Danube vilayet
Template:Short description Template:Infobox Former Subdivision The Vilayet of the Danube or Danubian Vilayet (Template:Langx;[1] Template:Langx, Dunavska(ta) oblast,[2] more commonly Дунавски вилает, Danube Vilayet) was a first-level administrative division (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire from 1864 to 1878.[3] In the late 19th century it reportedly had an area of Script error: No such module "convert"..[4]
The vilayet was created from the northern parts of Silistra Province along the Danube River and eyalets of Niš, Vidin and Silistra. This vilayet was meant to become a model province, showcasing all the progress achieved by the Porte through the modernising Tanzimat reforms.[5] Other vilayets modelled on the vilayet of the Danube were ultimately established throughout the empire by 1876, with the exception of the Arabian Peninsula and the by then semi-independent Egypt.[5] Rusçuk, today Ruse in Bulgaria, was chosen as the capital of the vilayet due to its position as a key Ottoman port on the Danube.[5]
The province disappeared after the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78, when its north-eastern part (Northern Dobruja) was incorporated into Romania, some of its western territories into Serbia, while the central and southern regions made up most of the autonomous Principality of Bulgaria and a part of Eastern Rumelia.
Borders and administrative divisions
Upon its establishment in 1864, the Danube Vilayet included the following sanjaks:[6]
- Sanjak of Tulcea
- Sanjak of Varna
- Sanjak of Ruse
- Sanjak of Tărnovo
- Sanjak of Vidin
- Sanjak of Sofia
- Sanjak of Niš
In 1868, the Sanjak of Niš was detached and made part of the Prizren Vilayet.[7]
In 1876, the Sanjak of Niš and the Sanjak of Sofia were spun off into the short-lived Sofia Vilayet but were subsequently annexed to the Vilayets of Adrianople and Kosovo Vilayets only a year later, in 1877.[8]
Government
Midhat Pasha was the first governor of the vilayet (1864–1868).[5] During his time as a governor, steamship lines were established on the Danube River; the Ruse-Varna railroad was completed; agricultural credit cooperatives providing farmers with low-interest loans were introduced; tax incentives were also offered to encourage new industrial enterprises.[5]
The first official vilayet newspaper in the Ottoman Empire, Tuna/Dunav, was published in both Ottoman Turkish and Bulgarian and had both Ottoman and Bulgarian editors. Its editors in chief included Ismail Kemal and Ahmed Midhat Efendi.[5]
The vilayet had an Administrative Assembly that included state officials appointed by the Ottoman government as well as six representatives (three Muslims and three non-Muslims) elected from among the inhabitants of the province.[5] Non-Muslims also participated in the provincial criminal and commercial courts that were based on a secular code of law and justice.[5] Mixed Muslim-Christian schools were also introduced, but this reform was abolished after it was met by strong opposition by the populace.[5]
Governors
Governors of the Vilayet:[10]
- Hafiz Ahmed Midhat Shefik Pasha (October 1864 - March 1868)
- Mehmed Sabri Pasha (March 1868 - December 1868)
- Arnavud Mehmed Akif Pasha (February 1869 - October 1870)
- Kücük ömer Fevzi Pasha (October 1870 - October 1871)
- Ahmed Rasim Pasha (October 1871 - June 1872)
- Ahmed Hamdi Pasha (June 1872 - April 1873)
- Abdurrahman Nureddin Pasha (April 1873 - April 1874)
- Mehmed Asim Pasha (April 1874 - September 1876)
- Halil Rifat Pasha (October 1876 - February 1877)
- Oman Mazhar Ahmed (1876–1877)
Demographics
In 1865, 658,600 (40.51%) Muslims and 967,058 (59.49%) non-Muslims, including females, were living in the province (excluding Niş sanjak); some 569,868 (34.68%) Muslims, apart from the immigrants and 1.073.496 (65,32%) non-Muslims in 1859–1860.[11] Some 250000-300000 Muslim immigrants from Crimea and Caucasus had been settled in this region from 1855 to 1864.[12]
Male population of the Danube Vilayet (exclusive of the Sanjak of Niš) in 1865 according to Kuyûd-ı Atîk (the Danube Vilayet printing press):[13] Template:Pie chart
Male Muslim & Non-Muslim population in the Danube Vilayet according to the Ottoman Salname for 1868:[14][12]
| Sanjak | Muslims | Non-Muslims | Total | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | % | Number | % | ||
| Rusçuk | 138,692 | 59.14% | 95,834 | 40.86% | 234,526 |
| Varna | 58,689 | 73.86% | 20,769 | 26.14% | 79.458 |
| Vidin | 25,338 | 16.90% | 124,567 | 83.10% | 149,905 |
| Sofya | 24,410 | 14.23% | 147,095 | 85.77% | 171,505 |
| Tirnova | 71,645 | 40.73% | 104,273 | 59.27% | 175,918 |
| Tulça | 39,133 | 68.58% | 17,929 | 41.42% | 57,062 |
| Niş | 54,510 | 35.18% | 100,425 | 64.82% | 154,935 |
| Grand Total | 412,417 | 40.30% | 610,892 | 59.70% | 1,023,309 |
Male Population of the Danube Vilayet (exclusive of the Sanjak of Niš) in 1866-1873 according to the editor of the Danube newspaper Ismail Kemal:[15]
| Community | Population | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muslims | Template:Number and percent | |||||||||
| —Established Muslims | Template:Number and percent | |||||||||
| —Muslim settlers | Template:Number and percent | |||||||||
| —Muslim Roma | Template:Number and percent | |||||||||
| Christians | Template:Number and percent | |||||||||
| —Bulgarians | Template:Number and percent | |||||||||
| —Greeks | Template:Number and percent | |||||||||
| —Armenians | Template:Number and percent | |||||||||
| —Catholics | Template:Number and percent | |||||||||
| —other Christians | Template:Number and percent | |||||||||
| Non-Muslims Romani people | Template:Number and percent | |||||||||
| Jews | Template:Number and percent | |||||||||
| TOTAL Danube Vilayet | Template:Number and percent | |||||||||
| Template:Smalldiv | ||||||||||
Male Population of the Danube Vilayet (exclusive of the Sanjak of Niš) in 1868 according to Kemal Karpat:[12]
| Group | Population |
|---|---|
| Christian Bulgarians | 490.467 |
| Muslims | 359.907 |
According to the 1874 census, there were 963596 (42,22%) Muslims and 1318506 (57,78%) non-Muslims in the Danube Province excluding Nış sanjak. Together with the sanjak of Nish the population consisted of 1055650 (40,68%) Muslims and 1539278 (59,32%) non-Muslims in 1874. Muslims were the majority in the sanjaks of Rusçuk, Varna and Tulça, while the non-Muslims were in majority in the rest of the sanjaks.[8]
Template:Pie chart Total population of the Danube Vilayet by ethnoconfessional group according to French orientalist Ubicini on the basis of the official Ottoman Census of the Danube Vilayet of 1873-1874 (exclusive of the Sanjak of Niš) , then part of the Prizren Vilayet:[16]
| Community | Number | Percentage | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muslims | 963,596 | 42.28% | ||||||||
| —Established Muslims | 784,731 | 34.44% | ||||||||
| —Circassian Muhacir | 128,796 | 5.65% | ||||||||
| —Muslim Romani | 50.069 | 2.19% | ||||||||
| Christians | 1,303,944 | 57.23% | ||||||||
| —Bulgar millet | 1,185,146 | 52.02% | ||||||||
| —Rum millet | 15,310 | 0.67% | ||||||||
| —Ermeni millet | 450 | 0.02% | ||||||||
| —Roman Catholics | 7,112 | 0.31% | ||||||||
| —Christian Romani | 15,524 | 0.68% | ||||||||
| —Miscellaneous Christians2 | 80,402 | 3.53% | ||||||||
| Yahudi millet | 10,752 | 0.48% | ||||||||
| GRAND TOTAL | 2,278,290 | 100% | ||||||||
| Template:Smalldiv | ||||||||||
Male Population of the Danube Vilayet (exclusive of the Sanjak of Niš) in 1875 according to Tahrir-i Cedid (the Danube Vilayet printing press):[17] Template:Pie chart
Total population of the Danube Vilayet according to Russian diplomat Vladimir Cherkassky from the Ottoman population register:[18]
| Sanjak | Muslims | Bulgarians | Others | Total | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | ||
| Rusçuk | 381,224 | 61.53% | 233,164 | 37.63% | 5,186 | 0.84% | 619,574 |
| Vidin | 59,654 | 17.66% | 246,654 | 73.04% | 31,398 | 9.30% | 337,706 |
| Tirnova | 189,980 | 38.71% | 300,820 | 61.29% | 0 | - | 490,800 |
| Tulça | 112,300 | 63.34% | 26,212 | 14.78% | 38,788 | 21.88% | 177,300 |
| Varna | 119,754 | 69.78% | 43,180 | 25.16% | 8,678 | 5.06% | 171,612 |
| Sofya | 59,930 | 14.02% | 362,714 | 84.87% | 4,748 | 1.11% | 427,392 |
| Niş | 77,500 | 21.63% | 270,000 | 75.36% | 10,800 | 3.01% | 358,300 |
| Danube Vilayet Total | 1,000,342 | 38.73% | 1,482,744 | 57.41% | 99,598 | 3.86% | 2,582,684 |
Male population of the Danube Vilayet in 1876 according to the Ottoman officer Stanislas Saint Clair:[15]
| Community | Population |
|---|---|
| Turk Muslims | Template:Number and percent |
| Other Muslims | Template:Number and percent |
| Bulgarian Christians | Template:Number and percent |
| Armenian Christians | Template:Number and percent |
| Vlach and Greek Christians | Template:Number and percent |
| Gypsies | Template:Number and percent |
| Jews | Template:Number and percent |
| TOTAL Danube Vilayet | Template:Number and percent |
Total population of the Danube Vilayet (including Niş and Sofia sanjaks) according to the 1876 edition of Encyclopaedia Britannica:[19]
Total Population of the Danube Vilayet (excluding Niş sanjak) in 1876 estimated by the French counsel Aubaret from the register:[20][21]
| Community | Population |
|---|---|
| Muslims | Template:Number and percent |
| incl. Turks | Template:Number and percent |
| incl. Circassians | Template:Number and percent |
| incl. Tatars | Template:Number and percent |
| incl. Gypsies | Template:Number and percent |
| Non-Muslims | Template:Number and percent |
| incl. Bulgarians | Template:Number and percent |
| incl. Gypsies | Template:Number and percent |
| incl. Greeks | Template:Number and percent |
| incl. Jews | Template:Number and percent |
| incl. Armenians | Template:Number and percent |
| incl. Vlachs and others | Template:Number and percent |
| TOTAL Danube Vilayet | Template:Number and percent |
References
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />
- ↑ Hathi Trust Digital Library - Holdings: Salname-yi Vilâyet-i Tuna
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". (info page on book at Martin Luther University) // CITED: p. 42 (PDF p. 44/338).
- ↑ Rumelia at the Encyclopædia Britannica
- ↑ Europe by Éliseé Reclus, page 152
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Template:Trim&pg=PA172 Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire, p. 172, at Google Books By Gábor Ágoston, Bruce Alan Masters
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1". - FRI-2.207-1-HEF-04
- ↑ World Statesmen — Bulgaria
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c d Karpat, K.H. (1985). Ottoman population, 1830-1914: demographic and social characteristics. Madison, Wis: University of Wisconsin Press.
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Димитър Аркадиев. ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ В БРОЯ НА НАСЕЛЕНИЕТО ПО БЪЛГАРСКИТЕ ЗЕМИ В СЪСТАВА НА ОСМАНСКАТА ИМПЕРИЯ [1] National Statistical Institute
- ↑ a b Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
External links
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Pages with script errors
- Pages with reference errors
- Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links
- Pages with broken file links
- Vilayets of the Ottoman Empire in Europe
- Modern history of Ukraine
- Ottoman period in the history of Bulgaria
- Ottoman period in Romania
- Ottoman Serbia
- 1860s in the Ottoman Empire
- 1870s in the Ottoman Empire
- States and territories established in 1864
- 1864 establishments in the Ottoman Empire
- 1878 disestablishments in the Ottoman Empire