Dardanelles Gun
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The Dardanelles Gun or Great Bronze Gun[1] (Template:Langx or simply Şahi) is a 15th-century siege cannon, specifically a super-sized bombard, which saw action in the 1807 Dardanelles operation.Template:Sfn It was built in 1464 by Ottoman military engineer Munir Ali and modelled after the Basilic, the bombard crafted by Orban that was used for the Ottoman siege of Constantinople in 1453.
History
The Dardanelles Gun was cast in bronze in 1464 by Munir Ali with a weight of 17 tonnes and a length of Template:Convert, being capable of firing stone balls of up to Template:Convert). The powder chamber and the barrel are connected by the way of a screw mechanism, allowing easier transport of the unwieldy device.
Such super-sized bombards had been employed in Ottoman warfare[2] and in Western European siege warfare since the beginning of the 15th century.Template:Sfn According to Gábor Ágoston, the technology could have been introduced from other Islamic countries which had earlier used cannons or from Europe.Template:Sfn The Ottoman army successfully deployed large bombards at the siege of Salonica in 1430, and against the Hexamilion wall at the Isthmus of Corinth in 1446.[2]
At the siege of Constantinople in 1453, the Ottomans used anywhere from 12 to 62 cannons, built at foundries that employed Turkish cannon founders and technicians, most notably Saruca and Orban. Most cannons at the siege were built by Ottoman engineers, including a large bombard by Saruca, while one cannon was built by Orban, who also contributed a large bombard.[3]Template:Sfn Ali's piece is assumed to have closely followed the outline of the large bombards used at the siege of Constantinople.Template:Sfn
Along with other huge cannons, the Dardanelles Gun was still present for duty more than 340 years later in 1807, when a Royal Navy force appeared and commenced the Dardanelles Operation. Turkish forces loaded the ancient relics with propellant and projectiles, then fired them at the British ships. The British squadron suffered 28 casualties from this bombardment.Template:Sfn A spherical round made of granite, Template:Convert of diameter, and a density of 2600 kg/cubic metre, has a weight of Template:Convert.
By 1850, the gun was being considered for scrapping. This was avoided after John Henry Lefroy attempted to get it added to the Royal Military Depository, a British military museum.[4] In 1866, on the occasion of a state visit, Sultan Abdulaziz gave the Dardanelles Gun to Queen Victoria as a present.Template:Sfn It became part of the Royal Armouries collection and was displayed to visitors at the Tower of London. In 1989, it was moved to Fort Nelson, Hampshire, overlooking Portsmouth.[5][4]
See also
Notes
Sources
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