Ectoine
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| Appearance | White powder |
| Density | 1.568 g/cm3 |
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Ectoine (3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-pyrimidinecarboxylic acid) is a natural compound found in several species of bacteria. It is a compatible solute which serves as a protective substance by acting as an osmolyte and thus helps organisms survive extreme osmotic stress.[2] Furthermore it was shown to protect DNA against ionizing and ultraviolet radiation serving as a radical scavenger.[3] Ectoine is found in high concentrations in halophilic microorganisms and confers resistance towards salt and temperature stress. Ectoine was first identified in the microorganism Ectothiorhodospira halochloris,[4][5] but has since been found in a wide range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Other species of bacteria in which ectoine was found include:
- Brevibacterium linens[5]
- Halomonas elongata[4][6]
- Marinococcus halophilus[7]
- Pseudomonas stutzeri[6]
- Halomonas titanicae[8][9]
- Halorhodospira halophila[10]
- Halomonas ventosae[11]
Biosynthesis
Ectoine is synthesized in three successive enzymatic reactions starting from aspartic β-semialdehyde. The genes involved in the biosynthesis are called ectA, ectB and ectC, and they encode the enzymes L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid acetyltransferase, L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid transaminase and L-ectoine synthase, respectively.[7][6]
Use in cosmetics
Ectoine is used as an active ingredient in skin care and sun protection products.[12] It stabilizes proteins and other cellular structures and protects the skin from stresses like UV irradiation and dryness.[6]
Medical use
Due to its protein stabilizing properties, ectoine has been evaluated as a topical treatment for hay fever. Effectiveness of a nasal spray containing ectoine is comparable to cromoglycate and is reported to be well tolerated by the patients.[13] It is available over the counter in the European Union.
References
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- ↑ Ectoine at Sigma-Aldrich
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- ↑ "HAMAP: Halorhodospira halophila (strain DSM 244 / SL1) (Ectothiorhodospira halophila (strain DSM 244 / SL1)) complete proteome ExPASy Proteomics Server. Swiss Institute of BioinformaticsScript error: No such module "Unsubst". http://hamap.expasy.org/proteomes/HALHL.html
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