Drehu language

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Drehu (Script error: No such module "IPA".; also known as Dehu,[1] Lifou,[2] Lifu,[3] qene drehu[4]) is an Austronesian language mostly spoken on Lifou Island, Loyalty Islands, New Caledonia. It has about 12,000 fluent speakers and the status of a French regional language. This status means that pupils can take it as an optional topic for the baccalauréat in New Caledonia itself or on the French mainland.[5] It has been also taught at the Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales (INALCO) in Paris since 1973 and at the University of New Caledonia[6] since 2000. Like other Kanak languages, Drehu is regulated by the Académie des langues kanak, founded in 2007.

A separate register of Drehu, known as qene miny, was once used to speak to chiefs (joxu). Very few Drehu speakers know qene miny today.[7]

Phonology

Vowels

Front Central Back
High Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Mid Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Open Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link

Script error: No such module "IPA". is heard as Script error: No such module "IPA". before nasals.

Script error: No such module "IPA". can sometimes be Script error: No such module "IPA". before nasals.

Consonants

Bilabial Dental Alveolar Retroflex Alveopalatal Velar Glottal
Nasals voiceless Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
voiced Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Stops and
affricates 		voiceless Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
voiced Template:IPA linkTemplate:Efn Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA linkTemplate:Efn Template:IPA link
Fricatives voiceless Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
voiced Template:IPA linkTemplate:Efn Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Approximants voiceless Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
voiced Template:IPA link Template:IPA link

Template:Notelist

Writing system

Drehu was first written in the Latin script by the Polynesian[8] and English missionaries of the London Missionary Society during the 1840s, with the help of the natives. The first complete Bible was published in 1890. The Bible writing system didn't distinguish between the dental (written "d", "t") and the alveolar/retroflex ("dr" and "tr") consonants, which for a long time were written indifferently "d" and "t". In Drehu Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". are not dental but interdental consonants. The new writing system was created during the 1970s.

Grapheme-phoneme correspondance
Grapheme a aa b c d dj dr e ee ë ëë f g h hl hm hn hng hny i ii j k
Phoneme Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA".
Grapheme l m n ng ny o oo ö öö p q r s sh t th tr u uu v w x z
Phoneme Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA".

[9]

Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Grammar

Personal pronouns

Singular

  • Eni/ni: I, me
  • Eö/ö: you
  • Nyipë/nyipëti: you (a polite form of address to a chief (joxu)or an older man)
  • Nyipo/nyipot(i): you (a polite form of address to an older woman)
  • Angeic(e): he, him, she
  • Nyidrë/nyidrët(i): he, him (a polite form of address to a chief (joxu)or an older man)
  • Nyidro/nyidrot(i): you (a polite form of address to an older woman)
  • Ej(e): it

Dual

  • Eaho/ho: we two (exclusive)
  • Easho/sho (easo/so): we two (inclusive)
  • Epon(i)/pon(i): you two
  • Eahlo: they two
  • Lue ej(e): they two for things and animals

Plural

  • Eahun(i)/hun(i): we, us (exclusive)
  • Eashë/shë, easë/së: we all, all of us (inclusive)
  • Epun(i)/pun(i): you
  • Angaatr(e): they, them
  • Itre ej(e): they, them (for things and animals)

Notes

  1. ↑ In missionary time
  2. ↑ In French
  3. ↑ In English
  4. ↑ Qene means language (literally "qe" : mouth, "ne" : of)
  5. ↑ Only five of the twenty-eight Kanak languages (in the 1999 Rapport Cerquilini or 40 according to the Académie des langues kanak) have this status: Drehu (island of Lifou), Nengone (island of Maré), A'jië (around Houaïlou), Paicî (around Poindimié) and Xârâcùù (around Canala and Thio).
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ As Maurice Leenhardt did ("Langues et dialectes de l'Austro-Mélanésie" (1946), the Académie considers qene miny not only as a respective register but also a distinct language
  8. ↑ Most were from the Cook Islands.
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Bibliography

  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Template:In lang Le drehu, langue de Lifou (Iles Loyauté): phonologie, morphologie, syntaxe. Template:ISBN
  • Template:In lang Maurice Lenormand, Dictionnaire de la langue de Lifou. Le Qene Drehu, 1999, Nouméa, Le Rocher-à-la-Voile, 533p
  • Tryon, Darrell T. Dehu-English dictionary. C-6, vi + 142 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1967. Script error: No such module "doi".
  • Tryon, Darrell T. English-Dehu dictionary. C-7, iv + 165 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1967. Script error: No such module "doi".
  • Tryon, Darrell T. Dehu grammar. B-7, xii + 122 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1968. Script error: No such module "doi".

External links

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Template:Languages of New Caledonia Template:Southern Oceanic languages Template:Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages

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