Cymbidium

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Cymbidium Template:IPAc-en,[1] commonly known as boat orchids, is a genus of evergreen flowering plants in the orchid family Orchidaceae. Orchids in this genus are epiphytic, lithophytic, terrestrial or rarely leafless saprophytic herbs usually with pseudobulbs. There are usually between three and twelve leaves arranged in two ranks on each pseudobulb or shoot and lasting for several years. From one to a large number of flowers are arranged on an unbranched flowering stem arising from the base of the pseudobulb. The sepals and petals are all free from and similar to each other. The labellum is significantly different from the other petals and the sepals and has three lobes. There are about fifty-five species and sixteen further natural hybrids occurring in the wild from tropical and subtropical Asia to Australia. Cymbidiums are well known in horticulture and many cultivars have been developed. The genome of Cymbidium mannii has been sequenced to study epiphytism and crassulacean acid metabolism.[2]

Description

Plants in the genus Cymbidium are epiphytic, lithophytic or terrestrial plants, or rarely leafless saprophytes. All are sympodial evergreen herbs. Some species have thin stems but in most species the stems are modified as pseudobulbs. When present, there are from three to twelve leaves arrange in two ranks and last for several years. The leaf bases remain after the leaf has withered, forming a sheath around the pseudobulb. The flowers are arranged on an unbranched flowering stem which arises from the base of the pseudobulb or rarely from a leaf axil. The sepals and petals are usually thin and fleshy, free from, and more or less similar to each other. The labellum (as in other orchids, a highly modified third petal) is significantly different from the other petals and sepals. It is sometimes hinged to the column, or otherwise fused to it. The labellum has three lobes, the side lobes erect, sometimes surrounding the column and the middle lobe often curving downwards. After pollination a glabrous capsule containing many light coloured seeds is produced.[3][4][5]

File:Cymbidium aloifolium (labelled).jpg
Labelled image of Cymbidium aloifolium

Taxonomy and naming

The genus Cymbidium was first formally described in 1799 by Olof Swartz who published the description in Nova acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis.[6][7][8] The genus name Cymbidium is means 'little boat-shape', referring to the labellum.[9]

In 1848 Blume raised the genus Cyperorchis in Fedde's Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis and moved 19 species and 26 hybrids previously included in Cymbidium to the new genus.[10] In 1984 Christopher Seth and Phillip Cribb divided the genus into three subgenera Cyperorchis, Jensoa, and Cymbidium and each subgenus into sections. In 1988, Dupuy and Cribb modified the sections.[6] The three subgenera were confirmed by molecular phylogeny, however the sections did not show monophyly.[11][12]

Species

The following is a list of Cymbidium species accepted by Plants of the World Online as of April 2022 separated into subgenera:[13]

Subgenus Cymbidium

Plants in this subgenus have two pollinia, each deeply cleft with callus ridges[6]

Section Image Name Distribution Elevation (m)
Section Cymbidium[6] File:Cymbidium aloifolium.jpg Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw. 1799 Guangdong, Hong Kong, China; Bangladesh; eastern Himalayas; Assam. India and Andaman Islands; Nepal; Sri Lanka; Myanmar; Thailand; Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam; Malaysia; Java and Sumatra Script error: No such module "convert".
File:Cymbidium atropurpurea (2944479728).jpg Cymbidium atropurpureum (Lindl.) Rolfe 1903 Thailand, Central Malaysia, Vietnam, Borneo, Sumatra and the Philippines Script error: No such module "convert".
File:硬葉蘭 Cymbidium bicolor -香港嘉道理農場 Kadoorie Farm, Hong Kong- (9261991972).jpg Cymbidium bicolor Lindl. 1833 Southern China, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Sulawesi, Java, Sumatra and the Philippines Script error: No such module "convert".
Cymbidium crassifolium Herb. 1838 Assam, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China South-Central, China Southeast, East Himalaya, Hainan, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam Script error: No such module "convert".
File:Plant Orchid Cymbidium finlaysonium P1110626 01.jpg Cymbidium finlaysonianum Wall. ex Lindl. 1833 Indo-China to Malaysia (Malaya, Sumatra) and on to the Philippines Script error: No such module "convert".
Cymbidium puerense Z.J.Liu & S.R.Lan 2018 China (Yunnan) Script error: No such module "convert".
Cymbidium rectum Ridl. 1920 S. Thailand, Malaysia, N. Borneo(Sabah) Script error: No such module "convert".
Section Austrocymbidium Schltr. 1924Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[11] File:Cymbidium canaliculatum var. sparkesii (6475017029).jpg Cymbidium canaliculatum R.Br. 1810 N. & E. Australia Script error: No such module "convert".
File:Cymbidium chloranthum fma. alba (Palawan, Philippines) Lindl., Edwards's Bot. Reg. 29(Misc.)- 68 (1843) (35834923066).jpg Cymbidium chloranthum Lindl. 1843 Taiwan, Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo and Java Script error: No such module "convert".
File:Cymbidium madidum2.jpg Cymbidium madidum Lindl. 1840 eastern Australia Script error: No such module "convert".
File:Cymbidium suave (6475018163).jpg Cymbidium suave R.Br. 1810 E. Australia Script error: No such module "convert".
Section Himantophyllum Schltr. 1924Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[6] File:Cymbidium dayanum1.jpg Cymbidium dayanum Rchb.f 1869 Assam, India; eastern Himalayas; Sikkim; Thailand; Cambodia; Taiwan, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan, China; Vietnam; Borneo; Malaysia; the Philippines; Sulawesi; Sumatra; Ryukyu Islands and Japan Script error: No such module "convert".
Cymbidium lii M.Z.Huang, J.M.Yin & G.S.Yang 2017 Hainan China Script error: No such module "convert".[14]
Cymbidium viride Sanjeet Kumar 2020 Assam (Manipur) Script error: No such module "convert".
Section Floribundum Seth & Cribb 1984Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[11] Cymbidium dianlan H.He 2019 Yunnan Script error: No such module "convert".
Cymbidium elongatum J.J. Wood, Du Puy & Shim 1988 Borneo(Sarawak and Sabah) Script error: No such module "convert".
File:Cymbidium-floribundum.jpg Cymbidium floribundum (Rolfe) Y.S. Wu & S.C. Chen 1980 Yunnan China, Taiwan, and Vietnam Script error: No such module "convert".
File:Cymbidium hartinahianum (Anggrek Tien Soeharto) (cropped).jpg Cymbidium hartinahianum J.B.Comber & Nasution 1978 N. Sumatra Script error: No such module "convert".
Cymbidium suavissimum Sander ex C.H.Curtis 1928 Myanmar, Guizhou and Yunnan China and Vietnam Script error: No such module "convert".
Cymbidium viride Kumar 2018 Assam Script error: No such module "convert".
Section Bigibbarium Schltr. 1924Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". File:A and B Larsen orchids - Cymbidium devonianum DSCN8787.JPG Cymbidium devonianum Paxton 1843 Assam and Meghalaya India, China(Yunnan), Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam Script error: No such module "convert".
Section Repens Cymbidium repens Aver. & Q.T.Phan 2016 Hoa Binh, Vietnam Script error: No such module "convert".[15]

Subgenus Cyperorchis

Plants in subgenus Cyberorchis have lips fused at the base to the base of the column.[6]

Section Image Name Distribution Elevation (m)
Section Annamaea Hunt 1970Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[12] File:Cymbidium erythrostylum Orchi 028.jpg Cymbidium erythrostylum Rolfe 1905 Vietnam Script error: No such module "convert".
Cymbidium wenshanense Y.S.Wu & F.Y.Liu 1990 Yunnan, China and northern Vietnam Script error: No such module "convert".
Section Cyperorchis Hunt 1970Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[12] Cymbidium codonanthum Yuting Jiang, Liang Ma & S.Chen 2020 Yunnan, China Script error: No such module "convert".
Cymbidium cochleare Lindl. 1858 Taiwan; Assam, Sikkim, India; Bhutan; Myanmar Script error: No such module "convert".
File:莎草蘭 Cymbidium elegans -昆明金殿植物園 Kunming YuanLin Botanic Gardens, China- (9213322721).jpg Cymbidium elegans Lindl. 1828 Yunnan, Xizang, China; Assam, India, eastern Himalayas, Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim, and Myanmar. Script error: No such module "convert".
Cymbidium sigmoideum J.J.Sm. 1907 Malaysia, Borneo, Java and Sumatra Script error: No such module "convert".
Cymbidium whiteae King & Pantl. 1898 India (Sikkim) Script error: No such module "convert".
Section Eburnea(Bl.)Seth & Cribb 1984Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[12] Cymbidium banaense Gagnep. 1951 Vietnam Script error: No such module "convert".
Cymbidium changningense Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen 2005 Yunnan, China Script error: No such module "convert".
Cymbidium concinnum Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen 2006[16] Yunnan, China Script error: No such module "convert".
Cymbidium daweishanense G.Q.Zhang & Z.J.Liu 2018 Yunnan, China Script error: No such module "convert".
File:Cymbidium eburneum var. longzhouense Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 44 179 (2006) (49750191441).jpg Cymbidium eburneum Lindl. 1847 Assam India, eastern Himalayas, Nepal, Myanmar, Yunnan China and Vietnam Script error: No such module "convert".
Cymbidium mastersii Griff. ex Lindl. 1845 Assam India, Bhutan, Myanmar, northern Thailand and China Script error: No such module "convert".
Cymbidium jiangchengense Ying L.Peng, S.R.Lan & Z.J.Liu 2019 Yunnan, China Script error: No such module "convert".
Cymbidium maguanense F.Y.Liu 1996 Southeastern Yunnan, China Script error: No such module "convert".
Cymbidium parishii Rchb. f. 1874 Myanmar Script error: No such module "convert".
Cymbidium roseum J.J.Sm. 1905 Malayasian peninsula, Java and Sumatra Script error: No such module "convert".
Cymbidium wadae T.Yukawa 2002 Thailand
Cymbidium weishanense X.Yu & Z.J.Liu 2021 China (Yunnan) Script error: No such module "convert".
Section Iridorchis (Bl.)Hunt 1970Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[12] File:Cymbidium erythraeum Orchi 014.jpg Cymbidium erythraeum Lindl. 1859 Kumaon, Sikkim, and Assam states of India; Nepal; Bhutan; Myanmar; Yunnan, Sichuan, and Xizang China; and Vietnam Script error: No such module "convert".
Cymbidium gaoligongense Z.J.Liu & J.Yong Zhang 2003 Yunnan, China Script error: No such module "convert".
File:Cymbidium hookerianum 2.jpg Cymbidium hookerianum Rchb.f. Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim & Assam India, and Xizang China Script error: No such module "convert".
File:Cymbidium insigne 6zz.jpg Cymbidium insigne Rolfe 1904 Thailand, Vietnam and Hainan China Script error: No such module "convert".
File:Cymbidium iridioides.jpg Cymbidium iridioides D. Don 1825 Xizang, Guizhou, Sichuan, and Yunnan provinces of China; Kumaon, Assam, Sikkim, and Meghalaya states of India; Bhutan; Nepal; Myanmar; and Vietnam Script error: No such module "convert".
File:Flickr - brewbooks - i110405 051.jpg Cymbidium lowianum (Rchb. f.) Rchb. f. 1879 Burma, Thailand, Yunnan China and Vietnam Script error: No such module "convert".
Cymbidium motuoense W.Q.Hu, Qinghai Zhang & Z.J.Liu 2021 China (SE Tibet) Script error: No such module "convert".
Cymbidium sanderae Sander ex Rolfe 1904 Vietnam Script error: No such module "convert".
Cymbidium seidenfadenii (P.J.Cribb & Du Puy) P.J.Cribb 2014 Thailand Script error: No such module "convert".
Cymbidium schroederi Rolfe 1905 Yunnan China, Vietnam Script error: No such module "convert".
Cymbidium sichuanicum Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen 2006 Sichuan, China Script error: No such module "convert".
File:Cymbidium tracyanum 001 GotBot 2016.jpg Cymbidium tracyanum Rolfe 1890 China, Thailand and Myanmar Script error: No such module "convert".
Cymbidium wilsonii (Rolfe ex De Cock) Rolfe 1904 Southern Yunnan, China and Vietnam
Section Parishiella (Bl.)Hunt 1970Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[6] File:斑舌蘭 Cymbidium tigrinum -比利時國家植物園 Belgium National Botanic Garden- (9255190958).jpg Cymbidium tigrinum Parish ex Hook. f. 1864 West Yunnan China, Myanmar and Assam India Script error: No such module "convert".

Subgenus Jensoa

Plants in this subgenus have four pollinia, in two unequal pairs; lips attached to the base of the column,[6]

Section Image Name Distribution Elevation (m)
Section Axillaria Du Puy & Cribb 1988Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[12] Cymbidium cyperifolium Lindl. 1833 Nepal, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, the Philippines, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Guizhou, and Yunnan China Script error: No such module "convert".
Cymbidium shidianense G.Z.Chen, G.Q.Zhang & L.J.Chen 2019 China (Yunnan) Script error: No such module "convert".
Section Borneense Du Puy & Cribb 1988Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[12] File:Cymbidium aliciae Quisumb., Philipp. J. Sci. 72 486 (1940) (30964049178).jpg Cymbidium aliciae Quisumb 1940 Sulawesi and the Philippines (Luzon, Negro Islands and Nueva Vazcaya) Script error: No such module "convert".
Cymbidium borneense J.J. Wood 1983 Borneo(Sarawak and Sabah) Script error: No such module "convert".
Section Geocymbidium Schltr. 1924Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[12] Cymbidium biflorens D.Y.Zhang, S.R.Lan & Z.J.Liu 2020 Yunnan China
File:Cymbidium lancifolium var. aspidistrifolium (Fukuy.) S.S.Ying, Coloured Ill. Indig. Orchids Taiwan 1(2) 439 (1977). (50820511723).jpg Cymbidium lancifolium Hook. 1823 Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim, China, Korea, Japan, Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Borneo, Java Moluccas, Sulawesi, Sumatra and New Guinea Script error: No such module "convert".
Cymbidium recurvatum Z.J.Liu, S.C.Chen & P.J.Cribb 2009 Yunnan China Script error: No such module "convert".
Section Jensoa Du Puy & Cribb 1988Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[12] Cymbidium acuminatum M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones 1996 New Guinea Script error: No such module "convert".
Cymbidium defoliatum Y.S.Wu & S.C.Chen 1991 Fujian, Guizhou, Yunnan and Sichuan provinces of China Script error: No such module "convert".
File:四季桃嬌 Cymbidium ensifolium 'Peach Charm' -香港沙田國蘭展 Shatin Orchid Show, Hong Kong- (12167965154).jpg Cymbidium ensifolium [L]Swartz 1799 Japan, China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Hong Kong to Sumatra and Java Script error: No such module "convert".
Cymbidium formosanum Hayata 1911 Taiwan
File:春蘭朵香黄花 Cymbidium goeringii v forrestii 'Yellow' -香港沙田國蘭展 Shatin Orchid Show, Hong Kong- (12317104044).jpg Cymbidium goeringii [Rchb.f]Rchb.f 1864 India, Bhutan, China, Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands, Japan and Korea Script error: No such module "convert".
File:Cymbidium haematodes '-200201' Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. 162 (1833) (50004675837).jpg Cymbidium haematodes Lindl. 1833 Hainan and Yunnan provinces of China, India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Laos, Indonesia and New Guinea Script error: No such module "convert".
Cymbidium induratifolium Z.J.Liu & J.N.Zhang 1998 Vietnam
File:寒蘭武夷山蘭 Cymbidium kanran 'Wu-Yi-Shan' -香港沙田國蘭展 Shatin Orchid Show, Hong Kong- (12304130513).jpg Cymbidium kanran Makino 1902 Taiwan, Guangdong, Gunagxi, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, and Hainan Island provinces of China; Honshu and the Ryukyu Islands, Japan; and South Korea Script error: No such module "convert".
Cymbidium longipes Z.J.Liu & J.N.Zhang 1998 Vietnam
Cymbidium micranthum Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen 2004 Yunnan, China Script error: No such module "convert".
Cymbidium munronianum King & Pantl. 1895 Assam India
Cymbidium omeiense Y.S.Wu & S.C.Chen 1966 Sichuan China
Cymbidium qiubeiense K.M.Feng & H.Li 1980 Yunnan and Guangxi provinces of China Script error: No such module "convert".
File:Cymbidium sinense 'Yamagawa Hosai' (Andrews) Willd.- Sp. Pl.- ed. 4- 4- 111 (1805). 20220206 222353.jpg Cymbidium sinense (Andrews) Willd.1805 Guangdong, Hainan，Taiwan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Southern Sichuan, Guizhou, and Yunnan provinces of China and Northern Vietnam. Script error: No such module "convert".
Cymbidium tamphianum Aver. 2018 Lam Dong, Vietnam Script error: No such module "convert".
Cymbidium sangii Aver. & V.C.Nguyen 2023 Lam Dong, Vietnam Script error: No such module "convert".
Cymbidium xichouense Xin Y.Xu, C.C.Ding & S.R.Lan Yunnan China Script error: No such module "convert".
Section Nanula Du Puy & Cribb 1988Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[12] Cymbidium atrolabium X.Y.Liao, S.R.Lan & Z.J.Liy 2019 Yunnan China Script error: No such module "convert".
Cymbidium brevifolium Z.Zhou, S.R.Lan & Z.J.Liu 2020 Hubei China Script error: No such module "convert".
File:綠蕙 Cymbidium faberi -香港沙田洋蘭展 Shatin Orchid Show, Hong Kong- (16945121795).jpg Cymbidium faberi Rolfe 1896 Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang provinces of China; Taiwan; Script error: No such module "convert".
File:珍珠矮 Cymbidium nanulum -香港青松觀蘭花展 Tuen Mun, Hong Kong- (9252405607).jpg Cymbidium nanulum Y.S.Wu & S.C.Chen 2017 Yunnan, Guizhou, Hainan provinces of China
Cymbidium purpureisepalum M.J.Zhu & S.R.Lan 2022 Yunnan China Script error: No such module "convert".
File:Cymbidium goeringii s2.jpg Cymbidium serratum Schltr. 1919 Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan provinces of China; Taiwan Script error: No such module "convert".
Cymbidium ledinhhienii Aver., Vuong et V.C. Nguyen 2024 Vietnam (Dak Lak) Script error: No such module "convert".
Cymbidium sungwookii Aver., Vuong et V.C. Nguyen 2024 Vietnam (Binh Dinh) Script error: No such module "convert".
Cymbidium teretipetiolatum Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen 2002 Yunnan China Script error: No such module "convert".
File:Cymbidium tortisepalum 菅草蘭 (33355964721).jpg Cymbidium tortisepalum Fukuy. 1934 Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan provinces of China; Taiwan Script error: No such module "convert".
Section Pachyrhizanthe Schltr. 1924Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[12] File:Mayaran.jpg Cymbidium macrorhizon Lindl. 1833 Pakistan, the Chinese Himalayas, Assam, the eastern Himalayas, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Taiwan, the Ryukyu Islands and Korea Script error: No such module "convert".
Cymbidium hengbungense A.N. Rao, K. Chowlu, H.B. Sharma, K.S. Thithila & D.S. Thokchom 2016 India (Manipur) Script error: No such module "convert".

Natural Hybrids

Distribution

This genus is distributed in tropical and subtropical Asia (such as northern India, China, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Borneo) and Australia.[17] The large flowering species from which the large flowering hybrids are derived usually grow at low altitudes, while short leaved species, from which compact hybrids with small to medium size flowers are derived, are high altitudes lithophytes and epiphytes.[6]

Uses

Use in horticulture

Cymbidium (abbreviated Cym. in the horticultural trade[18]) orchids are among the oldest horticultural orchids in the world and were mentioned in a manuscript from the Jin dynasty from about 200s CE and by Confucius. Today they are among the most popular orchid genera in cultivation. They have decorative flowers spikes and are one of the least demanding indoor orchids. To flower well they need a distinct difference between day and night temperatures in late summer. Plants need to remain outside in autumn until night temperatures drop to near Template:Cvt.[19][20][21]

Cymbidiums have few pests or diseases but can be affected by aphids, spider mites and viral diseases.[21]

Use in cooking

The species Cymbidium hookerianum is considered a delicacy in Bhutan, where it is traditionally cooked in a spicy curry or stew and called "olatshe" or "olachoto".[22]

References

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  1. ↑ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Alphabetical List of Standard Abbreviations for Natural and Hybrid Generic Names, Royal Horticultural Society, 2017 https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/plant-registration-forms/orchid-name-abbreviations-list.pdf
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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External links

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