Dashain

Template:Unreliable sources Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Template otherTemplate:Main other Dashain or Bada'dashain, also known as Vijaya Dashami in Sanskrit, is a Hindu religious festival in Nepal, Sikkim, West Bengal, Assam, South India, and Sri Lanka. It is also celebrated by other religions in Nepal and elsewhere, including the Lhotshampa of Bhutan and the Burmese Gurkhas of Myanmar. The festival is also known as Nauratha, derived from the Sanskrit word for the festival: Navaratri (Nine Nights).Template:Sfn

The longest festival in the Bikram Sambat and Nepal Sambat annual calendars, it is celebrated by Nepali Hindus and their diaspora. In Nepal, the 15-day festival is the country's longest. People return from all parts of the world and different parts of the country to celebrate together. The festival falls in September or October, beginning on the Shukla Paksha (bright lunar night) of the month of Ashvin and ending on Purnima, the full moon. Of the fifteen days it is celebrated, the most celebrated are the first, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, eleventh, and fifteenth.

Etymology

Vaḍādaśain̐ () is a Nepali sandhi. Bbaḍā () means "important"; daśa͠i () means "tenth", implying the most-significant final day of the festival of Durga Puja and celebrating the dawn after Nauratha (nine nights). The word Dashain is derived from the Sanskrit word daśamī, denoting the 12th day of Kaula in this context.

Significance

For followers of Shaktism, Dashain represents the victory of Durga over Mahishasura (who had terrorised the devas and usurped their abode, Svarga). The festival's first nine days symbolize the battle between different manifestations of Durga and Mahishasura; on the tenth day, Durga is victorious. For other Hindus, it symbolizes the victory of Rama over Ravana (as told in the Ramayana) and the triumph of good over evil.

Day 1: Ghatasthapana

Yellow grass on a plate

Jamara is sown on Ghatasthapna. The grass is grown in a dark room for nine days, and received as a prasad on the tenth day.

Ghatasthapana (; "sowing jamara") is celebrated by Jhijhiya folk dancing across Mithila in Madhesh Province as the beginning of Dashain. A kalasha (pot) symbolizes Durga. It is filled with holy water in which barley seeds are sown, and placed in the center of a rectangular sand block. The remaining bed of sand is also seeded with grains. A priest begins the puja by asking Durga to bless the vessel with her presence. The ritual is performed at an astrologically-determined time, and Durga is believed to reside in the vessel during Navaratri.

The puja room is known as the Dashain Ghar, which is traditionally closed to outsiders. The kalasha is worshiped in the morning and evening, and is kept away from direct sunlight. By the tenth day, the seed will have sprouted to five- or six-inch-long yellow grass known as jamara. The rituals continue until the seventh day.

Day 7: Phulpati

Phulpati () is celebrated on the seventh day of Dashain. Phulpati is made up of two words: phūl (flower) and pātī (leaf).

On this day the Phulpati (the kalasha, banana stalks, Jamara, and sugar cane tied with red cloth) is brought by Magars from GorkhaTemplate:Snda three-day walk, about Template:Convert from the Kathmandu Valley. Hundreds of formally-dressed government officials gather on the Tundikhel ground for the event. The king observed the ceremony at Tundikhel, and the Phulpati parade marched towards the Hanuman Dhoka complex. The Nepali Army fires a 10- to 15-minute feu de joie and a 21-gun salute, followed by a military parade. The Phulpati is brought to the Hanuman Dhoka palace.

Since 2001,when the royal family was overthrown, the two-century-old tradition has changed and the Phulpati goes to the residence of the president. The president assumed the king's social and religious roles after the end of the monarchy, in addition to being commander-in-chief of the army. The Phulpati parade at Tundikhel is still held as a expression of army loyalty to Nepali traditions and culture.

In other cities and towns across Nepal and India, a Phulpati procession takes place. Flowers, fruit and holy symbols are tied in a red cloth, which is covered with a red shawl and carried on a decorated log. Townspeople offer flowers and fruit as the procession passes their houses, accompanied by traditional Naumati instruments.

Day 9: Maha Navami

A watercolour painting

A Maha Navami celebration in 1856

A large temple

Taleju Temple is open to the public only on Maha Navami

The ninth day of Dashain is Maha Navami, "the great ninth day". The last day of Navaratri, ceremonies and rituals reach a peak. On this day, official ritual sacrifices of the Nepal Armed Forces are held in both one of the Hanuman Dhoka royal palaces, the Kot courtyard grounds, and in the presidential palace yard.

On Maha Navami, Durga is celebrated. Artisans, craftsmen, traders, and mechanics worship and offer animal and fowl blood to their tools, equipment, and vehicles. The Taleju Temple gates are opened to the general public only on this day, and thousands of devotees pay their respects to the goddess.

Day 10: Bijaya Dashami

Colourful foods on a plate

The Tika (in red) and jamara used during Dashain

The tenth day of the festival is the Bijaya dashami. On this day, a mixture of rice, yogurt and vermilion is prepared which is known as "tika". Dashain tika time differs by year. Elders put this tika and jamara on the forehead of younger relatives to bless them with abundance in the future. Red symbolizes the blood that ties the family and community together.

Day 11: Papakunsha Ekadashi

A man anoints the forehead of a young girl

An elder celebrates Dashain by putting tika on a child.

Ekadashi is the eleventh day of the lunar fortnight in the Hindu calendar, and people usually fast. The day after Bijaya Dashami is known as Papakunsha Ekadashi (). On this day, it is customary to listen to Papakunsha Ekadashi stories and visit religious sites. Donating objects such as gold, sesame, barley, grain, soil, umbrellas, and shoes is believed to lead to heaven after death.

Day 15: Kojagrat Purnima

The festival's last day, on the full-moon day, is known as Kojagrat Purnima () or Sharad Purnima. The literal meaning of Kojagrat is "who is awake". Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth, is worshipped because it is believed that she descends to earth and showers whoever is awake all night with prosperity. Activities that night include playing cards.

Animal sacrifice is common, as the festival commemorates the bloody battles between divine and demonic powers. Proponents interpret it as the symbolic sacrifice of animal qualities, and those opposed to animal sacrifice call it an excuse to satisfy the appetite for meat.

Related traditions

Music

Malshree dhoon has been incorporated into mainstream Nepalese music as the music of Dashain, announcing that the festival has begun. It is some of the oldest surviving Newa-language devotional music, originating in the 17th century.

Mantras

Food and a lit candle

A Dashain ritual

While putting tikas on younger family members, elders usually recite Sanskrit mantras as a blessing. Two main mantras are recited while applying tikas on Bijaya Dashami: one for men and one for women.

In the male mantra, the qualities of mythical Hindu heroes (such as Yudhishthira and Balarama) and antiheroes (Ashwatthama and Duryodhana) are extolled.

Mantra for men and boys

IAST

English translation

Āyu Droṇasute śreyaṃ Daśarathe śatrukṣayeṃ Rāghave Aiśvaryaṃ Nahuṣe gatiścha Pavane mānaṃ cha Duryodhane Dānaṃ Sūryasute balaṃ Haladhare satyaṃ cha Kuntīsute Vijñānaṃ Vidure bhavantu bhavatāṃ kīrtiścha Nārāyaṇe

May you have a long life as the son of Drona (Ashwatthama) May you be as fortunate as Dasharatha May you defeat all your enemies as Raghava May you have the grandeur of Nahusha May you have the speed of Pavana (wind) May you be as respected as Duryodhana May you be giving as the son of Surya (Karna) May you have the strength of the plough wielder (Balarama) May you be truthful as the son of Kunti (Yudhishthira) May you have the intelligence of Vidura May you have the glory of Narayana

The female mantra worships women as various form of goddess Durga.

Mantra for women and girls

IAST	English translation
Jayanti Maṅgalā Kālī Bhadrakālī Kapālinī Durgā Kṣamā Śivā Dhātrī Svāhā Svadhā Namokastute	I bow before thee, who exists in various forms as Jayanti, Mangalā, Kāli, Bhadrakāli, Kapalini, Durgā, Kshāma, Shivā, Dhatri, Svāhā and Svadhā.

In addition to these mantras, other blessings for good health and fortune are given.

Games and carnivals

A man flying a kite, seen from behind

Kites are flown during Dashain.

A tree swing, with the setting sun in the background

Children on a traditional Dashain swing (Linge Ping) in Palpa, Nepal in 2019

A four-seat wooden Ferris wheel

A wooden Ferris wheel

As Dashain approaches, kite-flying becomes more common. Kites are considered one way of reminding God to stop sending rain. During the festival, people of all ages fly kites from their roofs. Colourful kites and voices shouting "changā chet" (when a person cuts another's kite string) fill the days. Playing cards is another way of celebrating Dashain.

Bamboo swings are built in many parts of the country, and Dashain swings are known as ping in Nepali. The swings, made with traditional methods, are normally constructed a week before GhatasthapanaTemplate:Sndthe first day of NavratriTemplate:Sndand dismantled after the festival of Tihar (which follows Dashain). The height of some swings exceeds twenty feet, and they are especially popular with children.

Fairs and celebrations are organized during the festival. Small village fairs have Ferris wheels for children and other entertainment for adults. In the city, commercial fairs and celebrations are usually held.

Shopping

Buying and wearing new clothes is an important part of Dashain. Many people in the villages are poor, and new clothes are synonymous with Dashain for them. Almost all shops have festival discounts, and clothing has its highest sales during the festival.

Feasts

A meat-and-rice dish

Rakti with chiura

Thousands of animals, including buffalo, ducks, and rams, are slaughtered during Dashain every year. It is believed that the goddesses are appeased by the sacrifices. Almost all the temples, especially the Durga and Kali temples, receive thousands of sacrifices. Ashtami and Navami are the days when the sacrifices peak. Thousands of animals are sacrificed to appease the goddesses, and people also slaughter animals for feasts. Since many feasts and gatherings are organized throughout the festival's fifteen days, demand for meat increases considerably.

Dashain abroad

Bhutan

Dashain was declared a national holiday in Bhutan in 1980. It is celebrated by the country's Hindu community, and is a major Lhotshampa festival. The king of Bhutan offers the Dashain tika to representatives of the Hindu community at the Devi Panchayan Mandir in Thimphu every year, and tika and royal blessings are sent to other dzongkhags across the country. The king also offers prayers to Durga at the Hindu temple. White tika is used.

India

Dashain is celebrated by Nepali-speaking communities in Darjeeling, Sikkim and Assam. The Gorkhaland movement increased the importance of the Dashain and Tihar festivals. A red tika is used. Nepalese people working in India return en masse during the festival, causing congestion in border areas.

Myanmar

Myanmar has a Nepali-speaking population of about 100,000 people. Fewer animal sacrifices are made during Dashain, and tika is traditionally offered to descendants of the Konbaung dynasty. Kite-flying is uncommon.

Criticism

Dashain is criticized for its animal sacrifice, and online petitions have been registered on Change.org calling for government action against it. Many animals and birds are ritually slaughtered, especially on the festival's eighth and ninth days. Birds and animals traditionally sacrificed include goats, buffaloes, sheep, chickens, and ducks. Thousands of animals are traded to sacrifice for meat. Animal-welfare activists have called for the use of pumpkins and coconuts instead of birds and animals.

National figures and animal-rights activists have expressed concern about animal cruelty during Dashain. On 3 October 2016, Nepali comedian Hari Bansha Acharya wrote a satirical piece for Saptahik entitled "Euta Khasiko Aatmakatha" ("Autobiography of a Goat") in light of the exploitation of animals during the festival.

Indigenous groups (adivasi janajati) have said that Dashain is imposed on them by the state. To resist what they see as cultural domination by the Hindu elite who dominate Nepal, several organizations have organized a boycott of the festival. The campaigns have had limited effect, since Dashain and other cultural celebrations are ingrained in Nepalese society.