Dryopteris
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- The moth genus Dryopteris is now considered a junior synonym of Oreta.
Dryopteris Template:IPAc-en,[1] commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to Dryopteris filix-mas), or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family Dryopteridaceae, subfamily Dryopteridoideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).[2] There are about 300-400 species in the genus.[3][2][4][5] The species are distributed in Asia, the Americas,[6] Europe, Africa, and the Pacific islands, with the highest diversity in eastern Asia.[5][7] It is placed in the family Dryopteridaceae, subfamily Dryopteridoideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).[2] Many of the species have stout, slowly creeping rootstocks that form a crown, with a vase-like ring of fronds. The sori are round, with a peltate indusium. The stipes have prominent scales.
Hybridization and polyploidy are well-known phenomena in this group, with many species formed via these processes. The North American Dryopteris hybrid complex is a well-known example of speciation via allopolyploid hybridization.[8]
The fossil record of this genus shows that it was widespread even as far back as the Cretaceous with fossils being found in Late Cretaceous rock layers from North America[9] down to Antarctica.[10]
Selected species
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The genus has a large number of species. The PPG I classification suggested there were about 400 species;[2] since February 2020[update]Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., the Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World listed 328 species and 83 hybrids.[3] Some genera sunk into Dryopteris, such as Dryopsis and Nothoperanema, are distinguished by other sources.[3]
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Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris acutodentata ChingScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris adnata (Blume) Alderw.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris aemula (Aiton) KuntzeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – hay-scented buckler fern
- Dryopteris affinis (Lowe) Fraser-Jenk.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – scaly male fern
- Dryopteris aitoniana Pic.Serm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris × alejandrei Pérez Carro & Fern.ArecesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris × algonquinensis D.M.BrittonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris alpestris TagawaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris × alpirsbachensis Freigang, Zenner, Bujnoch, S.Jess. & MagauerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris amblyodonta J.P.RouxScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris × ambroseae Fraser-Jenk. & JermyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris amurensis (Milde) ChristScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris aneitensis (Hook.) C.Chr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris angustifrons (T.Moore) KuntzeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris angustipalea Darnaedi, M.Kato & K.Iwats.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris annamensis (Tagawa) Li Bing ZhangScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris antarctica (Baker) C.Chr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris anthracinisquama Miyam.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris apiciflora (Wall. ex Mett.) KuntzeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris approximata SledgeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris × apuana Gibby, S.Jess. & MarchettiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris aquilinoides (Desv.) C.Chr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris arborescens (Baker) KuntzeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris ardechensis Fraser-Jenk.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris × arecesiae Pérez Carro & T.E.DíazScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris arguta (Kaulf.) WattScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – coastal wood fern
- Dryopteris arunachalensis (Fraser-Jenk. & Benniamin) R.Kr.Singh & V.K.RawatScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris ascensionis (Hook.) KuntzeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris assamensis (C.Hope) C.Chr. & ChingScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris × asturiensis Fraser-Jenk. & GibbyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris athamantica (Kunze) KuntzeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris atrata (Wall. ex Kunze) ChingScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris aurantiaca J.P.RouxScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris × australis (Wherry) SmallScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris austroindica Fraser-Jenk.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris bamleriana Rosenst.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris baniensis Rosenst.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris barbigera (Hook.) KuntzeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris basisora ChristScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris × benedictii (Farw.) WherryScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris bernieri TardieuScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris bhutanica (Fraser-Jenk. & Pariyar) Fraser-Jenk.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris bissetiana (Baker) C.Chr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris blandfordii (C.Hope) C.Chr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris bodinieri (Christ) C.Chr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris bojeri KuntzeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris × boottii (Tuck.) Underw.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris borbasii Litard.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris × brathaica Fraser-Jenk. & Reichst.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris × burgessii B.BoivinScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris burnatii Christ & WilczekScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris cacaina TagawaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris campyloptera ClarksonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – mountain wood fern
- Dryopteris camusiae Fraser-Jenk.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris × cantabrica Alejandre, Pérez Carro & Fern.ArecesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris caperata J.P.RouxScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris caroli-hopei Fraser-Jenk.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris carpatica S.Jess. & BujnochScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) H.P.FuchsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – narrow buckler fern
- Dryopteris caucasica (A.Braun) Fraser-Jenk. & CorleyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris caudipinna NakaiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris × cedroensis Gibby & WidénScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris celsa (W.Palmer) Knowlt., T.S.Palmer & Pollard ex SmallScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – log fern
- Dryopteris chaerophyllifolia (Zippel) C.Chr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris championii (Benth.) C.Chr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris chichisimensis Nakai ex H.ItôScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris chinensis (Baker) Koidz.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris christenseniae (Ching) Li Bing ZhangScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris chrysocoma (Christ) C.Chr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris cicatricata J.P.RouxScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris cinnamomea (Cav.) C.Chr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – cinnamon wood fern
- Dryopteris clarkei (Baker) KuntzeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris clintoniana (D.C.Eaton) DowellScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Clinton's wood fern
- Dryopteris cochleata (D.Don) C.Chr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris cognata (C.Presl) KuntzeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris collucata Charit.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris commixta TagawaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris comorensis (Tardieu) Fraser-Jenk.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris × complexa Fraser-Jenk.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris conjugata ChingScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris conversa Alderw.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris coreanomontana NakaiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris corleyi Fraser-Jenk.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris × correllii W.H.Wagner & A.V.GilmanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris costalisora TagawaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris crassirhizoma NakaiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris crinalis (Hook. & Arn.) C.Chr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris crispifolia Rasbach, Reichst. & G.VidaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris cristata (L.) A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – crested buckler fern
- Dryopteris cycadina Franch. & Sav.) C.Chr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris cyclopeltidiformis C.Chr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris cyclosorus Alderw.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris damingshanensis Li Bing Zhang & H.M.LiuScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris daozhenensis P.S.Wang & X.Y.WangScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris decipiens (Hook.) KuntzeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris dehuaensis Ching & K.H.ShingScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris dickinsii (Franch. & Sav.) C.Chr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris dilatata (Hoffm.) A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – broad buckler fern
- Dryopteris dracomontana Schelpe & N.C.AnthonyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris enneaphylla (Baker) C.Chr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris erythrosora (D.C.Eaton) KuntzeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – autumn fern
- Dryopteris erythrovaria K.Hori & N.Murak.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris expansa (C.Presl) Fraser-Jenk. & JermyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – northern buckler fern
- Dryopteris fadenii Pic.Serm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris fangii Ching, Fraser-Jenk. & Z.R.WangScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) SchottScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – male fern
- Dryopteris flemingii Fraser-Jenk.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris formosana (Christ) C.Chr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris fragrans (L.) SchottScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – fragrant buckler fern, fragrant wood fern
- Dryopteris fructuosa (Christ) C.Chr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris fuscipes C.Chr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris gamblei (C.Hope) C.Chr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris goerigiana (Kunze) Koidz.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris goldieana (Hook. ex Goldie) A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Goldie's wood fern
- Dryopteris guanchica Gibby & JermyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris gymnophylla (Baker) C.Chr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris gymnosora (Makino) C.Chr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris hasseltii (Blume) C.Chr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris hendersoni (Bedd.) C.Chr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris hirtipes (Blume) KuntzeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris immixta ChingScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris inaequalis (Schltdl.) KuntzeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris integriloba C.Chr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris integripinnula ChingScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris intermedia A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – intermediate wood fern
- Dryopteris juxtaposita ChristScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris kinkiensis Koidz. ex TagawaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris labordei (Christ) C.Chr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris lacera (Thunb.) KuntzeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris lepidopoda HayataScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris lepidorachis C.Chr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris ludoviciana (Kunze) SmallScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – southern wood fern
- Dryopteris macropholis Lorence & W.L.WagnerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris marginalis (L.) A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – marginal wood fern
- Dryopteris mindshelkensis PavlovScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – rigid buckler fern
- Dryopteris monticola (Makino) C.Chr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris montigena ChingScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris nigropaleacea (Fraser-Jenk.) Fraser-Jenk.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris odontoloma (T.Moore ex Bedd.) C.Chr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris oreades FominScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – mountain male fern
- Dryopteris pallida (Bory) Maire & Petitm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris panda (C.B.Clarke) C.Chr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris peninsulae Kitag.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris podophylla (Hook.) KuntzeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris polita Rosenst.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris raiateensis (J.W.Moore) Li Bing ZhangScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris reflexosquamata HayataScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris remota (A.Braun ex Doll) DruceScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – scaly buckler fern
- Dryopteris rosthornii (Diels) C.Chr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris sacrosancta Koidz.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris saxifraga H.ItôScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris scottii (Bedd.) ChingScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris sericea C.Chr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris × shibipedis Sa.KurataScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris sichotensis Kom.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris sieboldii (T.Moore) KuntzeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris sikkimensis (Bedd.) KuntzeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris sordidipes TagawaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris sparsa (D.Don) KuntzeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris squamiseta (Hook.) KuntzeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris stenolepis (Baker) C.Chr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris subatrata TagawaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris subexaltata (Christ) C.Chr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris sublacera ChristScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris submarginata Rosenst.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris subtriangularis (C.Hope) C.Chr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris tenuicula C.G.Matthew & ChristScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris tokyoensis (Makino) C.Chr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Tokyo wood fern
- Dryopteris tyrrhena Fraser-Jenk. & ReichstScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris uniformis (Makino) MakinoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris varia (L.) KuntzeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris villarii (Bellardi) Woyn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris wallichiana (Spreng.) Hyl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – alpine wood fern
- Dryopteris wulingshanensis J.P.Shu, Y.H.Yan & R.J.WangScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris wuyishanica Ching & P.C.ChiuScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris xanthomelas (Christ) C.Chr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris yongdeensis W.M.Chu ex S.G.LuScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Dryopteris zayuensis Ching & S.K.WuScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
-
Dryopteris goldieana, Goldie's fern
Ecology
Dryopteris species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Batrachedra sophroniella (which feeds exclusively on D. cyatheoides) and Sthenopiseauratus.
Cultivation and uses
Many Dryopteris species are widely used as garden ornamental plants, especially D. affinis, D. erythrosora, and D. filix-mas, with numerous cultivars.
Dryopteris filix-mas was throughout much of recent human history widely used as a vermifuge, and was the only fern listed in the U.S. Pharmacopoeia. Traditional use in Scandinavia against red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) infestation is to place fronds in nesting boxes under nesting material and under floor covering material.
See also
References
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- ↑ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
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Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".