DABCO
DABCO (1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane), also known as triethylenediamine or TEDA, is a bicyclic organic compound with the formula N2(C2H4)3. This colorless solid is a highly nucleophilic tertiary amine base, which is used as a catalyst and reagent in polymerization and organic synthesis.[1]
It is similar in structure to quinuclidine, but the latter has one of the nitrogen atoms replaced by a carbon atom. Regarding their structures, both DABCO and quinuclidine are unusual in that the methylene hydrogen atoms are eclipsed within each of the three ethylene linkages. Furthermore, the diazacyclohexane rings, of which there are three, adopt the boat conformations, not the usual chair conformations.
Reactions
The pKa of [HDABCO]+ (the protonated derivative) is 8.8, which is almost the same as ordinary alkylamines. The nucleophilicity of the amine is high because the amine centers are unhindered. It is sufficiently basic to promote a variety of coupling reactions.
Catalyst
DABCO is used as a nucleophilic catalyst for:
- formation of polyurethane from alcohol and isocyanate functionalized monomers and pre-polymers.[2]
- Baylis–Hillman reactions of aldehydes and unsaturated ketones and aldehydes.[3]
Lewis base
The reagent Selectfluor is derived by alkylation of DABCO with dichloromethane following by treatment with fluorine. A colourless salt that tolerates air, Selectfluor has been commercialized for use for electrophilic fluorination.[4]
As an unhindered amine, it is a strong ligand and Lewis base. It forms a crystalline 2:1 adduct with hydrogen peroxide[5] and sulfur dioxide.[6]
Quencher of singlet oxygen
DABCO and related amines are quenchers of singlet oxygen and effective antioxidants,[7] and can be used to improve the lifetime of dyes. This makes DABCO useful in dye lasers and in mounting samples for fluorescence microscopy (when used with glycerol and PBS).[8] DABCO can also be used to demethylate quaternary ammonium salts by heating in dimethylformamide (DMF).[9]
Production
It is produced by thermal reactions of compounds of the type H2NCH2CH2X (X = OH, NH2, or NHR) in the presence of zeolitic catalysts. An idealized conversion is shown for the conversion from ethanolamine:[10]
- 3 H2NCH2CH2OH → N(CH2CH2)3N + NH3 + 3 H2O
Uses
In chemical and biological defense, activated carbon is impregnated with DABCO for use in filters for masks, collective protection systems, and the like.[11]
References
Further reading
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- ↑ Uppuluri V. Mallavadhani, Nicolas Fleury-Bregeot. "1,4-Diazabicyclo [2.2.2]octane". In Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Script error: No such module "doi".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Baylis, A. B.; Hillman, M. E. D. German Patent 2155113, 1972.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ P. Dembech, A. Ricci, G. Seconi, and M. Taddei "Bis(trimethylsilyl) Peroxide" Org. Synth. 1997, volume 74, pp. 84. Script error: No such module "doi".
- ↑ Ludovic Martial and Laurent Bischoff "Preparation of DABSO from Karl-Fischer Reagent" Org. Synth. 2013, volume 90, pp. 301. Script error: No such module "doi".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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- ↑ Karsten Eller, Erhard Henkes, Roland Rossbacher, Hartmut Höke "Amines, Aliphatic" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2005. Script error: No such module "doi".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".