korea's regions. Thus, one sometimes finds such expressions as:

• Paldo kimchi in reference to the many varieties of kimchi unique to particular regions of Korea;
• Paldo Arirang to denote the hundreds of regional versions of the popular folk song Arirang; and
• Paldo sori to broadly refer to the diversity of folk music (sori; "sounds") across Korea.

Cf. the four Provinces of Ireland—where reference to the ancient provinces is used to talk of the entire island of Ireland.

Names

Except Gyeonggi (see note below), each province took its name from the initial Hanja (Sino-Korean characters) of two of its principal cities. The origin of each province's name is detailed in the table below.

Table of provinces

The table below lists the eight provinces in romanized spelling, Hangul and Hanja; the origin of their names; their capitals, dialects, and regional names; and the 13 provinces that replaced them in 1896. (The capitals and regional names are as of the mid 19th century. Since they were not official, other regional names were also used, but the ones in the table are the most widely used or representative.)

Province	Hangul	Hanja	Name Origin	Capital	Regional Name	Dialect	Post-1896 Provinces	Present Provincial divisions
Chungcheong			Chungju + Cheongju	Gongju	HoseoTemplate:Refn	Chungcheong Dialect	North Chungcheong South Chungcheong	North Chungcheong Province South Chungcheong Province Daejeon Metropolitan City Sejong Metropolitan Autonomous City
Gangwon			Gangneung + Wonju	Wonju	Gwandong (Yeongseo, Yeongdong)Template:Refn	Gangwon Dialect	Gangwon	Gangwon Province (SK) Kangwŏn Province (NK)
Gyeonggi		Template:Refn	Hanseong (Seoul)	Gyeonggi	Gyeonggi	Seoul Dialect	Gyeonggi Province Seoul Special City Incheon Metropolitan City (parts) North Hwanghae Province (parts)
Gyeongsang			Gyeongju + Sangju	Daegu	Yeongnam	Gyeongsang Dialect	North Gyeongsang South Gyeongsang	North Gyeongsang Province South Gyeongsang Province Busan Metropolitan City Daegu Metropolitan City Ulsan Metropolitan City
Hamgyŏng			Hamhŭng + Kyŏngsŏng	Hamhŭng	Kwanbuk (Kwanbuk, Kwannam)Template:Refn	Hamgyŏng Dialect	North Hamgyŏng South Hamgyŏng	North Hamgyong Province South Hamgyong Province Ryanggang Province (parts) Rasŏn Special City Kangwŏn Province (NK) (parts)
Hwanghae			Hwangju + Haeju	Haeju	Haesŏ	Hwanghae Dialect	HwanghaeTemplate:Refn	North Hwanghae Province South Hwanghae Province Incheon Metropolitan City (parts)
Jeolla			Jeonju + NajuTemplate:Refn	Jeonju	Honam	Jeolla Dialect; Jeju DialectTemplate:Refn	North Jeolla South Jeolla Jeju	North Jeolla Province South Jeolla Province Jeju Special Self-Governing Province Gwangju Metropolitan City
P'yŏngan			P'yŏngyang + Anju	P'yŏngyang	Kwansŏ	P'yŏngan Dialect	North P'yŏngan South P'yŏngan	North P'yŏngan South P'yŏngan Chagang Province Ryanggang Province (parts) P'yŏngyang Direct-Administered City Namp'o Special City

See also

• Administrative divisions of North Korea
• Administrative divisions of South Korea
• Korean dialects
• Provinces of Korea
• Regions of Korea
• Special cities of North Korea
• Special cities of South Korea
• For comparison, see:
  • Provinces of China
  • Provinces of France
  • Provinces of Ireland
  • Provinces of Japan
  • Provinces of Vietnam

External links

• South Korean government page on Korea's traditional provincial and regional names Template:In lang
• Article on the eight provinces, and the 23 districts and 13 provinces that replaced them Template:In lang
• Article on the 1895 changes to administrative divisions (includes a table listing the 13 post-1896 provinces) Template:In lang
• Seoul City history article on Hanseong and 22 other late 19th-century districts (includes a detailed list of all the counties into which the 23 districts were divided) Template:In lang

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