de Havilland Dove

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Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use British English

Template:Infobox aircraft The de Havilland DH.104 Dove is a British short-haul airliner developed and manufactured by de Havilland. The design, which was a monoplane successor to the pre-war Dragon Rapide biplane, came about from the Brabazon Committee report which, amongst other aircraft types, called for a British-designed short-haul feeder for airlines.[1]

The Dove was a popular aircraft and is considered to be one of Britain's most successful postwar civil designs, with over 500 aircraft manufactured between 1946 and 1967. Several military variants were operated, such as the Devon by the Royal Air Force and the Sea Devon by the Royal Navy, and the type also saw service with a number of overseas military forces.

A longer four-engined development of the Dove, intended for use in the less developed areas of the world, was the Heron. A considerably re-designed three-engined variant of the Dove was built in Australia as the de Havilland Australia DHA-3 Drover.

Development and design

The development team for the Dove was headed by Ronald Bishop,[1] the creator of the de Havilland Mosquito, a wartime fighter-bomber, and the de Havilland Comet, the first commercial jet aircraft in the world. It had been developed to meet the Type VB requirement issued by the Brabazon Committee.[2] In concept, the Dove was developed to be the replacement of the pre-war Dragon Rapide.[1] It was also required to be competitive with the large numbers of surplus military transports in the aftermath of the Second World War, such as the Douglas DC-3.[3] Unlike the Dragon Rapide, the Dove's structure was entirely metal.[4][5] It featured innovations including constant-speed propellers, flaps, and a retractable tricycle undercarriage.[6][1]

In 1946, aviation magazine Flight praised the qualities of the newly developed Dove, noting its "modernity" as well as the aircraft's load-carrying capacity, safe engine-failure performance, and positive maintenance features.[2] Considerable attention was paid to aspects of maintainability, many of the components being designed to be interchangeable and easy to remove or replace, such as the rudder, elevator, and power units; other areas include the mounting of the engines upon four quick-release pickup points, the routing of cables and piping, and the detachable wings and tail cone.[7] The extensive use of special Redux metal-bonding adhesives reduced the need for riveting during the manufacturing process, reducing overall weight and air-skin friction.[8]

While standard passenger versions of the Dove would carry between eight and eleven passengers, the cabin was designed to allow operators to convert between higher and lower density seating configurations.[9] Features such as a single aircraft lavatory and an aft luggage compartment could be removed to provide increased seating.[10] Various specialised models were produced for other roles, such as aerial survey, air ambulance, and flying classroom.[11] A strengthened cabin floor structure was used to enable concentrated freight loads to be carried as well.[9] The Dove could also serve as an executive transport, and in such a configuration it was capable of seating five passengers; the executive model proved to be popular with various overseas customers, particularly those in the United States.[4]

The crew typically consisted of a pilot and radio operator, although rapidly removable dual flight controls could be installed for a second flying crewmember.[2] A combination of large windows and a transparent perspex cabin roof provided a high level of visibility from the cockpit.[9][12] From a piloting perspective, the Dove was noted for possessing easy flying qualities and mild stall qualities.[13] A TKS anti-icing system was available for the Dove, involving an alcohol-based jelly delivered via porous metal strips embedded on the leading edges of the wings and tail.[12]

Operational service

File:DH.104 Devon NZ1802 RNZAF 42 Sqn WELL 21.04.71 edited-2.jpg
RNZAF Devon C.1 of 42 Squadron at Wellington Airport in 1971

The Dove first flew on 25 September 1945.[1] In December 1946, the Dove entered service with Central African Airways.[5] Initial production of the Dove took place at de Havilland's Hatfield factory, but from 1951 the aircraft were built at the company's Broughton facility near Chester.[14] The final example of the type was delivered in 1967. Production of the Dove and its variants totalled 544 aircraft,[15] including two prototypes, 127 military-orientated Devons and 13 Sea Devons.

From 1946, large numbers were sold to scheduled and charter airlines around the world, replacing and supplementing the pre-war designed de Havilland Dragon Rapide and other older designs. The largest order for the Dove was placed by Argentina, which ultimately took delivery of 70 aircraft,[16] the majority of which were used by the Argentine Air Force. LAN Chile took delivery of twelve examples and these were operated from 1949 onwards until the aircraft were sold to several small regional airlines in the United States in 1954.[17]Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

In excess of 50 Doves were sold to various operators in the United States by Jack Riley, an overseas distributor for the type. De Havilland later assumed direct control of U.S. sales, but did not manage to match this early commercial success for the type.[18]

An early batch of 30 Devons was delivered to the Royal Air Force[19] and they were used as VIP and light transports for over 30 years. The Royal New Zealand Air Force acquired 30 Devons between 1948 and 1954, and these remained in service for VIP, crew-training and light transport duties into the 1970s.[17]Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

The Biafran Air Force operated a single Dove during the Nigerian Civil War; the aircraft was lost, to be subsequently found in 1970 on the premises of a school in Uli.[20] A second US-registered Riley Dove, N477PM delivered in 1967 to Port Harcourt from Switzerland, never reached Biafra because it was stopped by Algerian authorities.[20]

A Dove served as the first official aircraft of a Paraguayan head of state during the rule of Alfredo Stroessner. It was subsequently replaced by a de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter.[21]

A few Doves and civilianised Devons remained in use in 2011 in the United Kingdom, Canada, Germany and elsewhere with small commercial firms and with private pilot owners.

Variants

File:DH.104 Dove 1 G-AHRB Skyways Ringway 05.06.48 edited-2.jpg
Early production Dove 1 of Skyways in June 1948
File:G-OPLC (19405331973).jpg
Dove G-OPLC in 2006
  • Dove 1 : Light transport aircraft, seating up to 11 passengers. Powered by two Template:Cvt) de Havilland Gipsy Queen 70-3 piston engines.[22][23]
    • Dove 1B : Dove Mk 1 aircraft, fitted with two Template:Cvt Gipsy Queen 70-4 piston engines.[19]
  • Dove 2 : Executive transport version, seating up to six passengers. Powered by two Template:Cvt Gipsy Queen 70-3 piston engines.[23]
    • Dove 2B : Dove Mk 2 aircraft, fitted with two Template:Cvt Gipsy Queen 70-4 piston engines.[19]
  • Dove 3 : Proposed high-altitude survey version. Not built.[19]
  • Dove 4 : Military transport and communications version.[19]
    • Devon C Mk 1 : Transport and communications version for the RAF.[19]
    • Devon C Mk 2 : Transport and communications version for the RAF. Re-engined version of the Devon C Mk 1 fitted with revised cockpit and two Template:Cvt Gipsy Queen 175 piston engines.[24]
    • Sea Devon C Mk 20 : Transport and communications version for the Royal Navy.[19]
  • Dove 5 : Uprated version of the Dove 1, seating up to 11 passengers, with two Template:Cvt Gipsy Queen 70 Mk2 piston engines.[25][19]
  • Dove 6 : Uprated version of the Dove 2, a six seat executive transport aircraft, powered by two Template:Cvt Gipsy Queen 70 Mk2 piston engines.[25][19]
File:DH.104 Riley Dove N673R Long Beach CA 04.87-2.jpg
Riley Dove with Lycoming engines and taller swept fin at Long Beach airport in 1987
  • Dove 7 : Uprated version of the Dove 5, seating up to 11 passengers, fitted with two Template:Cvt Gipsy Queen 70 Mk3 piston engines and revised cockpit.[19]
  • Dove 8 : Uprated version of the six seat executive Dove 6, fitted with two Template:Cvt Gipsy Queen 70 Mk3 piston engines and revised cockpit.[19]
    • Dove 8A : Five seater version of the Dove 8 for the U.S. market.[25]

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  • Dove Custom 800 : A customised version of the Dove, carried out by Horton and Horton in Fort Worth, Texas. Typically outfitted with removable bulkheads, various custom interiors were available, including airliner-orientated configurations.[27]
File:DH.104 Dove 1 Carstedt CJ600F Falcon N4921V ADD 19.10.75.jpg
Carstedt CJ600F stretched cargo conversion of a Dove 1 fitted with TPE331 turboprops, at Dallas Addison in 1975

Operators

File:De Havilland Devon XA880 - RAF Kemble - BB.jpg
de Havilland Devon
File:Ntps-dh104-N11XW-090302-01-cradj-8.jpg
Dove 6A belonging to the National Test Pilot School departs the Mojave Airport, 2009
File:Dove cockpit.jpg
Cockpit

Civil operators

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File:De Havilland Dove on display at HAL Aerospace museum Bangalore.jpg
Dove with tail marking HW201 on display at HAL Aerospace Museum at Bengaluru, India
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File:SAATAS East Indonesia de Havilland Dove DRW Wheatley.jpg
De Havilland Dove of the SAATAS East Indonesia at Darwin Airport, 1980s
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File:Flag of Southern Rhodesia (1924–1964).svg Southern Rhodesia
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Portuguese Angola

Portuguese Cape Verde

Portuguese Mozambique

File:Transportes Aereos De Timor De Havilland DH-104 Dove 1B Wheatley.jpg
Transportes Aéreos de Timor CR-TAG Dove at Bankstown Airport in the early 1970s. This aircraft is now in the Darwin Aviation Museum. A Bristol Freighter is also present

Portuguese Timor

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File:Flag of South Africa (1928–1982).svg South Africa

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Military operators

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File:Flag of the Congo Free State.svg Belgian Congo
Template:Country data Biafra
  • Biafran Air Force – One Riley-converted Riley 400 was abandoned at Port Harcourt by Bristow Helicopters at the outbreak of civil war in 1967 and seized by Biafran mercenaries.[44]
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File:Flag of Egypt (1922–1958).svg Egypt
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  • Royal Iraqi Air Force – 7 – One Series 1 for the Royal Flight delivered in 1947 followed by six Series 1 in 1948.[42]
    • Royal Flight
    • No. 3 Transport Squadron
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  • Irish Air Corps – 4, one series 1B in 1953, one series 5 in 1959, one series 7 in 1962, and series 8 modified for radio and radar calibration in 1970.[42]
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  • Royal Jordanian Air Force – 6 – Two Series 1 transferred from Jordan National Airlines, two aircraft intended for Jordan National Airlines converted to Series 5 and transferred to air force, two new Series 7s delivered in 1965[42]
  • Royal Flight
Template:Country data Katanga
  • Force Aérienne Katangaise – 6[42][45]
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  • Pakistan Air Force – Two, one former Government of Sind series 1 used until 1962, a new VIP series 2 delivered in 1949.[42]
    • No. 12 Squadron
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Accidents and incidents

  • On 13 May 1948, a Dove 1 G-AJOU of Skyways Limited crashed near Privas, France. All four on board killed, including the Earl Fitzwilliam and Kathleen Cavendish, the second daughter of Joseph P. Kennedy.[46]
  • On 14 March 1949, a De Havilland DH.104 Dove 1 of Union of Burma Airways, registration XY-ABO, crashed in the Gulf of Mottama (Martaban) en route from Mingaladon Airport to Moulmein (Mawlamyine) Airport . Lost 9 passengers and 2 crew (Capt P H Sparrow, pilot and L.A. Stephens, radio officer).[47]
  • On 15 October 1951, Dove VH-AQO operated by Airlines (WA) Ltd crashed near its destination, Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, on a flight from Perth. All seven occupants were killed. The accident was eventually attributed to fatigue cracking of the wing spar.[48]
  • On 12 November 1953, Argentine Air Force Dove T-82 crashed mid-air with Junkers Ju 52 T-159 near Villa Mugueta, Santa Fe, Argentina; with no survivors. Among the 20 dead was Vice-commodore Gustavo Argentino Marambio, pioneer of Argentine flights to Antarctica.[49][50]
  • On 1 December 1954, a Dove 2B VH-DHD of De Havilland Australia crashed at Narellan, near Camden, Australia. Reginald Adsett, a chief examiner of airmen for the Australian Civil Aviation Department was killed and two others seriously injured.[51]
  • On 15 January 1958, Dove G-AOCE of Channel Airways crashed on approach to Ferryfield Airfield, Lydd, Kent, United Kingdom, both engines having stopped due to fuel starvation due to fuel mismanagement. All seven on board survived.[52]
  • On 13 April 1966, Abdul Salam Arif, the President of Iraq, was killed when the Iraqi Air Force de Havilland DH.104 Dove 1, RF392, he was onboard crashed in southern Iraq. The loss of the aircraft was suspected to be due to sabotage by Ba'athist elements within the Iraqi military.[53]
  • On 11 April 1968, Dove 1 Z-900 of the Egyptian Air Force was lost over the Sahara desert following instrument failure. The aircraft was not found until 1 June 1971, all nine occupants having died of starvation.[54]
  • On 28 January 1970, TAG Airlines Flight 730 crashed over Lake Erie after having suffered an inflight structural failure, killing all nine people aboard.[55]
  • On 6 May 1971, Apache Airlines Flight 33 from Tucson, AZ to Phoenix, AZ crashed near Coolidge, AZ after suffering an inflight structural failure, killing all twelve people aboard.[56]
  • On 9 July 1983 a privately owned Dove, G-AMYP, suffered engine failure on takeoff at Shoreham Airport, crashing into the banks of the River Adur. The pilot and sole occupant, Keith Wickenden, died on impact.[57]
  • On 3 December 1993, a Dove VH-DHD chartered dinner flight lost engine power during takeoff, resulting in the aircraft crashing into five houses in Essendon, a suburb containing the original airport for Melbourne Australia. There were no fatalities amongst either the ten occupants of the Dove nor anyone on the ground, but all aboard the aircraft and one pedestrian were taken to hospital.[58]
  • On 3 February 2006, New Zealand based Devon, ZK-UDO (ex-RNZAF Devon 21) suffered a hard landing at RNZAF Base Ohakea due to an asymmetrical flap deployment on approach. All passengers and crew survived with only minor injuries; the aircraft was damaged beyond economical repair.

Aircraft on display

File:F-12 DH104 Dove Argentine Airforce (8164169390).jpg
Dove 1 on display at the Museo Nacional de Aeronautica de Argentina
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Denmark
Germany
India
Netherlands
New Zealand
South Africa
Sri Lanka
  • CS401 – Dove 5 on static display at the Sri Lanka Air Force Museum in Ratmalana, Colombo.[79]
  • CS402 – Dove 5 on static display at the Sri Lanka Air Force Museum in Ratmalana, Colombo[80]
  • CS404 – Dove 5 on static display at the Sri Lanka Air Force Museum in Ratmalana, Colombo[81]
Sweden
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Venezuela

Appearances in fiction

A de Havilland Dove featured prominently in the Gavin Lyall adventure novel Shooting Script. G-ARBH features in the 1962 film The Wrong Arm of the Law as the personal aeroplane of Peter Sellers' character Pearly Gates.

Near the beginning of the 1980 film Flash Gordon, travel agent Dale Arden and New York Jets quarterback Flash Gordon board a de Havilland Dove which subsequently crashes into a greenhouse adjacent to the secret laboratory of Dr. Hans Zarkov. The atmospheric disturbances that caused the crash were instigated by planet Mongo's ruler Ming the Merciless. The crash sequence was filmed using a 30-inch-long model Dove diving into a miniature landscape.[102]

In season 2, episode 9 of the British TV series The Crown, Prince Philip is portrayed as flying a de Havilland Dove.

In Simon Templar's Saint episode Queen's Ransom, Lycoming engined Riley Dove 2, G-ASUW appears in executive layout.

Specifications (Dove 7)

File:De Havilland Doves Series 5 3-view silhouette.jpg
de Havilland Dove Srs 5

Template:Aircraft specs

See also

Related development

References

Notes

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  1. ↑ a b c d e Jackson 1987, p. 443.
  2. ↑ a b c de Havilland Dove 30 May 1946. p. 547a.
  3. ↑ The de Havilland Dove 12 April 1945, p. 399.
  4. ↑ a b Jerram, Mike. "The last de Havilland." Flying Magazine, 120 (9). p. 43.
  5. ↑ a b "Hawker Siddeley Aviation." Flight International, 26 November 1964. p. 919.
  6. ↑ "de Havilland Heron." Flight International, 22 January 1954. p. 97.
  7. ↑ de Havilland Dove 30 May 1946. pp. 547b-547d.
  8. ↑ de Havilland Dove 30 May 1946. p. 547d.
  9. ↑ a b c de Havilland Dove 30 May 1946. p. 547.
  10. ↑ The de Havilland Dove 12 April 1945, p. 400.
  11. ↑ "Commercial Aircraft 1953." Flight International, 6 March 1953. p. 304.
  12. ↑ a b Schlaeger September 1961, p. 64.
  13. ↑ Schlaeger September 1961, p. 66.
  14. ↑ Jackson 1987, p. 444.
  15. ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
  16. ↑ Jackson 1987, p. 445.
  17. ↑ a b Sykes 1972
  18. ↑ Collins, Richard L. "On Top: Life of Riley." Flying Magazine, April 1975. 96(4). p. 8.
  19. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Jackson 1987, p. 446.
  20. ↑ a b Cooper, Tom. "Civil War in Nigeria (Biafra), 1967–1970."Template:Category handler[<span title="Script error: No such module "string".">usurped]Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Acig.org 13 November 2003.
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Gunston 1980, p. 158.
  23. ↑ a b Jackson 1987, pp. 446–446
  24. ↑ Jackson 1987, p. 449
  25. ↑ a b c Gunston 1980, p. 159.
  26. ↑ Jackson 1987, pp. 446, 450
  27. ↑ Schlaeger September 1961, pp. 30–31.
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Gunston 1980, pp. 159, 238.
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Jane 1972, p. 432.
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Stroud 1994, p. 67.
  34. ↑ a b c Stroud 1994, p. 68.
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ Air-Britain Archive Winter 2009, p. 148
  42. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Sykes 1973, p. 56-60
  43. ↑ "F-12 (cn 04156)". airliners.net, 11 February 2006. Retrieved: 11 October 2011.
  44. ↑ Sykes 1973, p. 22
  45. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  46. ↑ "Rich Peer Victim of French Crash; Lord Fitzwilliam on Airplane With Kennedy's Daughter – Ex-Envoy Leaves Paris." The New York Times, 14 May 1948.
  47. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  48. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Fyshwick, Australia. Template:ISBN
  49. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  50. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  51. ↑ "Pilot fatally hurt in crash." Sydney Morning Herald, 2 December 1954.
  52. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  53. ↑ "Abdel-Rahman Aref, 91, Former Iraqi President, Is Dead." The New York Times, 25 August 2007.
  54. ↑ Sykes 1973, p. 22.
  55. ↑ "Aircraft Accident Report TAG Airlines, Inc. de Havilland Dove (DH-104), N2300H, in Lake Erie."Template:Category handler[<span title="Script error: No such module "string".">usurped]Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". National Transportation Safety Board, 28 January 1971. NTSB-AAR-71-5.
  56. ↑ https://www.ntsb.gov/_layouts/ntsb.aviation/brief.aspx?ev_id=59855&key=0 National Transportation Safety Board NTSB Identification: LAX71AL066
  57. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  58. ↑ Smith, Dwight. "1993: Essendon plane crash; Residents anger grows." Template:Webarchive The Weekly Review: Moonee Valley, 7 December 1993.
  59. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  60. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  61. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  62. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  63. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  64. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  65. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  66. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  67. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  68. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  69. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  70. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  71. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  72. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  73. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  74. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  75. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  76. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  77. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  78. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  79. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  80. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  81. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  82. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  83. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  84. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  85. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  86. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  87. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  88. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  89. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  90. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  91. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  92. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  93. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  94. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  95. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  96. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  97. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  98. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  99. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  100. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  101. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  102. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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Bibliography

  • "Complete Civil Registers: 15: X- UN- Yu- Yugoslavia". Air-Britain Archive, Winter 2009. pp. 147–148. Template:Catalog lookup linkScript error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn"..
  • "de Havilland Dove." Flight International, 30 May 1946. pp. 547a-547e.
  • Ellis, Ken. Wrecks & Relics, 23rd Edition. Manchester, England: Crecy Publishing, 2012. ISBN 9 780859 791724.
  • Gunston, Bill. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Propeller Airliners. Exeter Books, 1980. Template:ISBN.
  • Jackson, A.J. de Havilland Aircraft since 1909. London: Putnam & Company Ltd, 1978. Template:ISBN.
  • Jackson, A.J. de Havilland Aircraft since 1909. London: Putnam, Third edition, 1987. Template:ISBN.
  • Jane, Frederick Thomas. Jane's All the World's Aircraft. Sampson Low, Marston & Company, 1972.
  • Schlaeger, Gerald J. "de Havilland Dove Custom 800." Flying Magazine, September 1961. Vol. 69, No. 3. pp. 30–31, 64, 66.
  • Stroud, John. "Post War Propliners: de Havilland Dove". Aeroplane Monthly, Vol. 22, No. 10, October 1994. pp. 64–69.
  • Sykes, T. (editor) The DH104 Dove and DH114 Heron Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd, 1973.
  • "The de Havilland Dove." Flight International, 12 April 1945. pp. 399–400.
  • Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1966–67. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company, 1966.
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External links

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