Economy of Uruguay

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File:GDP per capita development of Uruguay.svg
Historical GDP per capita development

The economy of Uruguay features an export-oriented agricultural sector and a well-educated workforce, along with high levels of social spending. Tourism and banking are also prominent sectors; Uruguay acts as a regional hub for international finance and tourism. The country also has a history and representation of advanced workers-rights protection, with unions and the eight-hour work-day protected at the beginning of the 20th century.

90% of the country's population is urbanized, while most of the industry and over half of the population is concentrated in the capital Montevideo.[1]

After averaging growth of 5% annually during 1996–98, Uruguay's economy suffered a major downturn in 1999–2002, stemming largely from the spillover effects of the economic problems of its large neighbors; Argentina and Brazil. In 2001–02, Argentine citizens made massive withdrawals of dollars deposited in Uruguayan banks after bank deposits in Argentina were frozen, which led to a plunge in the Uruguayan peso, causing the 2002 Uruguay banking crisis.

History

19th century

In the 19th century, the country had similar characteristics to other Latin American countries: caudillismo, civil wars and permanent instability (40 revolts between 1830 and 1903), foreign capitalism's control of important sectors of the economy, a high percentage of illiterate people (more than half the population in 1900). Among foreign investments, investors from Great Britain controlled 22% of the land and many majors parts of the industrial infrastructure, including meatpacking and leather industry, infrastructure for water and gas, and transport systems like trolley and 1100 miles of rail.[1]

In 1857, the first nationally owned bank, Banco Comercial, was founded.[2]

Reforms after Batlle

José Batlle y Ordóñez, President from 1903 to 1907 and again from 1911 to 1915, set the pattern for Uruguay's modern political development and dominated the political scene until he died in 1929. Batlle introduced widespread political, social, and economic reforms such as a welfare program, government participation in many facets of the economy, and a new constitution.[3]

Batlle nationalized foreign-owned companies and created a modern social welfare system. Income tax for lower incomes was abolished in 1905, secondary schools established in every city (1906), telephone network nationalized, unemployment benefits were introduced (1914), eight-hour working day introduced (1915), etc.[3][1] By 1929, 84% of manufacturing was concentrated in a handful of industries: meatpacking, leather and wool.[1] Industrial policies further encouraging migration from rural to urban communities, as well as waves of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe.[1] Investment in urban infrastructure in Montevideo and a growing economy, was capped by hosting the first 1930 FIFA World Cup.[1]

Claudio Williman who served between Batlle's two terms was his supporter and continued all his reforms, as did the next President Baltasar Brum (1919–1923). Around 1900 infant mortality rates (IMR) in Uruguay were among the world's lowest, indicating a very healthy population.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

The Great Depression ended an era of export-led economic growth in Uruguay.[4]

Mid-20th century

The Uruguay economy shifted from an agriculture-dominated economy to an industrial economy from the period 1930 to 1955.[5] This shift led to a sluggish economy, as Uruguay neglected its comparative advantage, diverting resources away from a productive agricultural sector to an inefficient, unproductive manufacturing sector.[5] The government sought to bolster its manufacturing sector with import substitution industrialization, disincentivizing imports.[1] From the 1950s onwards, the Uruguayan economy was in decline.[6][5]

Anthropology professor Daniel Renfrew describes the 50s, 60s and dictatorship period (70s and 80s) as economic downturn periods, followed by further economic degradation caused by neoliberalism.[1] Economist Jamie Mezzera disagrees with this interpretation, arguing that between 1968 and 1972, Uruguay was one of the most regulated capitalist economies in the world. In this period, the government massively increased import tariffs and had near-total wage and price controls. The government instituted these policies to avoid the political pressure that would come if they were to devalue their currency.[7] Between 1955 and 1972, economic output in Uruguay stagnated. After the price and wage controls were largely removed in 1973, growth increased by 4.3% per year until 1979.

The policies of the Colorado Party under Julio María Sanguinetti and Jorge Batlle during the 90s and early 2000s, following global trends of neo-liberalization, facilitated a shift from manufacturing and small-scale agriculture, towards increasing monoculture agriculture and services like finance and tourism.[1] However, these policies faded as the regional economic problems in Argentina and Brazil caused a downturn and unemployment from 1998 to 2003.[1] The economic and social crises that followed allowed for the election of the Broad Front a leftist coalition against the neoliberal policies.[1]

Currency

Uruguay has a partially dollarized economy. since August 2008Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". almost 60% of bank loans use United States dollars,[8] but most transactions use the Uruguayan peso.[9] Today, the Uruguayan peso is minted in coins of 1, 2, 5, 10, and 50 pesos and in banknotes of 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, and 2000 pesos.

Sectors

Agriculture, textiles and leather

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Throughout Uruguay's history, their strongest exporting industries have been beef and wool. In the case of beef exports, they have been boosted since Uruguay joined the Mercosur agreement in 1991 and the country has been able trade with more distant markets, such as Japan. In 2018, it produced 589 thousand tons of beef.[10] In the case of wool exports, they have not been doing so well in recent years suffering from other competitors in the market like New Zealand and the fluctuations of its demand during the 2008 recession in the developed world.

As timber refining is being kept within the country, forestry has become a growth industry in recent years. In 2018, the country produced 1.36 million tons of rice, 1.33 million tons of soy, 816 thousand tons of maize, 637 thousand tons of barley, 440 thousand tons of wheat, 350 thousand tons of sugar cane, 106 thousand tons of orange, 104 thousand tons of grape, 90 thousand tons of rapeseed, 87 thousand tons of potato, 76 thousand tons of sorghum, 71 thousand tons of tangerine, 52 thousand tons of oats, 48 thousand tons of apple, in addition to smaller yields of other agricultural products.[11]

Liebig Extract of Meat Company ran a very large and influential beef extract factory in Fray Bentos for 100 years.

Energy

Template:Excerpt

Software

During the last decades the software industry has developed considerably. Many start-ups have been very successful, such is the case of PedidosYa and DLocal. Uruguay also exports software; the similar geographic longitude to that of the United States makes it attractive for companies to outsource software development to Uruguayan companies. Other notable Uruguayan software enterprises are: Genexus, Códigos del Sur, Overactive.[12]

Mining

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Although this is a sector that does not make substantial contributions to the country's economy, in recent years there has been some activity in gold and cement production, and also in the extraction of granite.

Artigas Department is well known for its amethyst and agate quartz varieties mining. During 2010s 20 thousand tons of minerals were extracted with a value of 9 million US dollars, exported to Germany, United States, Brazil and China.[13]

Plastics

In 2011, plastics were the second-largest non-agricultural industrial export of the country.[14]

Telecommunications

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Despite having poor levels of investment in the fixed-line sector, the small size of Uruguay's population has enabled them to attain one of the highest telecommunication density levels in South America. The teledensity was already the second highest in the continent in the 1990s (after French Guiana)[15] and the highest in 2001.[16] Reaching a peak of 162.077 in 2014, the density declined in subsequent years, yet it was still 136.921 as of 2021.[17] Mobile penetration was the second highest in Latin America (after Panama) as of 2022.[18] Furthermore, the country already achieved a 100% digitalization of main lines by 1999.[16]

The telecommunications sector is partially under a state monopoly through the public company ANTEL, including a monopoly on landline telephony.[18] While this sector was privatized in many Latin American countries during the 1990s, Uruguay managed to keep telecommunications in public hands, partially under pressure from popular opinion through referendums.[19] However, steps have been made to introduce liberalization and to allow for the entry of more private firms into the cellular sector. In 2022, under Luis Lacalle Pou, Uruguay authorized five cable companies into the fixed broadband internet sector.[20][21]

Travel and tourism

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". In 2013, travel and tourism accounted for 9.4% of the country's GDP.[22] Their tourist industry is mainly characterized for attracting visitors from neighboring countries. Currently Uruguay's major attraction is the interior, particularly located in the region around Punta del Este.[23]

Specialties

  • Cattle were introduced to Uruguay before its independence by Hernando Arias de Saavedra, the Spanish Governor of Buenos Aires in 1603. Beef exports in 2006 amounted to around 37% of Uruguayan exports.[24]
  • Wool is a traditional product exported mainly to America, followed by the UK and India.[25]
  • Milk and dairy products. Conaprole, National Cooperative of Milk Producers[26] is the main exporter of dairy products in Latin America (in 2006). The area of the country dedicated to dairy food is located mainly in the southwest.
  • Rice. Fine varieties are produced in the lowlands in the east of the country close to Merin lake on the Uruguay-Brazil border. The national company Saman claims to be the main exporter in Latin America.[27] Countries it exports to include Brazil, Iran, Peru, South Africa, Chile, Senegal, Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia, Ecuador, USA, Canada and China.
  • Tourism: Several seaside resorts, like Punta del Este or Punta del Diablo in the south-eastern departments of Maldonado and Rocha, regarded as a jet-set resort in South America, are main attractions of Uruguay. International cruises call at Montevideo from October to March every year. Also, Uruguay hosts many year-round international conferences. (The original GATT Uruguay Round concerning trade was, as its name suggests, hosted in Uruguay). Montevideo is home to the headquarters (secretariat) of [Mercosur], the Common Market of the South, whose full members are Uruguay, Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Venezuela, associate members Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.
  • Software and consulting. Uruguay's well-educated workforce and lower-than-international wages have put Uruguay on the IT map. A product named GeneXus,[28] originally created in Uruguay by a company called ArTech, is noteworthy. Other important developers and consultants include De Larrobla & Asociados,[29] Greycon and Quanam.[30] Tata Consultancy Services has its headquarters for the Spanish speaking world in Uruguay. Many of these companies have established in [1].

"With a population of only three million, Uruguay has rapidly become Latin America's outsourcing hub. In partnership with one of India's largest technology consulting firms, engineers in Montevideo work while their counterparts in Mumbai sleep." - The New York Times, Sep 22, 2006.

  • Banking Services. Banking has traditionally been one of the strongest service export sectors in the country. Uruguay was once dubbed "the Switzerland of America", mainly for its banking sector and stability. The largest bank in Uruguay is Banco República, or BROU, which is state-owned; another important state bank is the BHU. Almost 20 private banks, most of the branches of international banks, operate in the country (Banco Santander, ABN AMRO, Citibank, among others). There is also a myriad of brokers and financial-services bureaus, among them Ficus Capital, Galvin Sociedad de Bolsa, Europa Sociedad de Bolsa, Darío Cukier, GBU, Hordeñana & Asociados Sociedad de Bolsa, etc. Uruguay has fully recovered from the financial crisis that caused a run on its banks.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
  • Public Sector: The state in Uruguay has an important role in the economy, Uruguay resisted the trend of privatization in Utilities and state-owned enterprises in the region. Several Referendums supported the state being in control of the most important utilities and energy companies. Some of the companies have a full monopoly warranted by law (like landline telephony, water), others compete freely with private operators (Insurance, mobile telephony, Banks). Most of them are dominant in the local market. There is strong debate in the Uruguayan society about their role and future. Some of them contributed to the Uruguay state treasury.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
    • The most important state-owned companies are: Republica AFAP (Pension Fund), AFE (Railways), ANCAP (Energy), ANCO (Mail), Administracion Nacional de Puertos (Ports), ANTEL (Telecommunications: Telephony, Mobiles (ANCEL and Data ANTELDATA)), BHU (Mortgage Bank), BROU (Bank), BSE (Insurance), OSE (Water & Sewage), UTE (Electricity). These companies operate under public law, using a legal entity defined in the Uruguayan Constitution called 'Ente Autonomo' (Meaning Autonomic Entity). The government also owns parts of other companies operating under private law like the National Airline Carrier PLUNA and others owned totally or partially by the CND National Development Corporation.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Trade agreements

Agreement Partner(s) Signed Effective Status
Mercosur File:Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina, File:Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil, File:Flag of Paraguay.svg Paraguay, File:Flag of Uruguay.svg Uruguay November 1991 November 1991 Currently in force
(Free Trade Agreements / Economic Complementation Agreements)
ECA N.º 36 MERCOSUR File:Flag of Bolivia.svg Bolivia December 1996 February 1997
FTA File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico November 2003 July 2004
ECA N.º 59 File:Flag of Ecuador.svg Ecuador October 2004 April 2005
ECA N.º 58 MERCOSUR File:Flag of Peru.svg Peru August 2005 December 2005
ECA N.º 62 MERCOSUR File:Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba July 2006 September 2008
Commercial Preference Agreement MERCOSUR File:Flag of India.svg India January 2004 June 2009
FTA MERCOSUR File:Flag of Israel.svg Israel December 2007 December 2009
Partial Agreement N.º 63 File:Flag of Venezuela.svg Venezuela December 2012 March 2013
Commercial Preference Agreement MERCOSUR SACU September 2011 April 2016
FTA MERCOSUR File:Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt December 2015 September 2017
ECA N.º 72 MERCOSUR File:Flag of Colombia.svg Colombia July 2017 December 2017
FTA File:Flag of Chile.svg Chile October 2016 December 2018
FTA MERCOSUR Template:Country data State of Palestine December 2011 — Concluded (not in force)

Data

The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2021 (with IMF staff estimates in 2022–2027). Inflation below 10% is in green.[31]

Year GDP

(in Bil. US$PPP)

GDP per capita

(in US$ PPP)

GDP

(in Bil. US$nominal)

GDP per capita

(in US$ nominal)

GDP growth

(real)

Inflation rate

(in Percent)

Unemployment

(in Percent)

Government debt

(in % of GDP)

1980 14.8 5,050.0 12.2 4,139.9 Increase6.0% Template:IncreaseNegative63.5% n/a n/a
1981 Increase16.6 Increase5,594.3 Increase13.6 Increase4,589.0 Increase1.9% Template:IncreaseNegative34.0% n/a n/a
1982 Decrease15.9 Decrease5,347.4 Decrease11.1 Decrease3,727.4 Decrease-9.4% Template:IncreaseNegative19.0% n/a n/a
1983 Decrease15.6 Decrease5,198.1 Decrease6.1 Decrease2,033.0 Decrease-5.9% Template:IncreaseNegative49.2% 14.5% n/a
1984 Increase15.9 Increase5,273.5 Decrease5.8 Decrease1,920.9 Decrease-1.5% Template:IncreaseNegative55.3% Template:DecreasePositive14.0% n/a
1985 Increase16.5 Increase5,422.0 Decrease5.7 Decrease1,865.1 Increase0.3% Template:IncreaseNegative72.2% Template:DecreasePositive13.1% n/a
1986 Increase18.0 Increase5,912.7 Increase7.0 Increase2,302.5 Increase7.5% Template:IncreaseNegative76.4% Template:DecreasePositive10.1% n/a
1987 Increase19.6 Increase6,381.1 Increase8.8 Increase2,864.7 Increase5.9% Template:IncreaseNegative63.6% Template:DecreasePositive9.1% n/a
1988 Increase20.4 Increase6,599.9 Increase9.1 Increase2,946.4 Increase0.5% Template:IncreaseNegative62.2% Template:DecreasePositive8.6% n/a
1989 Increase21.4 Increase6,896.1 Increase9.6 Increase3,088.0 Increase1.1% Template:IncreaseNegative80.4% Template:DecreasePositive8.0% n/a
1990 Increase22.3 Increase7,136.0 Increase11.2 Increase3,573.1 Increase0.3% Template:IncreaseNegative112.5% Template:IncreaseNegative8.5% n/a
1991 Increase23.8 Increase7,594.2 Increase13.4 Increase4,281.1 Increase3.5% Template:IncreaseNegative102.0% Template:IncreaseNegative8.9% n/a
1992 Increase26.3 Increase8,333.4 Increase15.5 Increase4,890.2 Increase7.9% Template:IncreaseNegative68.5% Template:IncreaseNegative9.0% n/a
1993 Increase27.7 Increase8,705.4 Increase18.0 Increase5,659.5 Increase2.7% Template:IncreaseNegative54.1% Template:DecreasePositive8.3% n/a
1994 Increase30.3 Increase9,449.3 Increase21.0 Increase6,530.0 Increase7.3% Template:IncreaseNegative44.7% Template:IncreaseNegative9.2% n/a
1995 Increase30.5 Decrease9,448.7 Increase23.2 Increase7,176.4 Decrease-1.4% Template:IncreaseNegative42.2% Template:IncreaseNegative10.3% n/a
1996 Increase32.8 Increase10,095.7 Increase24.6 Increase7,580.6 Increase5.6% Template:IncreaseNegative28.3% Template:IncreaseNegative11.9% n/a
1997 Increase35.0 Increase10,665.0 Increase26.0 Increase7,925.9 Increase5.0% Template:IncreaseNegative19.8% Template:DecreasePositive11.6% n/a
1998 Increase37.0 Increase11,183.4 Increase27.6 Increase8,329.1 Increase4.5% Template:IncreaseNegative10.8% Template:DecreasePositive10.1% n/a
1999 Decrease36.8 Decrease11,042.6 Decrease26.1 Decrease7,814.5 Decrease-1.9% Increase5.7% Template:IncreaseNegative11.2% n/a
2000 Increase36.9 Decrease11,030.1 Decrease24.8 Decrease7,406.0 Decrease-1.9% Increase4.8% Template:IncreaseNegative13.4% n/a
2001 Decrease36.3 Decrease10,837.5 Decrease22.7 Decrease6,776.8 Decrease-3.8% Increase4.4% Template:IncreaseNegative15.2% n/a
2002 Decrease34.0 Decrease10,170.0 Decrease14.8 Decrease4,425.1 Decrease-7.7% Template:IncreaseNegative14.0% Template:IncreaseNegative16.8% n/a
2003 Increase35.0 Increase10,480.1 Decrease13.1 Decrease3,926.7 Increase0.8% Template:IncreaseNegative19.4% Template:IncreaseNegative17.2% n/a
2004 Increase37.7 Increase11,289.8 Increase14.9 Increase4,456.8 Increase5.0% Increase9.2% Template:DecreasePositive13.3% n/a
2005 Increase41.8 Increase12,471.6 Increase18.9 Increase5,638.0 Increase7.5% Increase4.7% Template:DecreasePositive12.1% n/a
2006 Increase44.9 Increase13,360.9 Increase21.3 Increase6,347.3 Increase4.1% Increase6.4% Template:DecreasePositive10.8% n/a
2007 Increase49.1 Increase14,616.2 Increase25.5 Increase7,587.9 Increase6.5% Increase8.1% Template:DecreasePositive9.4% n/a
2008 Increase53.6 Increase15,945.2 Increase33.0 Increase9,808.9 Increase7.2% Increase7.9% Template:DecreasePositive7.9% 46.4%
2009 Increase56.3 Increase16,653.9 Increase34.4 Increase10,181.7 Increase4.2% Increase7.1% Template:DecreasePositive7.8% Template:DecreasePositive46.4%
2010 Increase61.4 Increase18,069.7 Increase43.8 Increase12,899.7 Increase7.8% Increase6.7% Template:DecreasePositive7.0% Template:DecreasePositive40.8%
2011 Increase65.9 Increase19,306.8 Increase52.3 Increase15,331.1 Increase5.2% Increase8.1% Template:DecreasePositive6.3% Template:IncreaseNegative41.6%
2012 Increase66.8 Increase19,489.1 Increase55.6 Increase16,213.8 Increase3.5% Increase8.1% Steady6.3% Template:IncreaseNegative49.8%
2013 Increase70.4 Increase20,475.3 Increase62.1 Increase18,049.7 Increase4.6% Increase8.6% Template:IncreaseNegative6.5% Template:IncreaseNegative50.1%
2014 Increase74.2 Increase21,491.9 Decrease61.9 Decrease17,908.8 Increase3.2% Increase8.9% Template:IncreaseNegative6.6% Template:IncreaseNegative50.8%
2015 Increase74.9 Increase21,614.5 Decrease57.4 Decrease16,565.8 Increase0.4% Increase8.7% Template:IncreaseNegative7.5% Template:IncreaseNegative57.8%
2016 Increase76.9 Increase22,092.5 Decrease57.2 Decrease16,448.8 Increase1.7% Increase9.6% Template:IncreaseNegative7.9% Template:DecreasePositive55.8%
2017 Increase79.1 Increase22,637.3 Increase64.4 Increase18,431.4 Increase1.6% Increase6.2% Steady7.9% Template:IncreaseNegative56.7%
2018 Increase81.4 Increase23,204.0 Decrease64.3 Decrease18,338.8 Increase0.5% Increase7.6% Template:IncreaseNegative8.4% Template:IncreaseNegative58.3%
2019 Increase83.1 Increase23,617.2 Decrease61.0 Decrease17,341.4 Increase0.4% Increase7.9% Template:IncreaseNegative8.9% Template:IncreaseNegative61.0%
2020 Decrease79.0 Decrease22,361.7 Decrease53.7 Decrease15,208.0 Decrease-6.1% Increase9.8% Template:IncreaseNegative10.4% Template:IncreaseNegative68.3%
2021 Increase85.9 Increase24,233.1 Increase59.3 Increase16,735.3 Increase4.4% Increase7.7% Template:DecreasePositive9.4% Template:DecreasePositive65.1%
2022 Increase96.8 Increase27,232.8 Increase71.2 Increase20,017.6 Increase5.3% Increase9.1% Template:DecreasePositive7.9% Template:DecreasePositive61.2%
2023 Increase103.8 Increase29,109.3 Increase73.0 Increase20,463.9 Increase3.6% Increase7.8% Steady7.9% Template:IncreaseNegative62.6%
2024 Increase108.9 Increase30,425.7 Increase74.8 Increase20,919.5 Increase2.7% Increase6.4% Steady7.9% Template:IncreaseNegative63.9%
2025 Increase113.7 Increase31,668.3 Increase77.6 Increase21,620.1 Increase2.5% Increase5.8% Steady7.9% Template:IncreaseNegative64.1%
2026 Increase118.4 Increase32,882.5 Increase79.6 Increase22,122.0 Increase2.2% Increase4.5% Steady7.9% Template:IncreaseNegative64.9%
2027 Increase123.3 Increase34,153.7 Increase82.0 Increase22,710.1 Increase2.2% Increase4.5% Steady7.9% Template:DecreasePositive64.7%
  • Industrial production growth rate: 12.6% (2006 est.)
  • Electricity - production: 9,474 GWh (1998)
    • fossil fuel: 3.91%
    • hydro: 95.62%
    • nuclear: 0%
    • other: 0.47% (1998)
  • Electricity - consumption: 6,526 GWh (1998)
  • Electricity - exports: 2,363 GWh (1998)
  • Electricity - imports: 78 GWh (1998)
  • Agriculture - products: wheat, rice, barley, maize, sorghum; livestock; fish
  • Exchange rates: Uruguayan pesos per US dollar - 24.048 (2006), 24.479 (2005), 28.704 (2004), 28.209 (2003), 21.257 (2002)

Uruguay in the world

The following table shows the economic rankings of Uruguay compared to the world:

Index Source Rank Published
Quality of Life Index Numbeo[32] 42° 2024
Human Development Index UNDP[33] 52° 2022
Democracy Index Economist Intelligence Unit[34] 11° 2022
Global Peace Index Vision of Humanity[35] 46° 2020-2022
Prosperity Index Legatum[36] 37° 2021
Corruption Perceptions Index Transparency[37] 14° 2023
Economic Freedom Index Heritage[38] 34° 2022
Global Competitiveness Report World Economic Forum[39] 54° 2019
Cost of Living Index Expatistan[40] 30° 2023
Debt Rating[41] Moodys BAA2 2021
S&P BBB 2017
Fitch BBB- 2020
Developed Country Recognition World Bank High Income 2023
United Nations Very High HDI 2021 (2022 report)
Index of Geopolitical Gains and Losses

after Energy Transition (GeGaLo Index)

Overland et al.[42] 6 out of 156 2019

See also

Template:Subject bar

Notes

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References

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  10. ↑ Uruguay production in 2018, by FAO
  11. ↑ Uruguay production in 2018, by FAO
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
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  23. ↑ "Country Reports: Uruguay." Uruguay Country Monitor (2014): 16. Business Source Premier. Web. 7 Dec. 2014.
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External links

Template:Sister project Script error: No such module "Navbox". Script error: No such module "navbox". Script error: No such module "Navbox". Template:Automotive industry in Uruguay Template:Uruguay topics

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