Dumi language
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Dumi is a Kiranti language spoken in the area around the Tap and Rava rivers and their confluence in northern Khotang district, Nepal.[1] It is spoken in the villages such as Makpa, Kharbari, Baksila, Sapteshwor, and Kharmi.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Dialects are Kharbari, Lamdija, and Makpa, with Makpa being the most divergent dialect.[1]
Phonology
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Short | Long | Short | Long | Short | Long | |
| High | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink | |
| Mid | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink | ||
| Mid-low | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink | ||||
| Low | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink | ||||
| Diphthongs | Script error: No such module "IPA".j | e:j | ai | oj | o:ə | |
Grammar
Dumi is an ergative-absolutive language. Embedded sentences may take on the ergative case. Subjects of intransitive verbs and patients of transitive verbs take the absolutive case. A transitive verb shows agreement with both agent and patient.
| Case | Suffix |
|---|---|
| Ergative | -(ʔ)a |
| Absolutive | -ø |
| Genitive | -(ʔ)a |
| Locative | -bi, -hoy |
| Comitative | -kəy |
| Ablative | -ləkə, -lam, -kə |
| Comparative | -yikə |
Nominal plurality is denoted by the suffix <-mɨl> and duality by the suffix <-nɨ>. The plural suffix precedes the ergative and most case endings.
Personal pronouns distinguish between three persons, three numbers, and between inclusive and exclusive. Third person -ɨm denotes only human referents. tom 'this' and mom 'that' can refer to non-human third person subjects. Additionally, aŋ, an, ɨm, and hammɨl have possessive prefixes o:-, a-, ɨ-, and ham-, respectively. The pronouns abo 'who', mwo: 'what', hempa 'where' and hempo 'which one' occupy the same position as their corresponding non-interrogative pronoun would occupy.
| Person | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Incl. | Excl. | Incl. | Excl. | ||
| 1 | aŋ | intsi | antsɨ | iŋki | aŋkɨ |
| 2 | an | antsi | ani | ||
| 3 | ɨm, tom, mom | ɨmnɨ, ɨntsi | hammɨl, ɨmmɨl | ||
The default word order is Subject-Object-Verb.
Attributive forms of numerals 1-9 use the numeral classifier -bo, while the attributive forms of other numerals are unmarked. The interrogative pronoun hittakbo 'how many' also carries this classifier.
| Numeral | Dumi | Numeral | Dumi |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | tɨk | 6 | mu |
| 2 | sak | 7 | sɨm |
| 3 | ryek | 8 | ɨm |
| 4 | tɨm | 9 | nu/dek |
| 5 | ŋo | 10 | tɨksi |
See also
References
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External links
- Himalayan Languages ProjectTemplate:Category handler[<span title="Script error: No such module "string".">usurped]Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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