Edible frog

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File:Edible frogs, sounds. May. The Village of Krzemienica, Łódź Voivodeship, Poland.ogg
Sounds made by edible frogs
File:Green frog (Pelophylax esculentus complex) Danube delta.jpg
Pelophylax esculentus complex

The edible frog (Pelophylax kl. esculentus)[1]Template:R/superscript[2]Template:R/superscript is a hybrid species of common European frog, also known as the common water frog or green frog (however, this latter term is also used for the North American species Rana clamitans).

It is used for food, particularly in France as well as Germany and Italy, for the delicacy frog legs.[3] Females are between Script error: No such module "convert". long, males between Script error: No such module "convert"..

This widespread and common frog has many common names, including European dark-spotted frog, European black-spotted pond frog, and European black-spotted frog.

Distribution

Pelophylax esculentus is endemic to Europe. It naturally occurs from the northern half of France to western Russia, and from Estonia and Denmark to Bulgaria and northern Italy. The edible frog is introduced in Spain,[4] Norway[5] and the United Kingdom.[6] The natural range is nearly identical to that of P. lessonae.[7]

Hybridogenesis

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Pelophylax kl. esculentus is the fertile hybrid of the pool frog (Pelophylax lessonae) and the marsh frog (Pelophylax ridibundus). It reproduces by hybridogenesis (hemiclonally).[8]Template:R/superscript[9]Template:R/superscript[10]Template:R/superscript[11]Template:R/superscript[12]Template:R/superscript

Hybridogenesis implies that during gametogenesis hybrids (of RL genotype) exclude one parental genome (L or R) and produce gametes with an unrecombined genome of the other parental species (R or L, respectively), instead of containing mixed recombined parental genomes.[9]Template:R/superscript[10]Template:R/superscript[12]Template:R/superscript The hybrid populations are usually propagated by mating (backcrosses) with a sympatric parental species – P. lessonae (LL) or P. ridibundus (RR) – providing the second, discarded parental genome (L or R respectively).[9]Template:R/superscript[10]Template:R/superscript[12]Template:R/superscript Hybridogenesis is thus a hemiclonal mode of reproduction; half of the genome is transmitted to the next generation clonally, unrecombined (intact); the other half sexually, recombined.[13]Template:R/superscript[11]Template:R/superscript[12]Template:R/superscript

For example, in the most widespread so called L–E system, edible frogs Pelophylax kl. esculentus (RE) produce gametes of the marsh frog P. ridibundus (R) and mate with coexisting pool frogs Pelophylax lessonae (L gametes) – see below in the middle.[9]Template:R/superscript[12]Template:R/superscript

File:Hybridogenesis in water frogs.gif
Example crosses between pool frog (Pelophylax lessonae), marsh frog (P. ridibundus) and their hybrid, edible frog (P. kl. esculentus). The first is the primary hybridisation generating the hybrid; the second is the most widespread type of hybridogenesis.[9]Template:R/superscript[11]Template:R/superscript

Because this hybrid requires another taxon as a sexual host to reproduce, usually one of the parental species, it is a klepton,[14]Template:R/superscript[15]Template:R/superscript[16]Template:R/superscript hence the addition of the "kl." (for klepton) in the species name.[17]Template:R/superscript

There are also known all-hybrid populations, where diploid hybrids (LR) coexist with triploid (LLR or LRR) hybrids, providing L or R genomes respectively. In this situation, diploid hybrids (LR) generate not only haploid R or L gametes, but also the diploid gametes (RL) needed to recreate triploids.[9]Template:R/superscript[10]Template:R/superscript

References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler 2006. The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Number 297. New York. Issued March 15, 2006.
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Template:Cite iucn
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ a b c d e f Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

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External links

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