Dactylorhiza majalis
Template:Short description Template:Speciesbox
Dactylorhiza majalis, or the broad-leaved marsh orchid,[1] is a terrestrial Eurasian orchid.[2][3][4][5][6]
Subspecies include the western marsh orchid (Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. occidentalis) and southern marsh orchid (Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. praetermissa).[1][7]
The broad-leaved marsh orchid grows mainly in nitrogen-poor marsh areas that consist of several plant communities. More rarely, it is found in fens. Its flowering period begins at lower elevations as early as the beginning of May and ends in higher elevations at the end of July. The lowest blossoms usually open even before the stem has reached its full height.
Description
On average, Dactylorhiza majalis is Template:Cvt tall, though specimens can grow up to Template:Cvt.[8] Four to ten spotted leaves (either purple or burgundy in color) are distributed around the stem,[8][9] which is hollow.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". The leaves are ovate to lanceolate and Template:Cvt long by Template:Cvt wide, and get smaller and more lanceolate as they approach the inflorescence.[9] The bracts are about as long as the blossom and cover it before it blooms. The densely flowered inflorescence, which is approximately Template:Cvt long,[9] is initially conical, but distinctly cylindrical when in full blossom. The seven to fifty blossoms are colored purplish red, rarely light pink or white. Template:Citation needed span Template:Citation needed span The tuber has a palmate division and an irregular shape.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
The broad-leaved marsh orchid has a karyotype of four sets of twenty chromosomes (2n = 4x = 80) and a genome size of 14.24 Gbp (2C).[10] The seed of this orchid contains no endosperm for the embryo. Therefore, germination can take place only by means of infection with a root fungus (mycorrhiza).
Taxonomy
In 1828 Ludwig Reichenbach described the broad-leaved marsh orchid as Orchis majalis. The name became the basionym after Peter Francis Hunt and Victor Samuel Summerhayes transferred the species to the genus Dactylorhiza in 1965. Sometimes the name Dactylorhiza fistulosa is used, but since this description is not valid, the name cannot be used despite its earlier publication in 1794 as Orchis fistulosa.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Many synonyms have been published:[11]
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- Orchis majalis Rchb.
- Dactylorchis majalis (Rchb.) Verm
- Orchis baltica (Klinge) A.Fuchs
- Dactylorchis baltica (Klinge) Verm.
- Dactylorhiza baltica (Klinge) N.I.Orlova
- Orchis longifolia Neuman
- Orchis kerryensis Wilmott
- Dactylorchis kerryensis (Wilmott) Verm.
- Dactylorhiza kerryensis (Wilmott) P.F.Hunt & Summerh.
- Dactylorhiza parvimajalis D.Tyteca & Gathoye
- Orchis occidentalis (Pugsley) Wilmott
- Dactylorchis occidentalis (Pugsley) Verm.
- Dactylorhiza occidentalis (Pugsley) P.Delforge
- Orchis sphagnicola Höppner
- Dactylorchis sphagnicola (Höppner) Verm.
- Dactylorhiza sphagnicola (Höppner) Aver.
- Dactylorchis hoeppneri (A.Fuchs) Verm.
- Orchis hoeppneri (A.Fuchs) Höppner ex Verm.
- Dactylorchis deweveri Verm.
- Dactylorhiza deweveri (Verm.) Soó
- Dactylorhiza hoeppneri (A.Fuchs) Soó
- Dactylorhiza sennia Vollmar
Subspecies and varieties
Many names have been proposed at the subspecies, variety and form levels.[11] As of August 2024 15 subspecies are accepted.[7]
- Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. baltica (Klinge) H.Sund. – Finland, Germany, the Baltic Republics, Russia, Siberia, Kazakhstan
- Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. calcifugiens H.A.PedersenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – northern Denmark
- Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. cordigera (Fr.) H.Sund.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – southeastern Europe and Ukraine
- Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. elatior (Fr.) Hedrén & H.A.PedersenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Baltic islands
- Dactylorhiza majalis nothosubsp. godferyana (Soó) M.H.J.van der MeerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (D. majalis subsp. majalis × D. majalis subsp. praetermissa) – Belgium and France
- Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. kalopissii (E.Nelson) H.A.Pedersen, P.J.Cribb & Rolf KühnScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – southern Albania and northern Greece
- Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. lapponica (Laest. ex Hartm.) H.Sund.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Europe to western Siberia
- Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. macedonica (J.Hölz. & Künkele) H.A.Pedersen, P.J.Cribb & Rolf KühnScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – southeastern Albania and northern Greece
- Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. majalis – widespread across much of Europe from Spain to Russia
- Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. nieschalkiorum (H.Baumann & Künkele) H.A.Pedersen, P.J.Cribb & Rolf KühnScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – northern Turkey
- Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. occidentalis (Pugsley) P.D.Sell – Britain and Ireland
- Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. pindica (B.Willing & E.Willing) H.A.Pedersen, P.J.Cribb & Rolf KühnScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Romania and Bulgaria to northwestern Greece
- Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. praetermissa (Druce) D.M.Moore & SoóScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – France, Great Britain, Benelux, Germany, Denmark, and Norway
- Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. pythagorae (Gölz & H.R.Reinhard) H.A.Pedersen, P.J.Cribb & Rolf KühnScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Samos
- Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. sphagnicola (Höppner) H.A.Pedersen & Hedrén – Scandinavia, Germany, France, Belgium, Netherlands
Hybrids
Hybrids between subspecies include:
- Dactylorhiza × dufftiana (M.Schulze) SoóScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (syn. Dactylorhiza × kuehnensis Presser & Riech.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".) (D. majalis subsp. majalis × D. majalis subsp. lapponica)[12]
The broad-leaved marsh orchid hybridizes quite commonly with other species of its genus. Some inter-species hybrids include:
- Dactylorhiza × aschersoniana (Dactylorhiza incarnata × D. majalis)
- Dactylorhiza × braunii (D. maculata × D. majalis)
- Dactylorhiza × braunii nothosubsp. braunii (D. maculata subsp. fuchsii × D. majalis subsp. majalis)
- Dactylorhiza × braunii nothosubsp. lilacina (F.Proch.) HolubScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (D. maculata subsp. fuchsii × D. majalis subsp. turfosa)
- Dactylorhiza × ruppertii (D. majalis × Dactylorhiza sambucina)
- Dactylorhiza × senayi (Alleiz.) SoóScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (D. maculata × D. majalis)
- Dactylorhiza × senayi nothosubsp. senayi (D. maculata subsp. maculata × D. majalis subsp. majalis)
- Dactylorhiza × senayi nothosubsp. wiefelspuetziana (D.Tyteca) OddoneScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (D. maculata subsp. maculata × D. majalis subsp. sphagnicola)
More rarely, hybrids with other genera (intergeneric hybrids) occur.
- ×Dactyloglossum drucei (Coeloglossum viride × Dactylorhiza majalis)
- ×Dactylodenia lebrunii (Dactylorhiza majalis × Gymnadenia conopsea)
Formerly placed here
- Dactylorhiza francis-drucei (Wilmott) Aver.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Dactylorhiza majalis var. francis-drucei (Wilmott) R.M.Bateman & DenholmScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)[13]
- Dactylorhiza francis-drucei var. ebudensis (Wief. ex R.M.Bateman & Denholm) R.M.Bateman & DenholmScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Dactylorhiza majalis var. ebudensis Wief. ex R.M.Bateman & DenholmScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". and D. majalis subsp. ebudensis (Wief. ex R.M.Bateman & Denholm) M.R.LoweScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
- Dactylorhiza francis-drucei subsp. traunsteinerioides (Pugsley) R.M.Bateman & DenholmScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Dactylorhiza majalis var. traunsteinerioides (Pugsley) R.M.Bateman & DenholmScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". and D. majalis subsp. traunsteinerioides (Pugsley) R.M.Bateman & DenholmScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
Range
Dactylorhiza majalis is widespread across much of Europe and north-central Asia, from Spain and Ireland to Siberia and Kazakhstan.[11]
In Germany the broad-leaved marsh orchid is widespread but with several gaps. In many places, especially from western to northern Germany, it is extinct.
In Switzerland it is also quite widespread. A significant gap is found south of the Aar between Aarau and Lake Neuchâtel.
Conservation
Although the broad-leaved marsh orchid is commonly found in some regions, it is nevertheless protected as an orchid.
As with many marsh plants, the numbers of this species have been dwindling for quite some time. The main causes are the entry of nitrogen via fertilizer, drying out of the habitat, and intensive conversion to pasture. The broad-leaved marsh orchid does not react so sensitively to changes in its habitat as for example the early marsh orchid, Dactylorhiza incarnata. It is usually the last of the native orchids to disappear. This tolerance makes it a still relatively common species.
References
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- ↑ a b c Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
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