Education in California

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File:Stanford University Main Quad - 7 June 2009.jpg
Stanford University, located in the Santa Clara Valley, is one of the top universities in the world.

The educational system in California consists of public, NPS, and private schools in the U.S. state of California, including the public University of California, California State University, and California Community Colleges systems, private colleges and universities, and elementary, middle, and high schools.

History

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K–12

File:Mission High School.jpg
Mission High School, founded in 1890, is located in San Francisco.

California is the most populous state of the U.S. and has the most school students, with over 6.2 million in the 2005–06 school year, giving California more students in school than 36 states have in total population and one of the highest projected enrollments in the country.[1] About 25% of school students are English learners, compared to 9% nationally. A major problem for K-12 education in CaliforniaScript error: No such module "Unsubst". is the high level of high school dropouts, especially among minority students. Approximately 22% of African Americans and Hispanic Californians are living in poverty and only 68% of students living below the poverty line will graduate from high school.[2] The state of California has in place the Dropout Recovery and Prevention Act (SB 65) as a governmental way of dealing with the high dropout rate in California. It was implemented in 1985 and was expanded in 2004 due to its success in lowering the state's dropout rate. Senate Bill 65 initiated three new dropout prevention efforts: the Pupil Motivation and Maintenance Program, the Alternative Education Outreach Consultant (AEOC) Program, and the Educational Clinic Program.[3]

File:Torrance High School.jpg
Torrance High School, founded in 1917, is located in Torrance.

According to Governor Jerry Brown in 2014, "almost 30% are either undocumented or don't speak English."[4]

Funding levels, costs, and metrics

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In the 2024, National Assessment of Educational Progress California 4th graders' test scores in the subjects of mathematics and reading were in the bottom 15 of all states and territories.[5]

For the 2022-2023 school year, California K-12 public school teachers had the highest average pay in the nation, at $95,160.[6]

In 2016, California's K–12 public school per-pupil spending was ranked 22nd in the nation ($11,500/student vs. $11,800 for the US average).[7]

For 2012, California's public schools ranked 48th in the number of employees per student, at 0.102 (the US average was 0.137), while paying the 7th most per employee, $49,000 (the US average was $39,000).[8][9][10]

California public schools are funded through four main revenue streams: Local Control Funding Formula (LCFF), Federal Revenue, Other State revenue, and Other Local revenue.[11] LCFF makes up the largest chunk of public school funding, including property and local taxes. Federal revenue is a significantly smaller portion of funding, given as part of free or reduced lunch programs and other federal-based aid programs.[12]

Other state and local revenue make up less significant revenue streams. Schools receive a general, “basic aid” amount, based on a formula for the grades a school holds, number of students, etc… In a "basic aid" district, property taxes generate more revenue than the funding limit, a benchmark set by the state to qualify for additional funding.[12] Of the 944 school districts in California, 80 are labeled basic aid, 40 of which are in the Bay Area.[13]

Because LCFF is the largest portion of public school funding, schools capable of generating more LCFF funding often have more overall funding per student, but it’s those same districts that already have well-off families and students. This issue is prominent in East San Jose, CA, where Alum Rock Union School District receives about 25% less funding than Saratoga Union School District per student. Homes in the Alum Rock region sell for between $589,100 and $686,100 and Saratoga homes sell for over $2 million.[14]

Public school facilities

File:Monrhs (cropped).JPG
Monrovia High School, founded in 1893, in Monrovia.

Many public school facilities throughout California are in various stages of disrepair. In a report to the public, the federal government noted that 75% of California schools, 13,096 in total, were in need of renovation and modernization. Furthermore, the renovations and modernizations needed were required to elevate the schools standing/rating to "good".[15] In a 2007 financial analysis report, published by the U.S. General Accounting Office, it was estimated that it would cost $112 billion to bring all K–12 public school buildings in line with building codes.[15]Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

  • In 2014 at a meeting of the Fremont School Board, it was made public that students could not study effectively due to the Heating and Air Conditioning (HVAC) not working.[16]
  • In 2003 students at Fremont High School in Los Angeles voiced their feelings of humiliation with regards to the needed repairs at their school.[17]

Nonpublic Nonsectarian Schools

“Nonpublic, nonsectarian school” (NPS) means a private, nonsectarian school that enrolls individuals with exceptional needs pursuant to an individualized education program and is certified by the department.[18] Unlike private schools, tuition for the NPS is paid for by the Local Educational Agencies (LEA) and the schools must conform to California Department of Education standards.[19]

Universities and colleges

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Public universities

File:Berkeley glade afternoon.jpg
The University of California, Berkeley is the flagship school of the University of California system.

The main state research university is the University of California (UC). The University of California has ten major campuses.[20] Each major UC campus is headed by a chancellor that is appointed by the Regents of the University of California.[21]

The ten major campuses of the University of California are located in Berkeley, Los Angeles, San Diego, Davis, Santa Cruz, Santa Barbara, Irvine, Riverside, Merced and San Francisco. The University of California, San Francisco, teaches only graduate health-sciences students. The UC Hastings College of the Law, also in San Francisco, is affiliated with UC, but is not administered by the UC Regents. The UC system was originally intended to accept students from the top one-eighth (1/8th) of California high school graduates, however several of the schools in the UC system have become even more selective. The awarding of doctoral degrees from California public universities was originally intended to be the sole domain of the UC system, however several doctoral degrees are now also awarded by the Cal State system.

The University of California also administers one national laboratory directly for the United States Department of Energy: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The university indirectly manages Los Alamos National Laboratory through Los Alamos National Security, LLC and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory through Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC.

File:San Jose Bike Tour (7878570968) (cropped).jpg
San José State University is the oldest public university on the West Coast and the founding campus of the California State University system.

The California State University (CSU) system describes itself as the largest four-year public university system in the United States.[22] The CSU was originally intended to accept students from the top one-third (1/3rd) of California high school graduates, however several of the schools in the CSU system have become much more selective. Many of the larger campuses, such as Cal Poly, Cal Poly Pomona, Long Beach State, Cal State Fullerton, Cal State San Bernardino, Fresno State, Sacramento State, San Francisco State, San Diego State, and San José State (the oldest public university in California) have become more research oriented than they were in the past. A marked change and a shift from the California Master Plan for Higher Education began in 2007 with the CSU gaining the ability to grant doctoral level degrees in education (Ed.D.). The CSU has since gained the authority to grant many other Doctoral degrees, such as the Doctor of Nursing Practice, the Doctor of Physical Therapy, and the Au.D. The CSU also has the ability to grant joint Ph.D.s with other universities. Kevin Starr (State Librarian emeritus) and others have argued that this small change is the beginning of a larger reorganization of higher education in California.

File:2009-0725-CA-FresnoCC-Library (cropped).jpg
Fresno City College, founded in 1910, is the oldest campus of the California Community Colleges system.

The California Community Colleges system provides lower division "General Education" courses, whose credit units are transferable to the CSU and UC systems, as well as vocational education, remedial education, and continuing education programs. It awards certificates and associate degrees. It is composed of 112 colleges organized into 72 districts, serving a student population of over 2.9 million. The system also provides the education certification, basic training, and some advanced training to all police officers, fire fighters and Emergency Medical Tech's in the state either directly (via on campus academies) or indirectly (via affiliations with police / sheriff department's and fire department's "in house" academies).

Private universities

File:Beckman Institute Reflection.jpg
The California Institute of Technology is one of the most selective research universities in the world.

California has hundreds of other private colleges and universities, including many religious and special-purpose institutions. This leads to many unique entertainment and educational opportunities for residents. The San Francisco Bay area and greater Los Angeles have an abundance of these private universities, with some of the highest densities of post-secondary institutions in the world.

See also

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References

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  1. ↑ 2000 Congressional Record, Vol. 146, Page Script error: No such module "String"./Script error: No such module "String". S2337 (April 6, 2000)
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Further reading

  • Alarcón, Paul A. "Recognizing and regulating home schooling in California: Balancing parental and state interests in education." Chapman Law Review. 13 (2009): 391+. online
  • Anderson, Brandy, and Karen Amesse. "California independent study charter schools: Summary of home-based pedagogies, enrollment trends, and student demographics." American Journal of Distance Education 36.4 (2022): 265-287. online
  • Benson, Charles. From Mass to Universal Education : The Experience of the State of California and Its Relevance to European Education in the Year 2000 (M. Nijhoff, 1976)
  • Benveniste, Guy, and Charles Benson. From mass to universal education: the experience of the state of California and its relevance to European education in the year 2000 (Springer Science & Business Media, 2012) online.
  • Bracco, Kathy Reeves; Callan, Patrick M. "Competition and Collaboration in California Higher Education" (2002) online
  • Cloud, Roy W. Education in California: Leaders, Organizations, and Accomplishments of the First Hundred Years (Stanford University Press, 1952) online
  • Freelon, Rhoda, Melanie Bertrand, and John Rogers. "Overburndened and underfunded: California Public Schools amidst the great recession." Multidisciplinary Journal of Educational Research 2.2 (2012): 152-176. online
  • Fuller, Bruce. When Schools Work: Pluralist Politics and Institutional Reform in Los Angeles (JHU Press, 2022)
  • Gao, Niu. "College readiness in California: A look at rigorous high school course-taking." Public Policy Institute of California (2016): 1-11. online
  • Gifford, Bernard R., and Guadalupe Valdés. "The linguistic isolation of Hispanic students in California's public schools: The challenge of reintegration." Teachers College Record 108.14 (2006): 125-154. online
  • Hendrick, Irving G. California education : a brief history (1980) online
  • Hendrick, Irving G. "The Education of Non-Whites in California, 1849-1970." (ERIC, 1977). online
  • Higgins, Andrew Stone. Higher Education for All: Racial Inequality, Cold War Liberalism, and the California Master Plan (2023) summary
  • Jain, Sonia, et al. "Inequalities in school climate in California." Journal of Educational Administration 53.2 (2015): 237-261. online
  • Johnson, Hans P. Higher education in California (Public Policy Institute of California, 2016).
  • Marlow, Michael L. "Spending, school structure, and public education quality. Evidence from California." Economics of Education Review 19.1 (2000): 89-106. online
  • Merjian, Armen H. "Relitigating Plessy in the 21st century: Separate and unequal education in California." Texas Hispanic Journal of Law & Policy 16 (2010): 1+. online
  • Nations, J. "How Austerity Politics Led to Tuition Charges at the University of California and City University of New York" History of Education Quarterly (2021). 61(3), 273-296. doi:10.1017/heq.2021.4
  • Smelser, Neil J., and Gabriel A. Almond, eds. Public Higher Education in California (1974; reprint 2022) Template:ISBN
  • Wollenberg, Charles. "Mendez v. Westminster: Race, nationality and segregation in California schools." California Historical Quarterly 53.4 (1974): 317-332.

External links

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