Dugesia

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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "For". Template:Automatic taxobox

Dugesia is a genus of freshwater planarians in the family Dugesiidae triclads and the type genus of this family. These common flatworms are found in freshwater habitats of Africa, Eurasia, and Australia. Dugesia is best known to non-specialists because of its regeneration capacities.[1]

Description

Dugesia species have an elongated body with a slightly triangle-shaped head. They often have grey, brown, or black dorsal color, whereas the ventral surface is usually paler. These animals have a couple of eyes constituted by a multicellular pigmented cup with many retinal cells to detect the amount of light in the nearby environment. Sometimes they present supernumerary eyes. At the anterior part of the body, behind the eye level, they have a pair of structures called auricles that give the triangle look to the 'head' and allow them to detect the intensity of water current. These auricles are free of pigment and rhabdites. Each side of the anterior margin of the head has between 5 and 10 shallow sensory fossae, their number depending on the species or the individual. The sensory fossae and the auricle grooves are supplied with many nerve endings.[2]

The digestive system of Dugesia contains a central, non-pigmented tubular pharynx. Like the other triclads, the gut consists of three branches, one anterior and two posterior. Each branch consists of caeca, which deliver the nutrients to the body. The gut lacks a separate opening for waste excretion.[3]

The subepidermal musculature of Dugesia is divided into four layers.[2]

In Dugesia the ovaries are ventrally situated, they start just behind the brain, usually at the level of the fourth intestinal branch. The bursal canal runs on the right side of the copulatory apparatus and above the atrium.[2] Like some Neppia species, species of Dugesia have a third layer of longitudinal musculature over the vaginal area of the bursal canal. This feature is not present in other triclads. Another feature shared with Neppia is the presence of a glandular area at the transitional area between the seminal vesicle and the ejaculatory duct, although in Dugesia these glands are concentrated at the diaphragm, a structure not present in any other genera.[4] Ball proposed that the presence of this glands was a synapomorphy of Dugesia and Neppia. The absence of these glands in some Neppia species (N. jeanneli, N. montana and N. schubarti) is thought to be a secondary loss.[5]

Reproduction

Species of Dugesia are hermaphrodites. Many species can reproduce both sexually and asexually (by parthenogenesis or by fission).[6]

Phylogeny and taxonomy

Dugesia species lack enough morphological characters to recover the phylogenetic relation between them. The few available characters often contradict each other when a morphological phylogeny is attempted. Dugesia species are identified by the combination of diagnostic characters instead of different apomorphies. Over 130 species within the genus Dugesia have been described.[1][7]

Phylogeny

File:Dugesia Creta.JPG
Dugesia cretica under a stone of a Cretan stream.
File:Dugesia liguriensis.jpg
Dugesia sp. related to Dugesia liguriensis from Catalonia.

Phylogenetic tree including five dugesiid genera after Álvarez-Presas et al., 2008:[8] Template:Clade

Molecular phylogeny of 13 Dugesia species after Lázaro et al., 2009:[9] Template:Clade

Molecular phylogeny of Dugesia species after Solà et al., 2013:[10] Template:Clade

Species

The following species are currently recognised in the genus Dugesia:[11] Template:Div col

  • Dugesia absoloni (Komarek, 1919)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia aconcinna Chen & Dong, 2025Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[7]
  • Dugesia adunca Chen & Sluys, 2022Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[12]
  • Dugesia aenigma De Vries, 1984Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia aethiopica Stocchino, Corso, Manconi & Pala, 2002Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia afromontana Stocchino & Sluys, 2012Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia ancoraria Zhu & Wang, 2024Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[13]
  • Dugesia andamanensis (Kaburaki, 1925)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia annandalei (Kaburaki, 1918)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia arabica Harrath & Sluys, 2013Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia arcadia De Vries, 1988Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia ariadnae De Vries, 1984Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia artesiana Sluys & Grant, 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia astrocheta Marcus, 1953Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia aurea Leria, 2020Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia austroasiatica Kawakatsu, 1985Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia bactriana de Beauchamp, 1959Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia bakurianica Porfirieva, 1958Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia batuensis Ball, 1970Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia benazzii Lepori, 1951Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia bengalensis Kawakatsu, 1983Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia biblica Benazzi & Banchetti, 1973Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia bifida Stocchino & Sluys, 2014Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia bijuga Harrath & Sluys, 2019Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia borneana Kawakatsu, 1972Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia brachycephala (Bohmig, 1897)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia brigantii De Vries & Benazzi, 1983Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia burmaensis (Kaburaki, 1918)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia bursagrossa Harrath & Sluys, 2025Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[14]
  • Dugesia capensis Sluys, 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia chichkovi (Hranova, 1929)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia circumcisa Chen & Dong, 2021Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[15]
  • Dugesia constrictiva Chen & Dong, 2022Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[16]
  • Dugesia corbata Leria, 2020Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia crassimentula Sluys & Stocchino, 2024Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[17]
  • Dugesia cretica (Meixner, 1928)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia damoae De Vries, 1984Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia debeauchampi De Vries, 1988Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia deharvengi Kawakatsu & Mitchell, 1989Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia didiaphragma De Vries, 1988Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia dubia (Borelli, 1895)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia ectophysa Marcus, 1953Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia effusa Sluys, 2013Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[18]
  • Dugesia elegans De Vries, 1984Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia etrusca Benazzi, 1944Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia fissipara (Kennel, 1888)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia foeni Ball, 1977Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia fontinalis (Nurse, 1950)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia gemmulata Sun & Wang, 2022Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[19]
  • Dugesia golanica Bromley & Benazzi, 1991Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia gonocephala (Duges, 1830)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia gonocephaloides Girard, 1850Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia hepta Pala, Casu & Vacca, 1981Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia hoernesi (Weiss, 1909)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia hoidi Dols-Serrate, Stocchino & Riutort, 2024Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[20]
  • Dugesia hymanae (Sivickis, 1928)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia iheringii (Bohmig, 1887)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia ilvana Lepori, 1948Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia improvisa Sluys & Solà, 2013Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[18]
  • Dugesia indica Kawakatsu, 1969Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia indonesiana Kawakatsu, 1973Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia insolita Stocchino & Sluys, 2024Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[17]
  • Dugesia iranica Livanov, 1951Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia izuensis Kato, 1943Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia japonica Ichikawa & Kawakatsu, 1964Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia krishnaswamyi Kawakatsu, 1975Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia lamottei de Beauchamp, 1952Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia lanzai Banchetti & del Papa, 1972Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia lata (Sivickis, 1923)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia laurentiana (Borelli, 1897)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia leclerci Kawakatsu & Mitchel, 1995Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia leporii Pala, Stocchino, Corso & Casu, 2000Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia libanica Bromley & Benazzi, 1991Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia liguriensis De Vries, 1988Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia lindbergi de Beauchamp, 1959Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia machadoi de Beauchamp, 1952Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia maculata (Leidy, 1847)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia maghrebiana Stocchino, Manconi, Corso, Sluys, Casu & Pala, 2009Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia majuscula Chen & Dong, 2021Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia malickyi De Vries, 1984Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia mariae Stocchino, Dols-Serrate & Riutort, 2024Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[20]
  • Dugesia mertoni (Steinmann, 1914)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia michaelsoni (Bohmig, 1902)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia microbursalis (Hyman, 1931)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia milloti Beauchamp, 1952Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia minotauros De Vries, 1984Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia mirabilis De Vries, 1988Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia modesta Girard, 1893Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia monomyoda Marcus, 1953Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia montana Nurse, 1950Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia musculosa Chen & Dong, 2024Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[21]
  • Dugesia myopa De Vries, 1988Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia naiadis Sluys, 2013Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[18]
  • Dugesia nannophallus Ball, 1970Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia nansheae De Vries, 1988Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia neumanni (Neppi, 1904)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia nonatoi Marcus, 1946Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia notogaea Sluys & Kawakatsu, 1998Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia novaguineana Kawakatsu, 1976Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia parasagitta Sluys & Solà, 2013Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[18]
  • Dugesia pendula Chen & Dong, 2024Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[21]
  • Dugesia polyorchis (Fuhrmann, 1912)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia precaucasica Porfirieva, 1958Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia pustulata Harrath & Sluys, 2019Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia rincona Marcus, 1954Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia ryukyuensis Kawakatsu, 1976Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia saccaria A-T. Wang & Sluys, 2024Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[22]
  • Dugesia sacatta Chen & Dong, 2025Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[7]
  • Dugesia sagitta (Schmidt, 1861)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia schauinslandi (Neppi, 1904)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia seclusa (de Beauchamp, 1940)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia semiglobosa Chen & Dong, 2021Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia siamana Kawakatsu, 1980Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia sicula Lepori, 1948Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia similis (Bohmig, 1902)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia sinensis Chen & Wang, 2015Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia subtentaculata (Draparnaud, 1801)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia superioris Stocchino & Sluys, 2013Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia tamilensis Kawakatsu, 1980Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia tanganyikae (Laidlaw, 1906)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia taurocaucasica (Livanov, 1951)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia transcaucasica (Livanov, 1951)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia tubqalis Harrath & Sluys, 2012Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia tumida Chen & Sluys, 2022Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[12]
  • Dugesia uenorum Kawakatsu & Mitchel, 1995Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia umbonata Song & Wang, 2020Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia venusta (Bohmig, 1897)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia verrucula Chen & Dong, 2021)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[15]
  • Dugesia vestibularis De Vries, 1988Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia wytegrensis (Sabussow, 1907)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dugesia xeropotamica Stocchino, Dols-Serrate & Riutort, 2024Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[23]

Template:Div col end

References

Template:Reflist

External links

Template:Sister project

  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

Template:Dugesiidae Template:Taxonbar

  1. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Gilbertson L. (1999). Zoology Lab Manual. McGraw Hill Companies, New York; Template:ISBN (fourth edition, 1999).
  4. ↑ Ball. I. R. (1974). A contribution to the phylogeny and biogeography of the freshwater triclads (Platyhelminthes: Turbellaria). In Biology of the Turbellaria: 339-401. Riser, N. W. & Morse, M. P. (Eds). New York:McGraw-Hill.
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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