Cydnidae
Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox
Cydnidae are a family of pentatomoid bugs, known by common names including burrowing bugs or burrower bugs.[1] As the common name would suggest, many members of the group live a subterranean lifestyle, burrowing into soil using their head and forelegs, only emerging to mate and then laying their eggs in soil. Other members of the group are not burrowers, and live above the soil layer, often in close association with plants. Several species are known as agricultural pests.[2]
Description
Burrowing bugs range from 2 to 20 mm in length.[3] They are dark, ovoid in shape and highly sclerotised. The head is generally subquadrate to semicircular in shape, and has a pair of 5-segmented antennae. The coxae of the legs have setal combs, while the apices of the mid and hind coxae are fringed with rigid setae. The tibiae of the legs (also often the head and pronotum) have spines. The tarsi of the legs are 3-segmented and often reduced.[4]
Similar to other pentatomoids, Cydnidae have glands in the thorax (adults) or the lateral part of the abdomen (nymphs) that secrete a foul-smelling mix of chemicals for defense against predators.[5]
Ecology
Cydnidae in subfamilies Cydninae and Cephalocteinae live mostly in soil and feed on roots of plants. Those in subfamilies Parastrachinae, Sehirinae and Thyreocorinae instead live on aboveground parts of plants. Adults are attracted to light and sometimes in large numbers.[4]
Cydnidae feed on sap from phloem, unlike other heteropterans.[3]
Importance
As of 2003, there were 27 cydnid species reported as crop pests and six that feed on peanut. Of the peanut-feeding species, Pangaeus bilineatus is the most abundant and the only one associated with feeding injury to peanut kernels.[6]
Another pest is Fromundus pygmaeus, which attacks rice seedlings, sugarcane, fallen seeds of grasses and roots of soybean and clover.[7]
Some cydnids are medically important. The aforementioned F. pygmaeus facultatively sucks blood from humans,[7] while Chilocoris assmuthi can cause brown lesions on skin (usually on the feet) with its defensive secretions.[5]
Subfamilies and taxonomy
BioLib includes the following subfamilies:
- Amnestinae Hart, 1919Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- †Acanthamnestus Du, Yao & Engel, 2022Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Burmese Amber, Myanmar, mid Cretaceous (latest Albian-earliest Cenomanian)[2]
- Amnestus Dallas, 1851Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- †Chilamnestocoris Lis et al., 2018Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Burmese Amber, Myanmar
- †Cilicydnus Yao et al., 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Yixian Formation, China, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)
- Lattinestus Eger, 2008Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- †Latiscutella Pinto & de Ornellas, 1974Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Crato Formation, Codo Formation, Brazil, Aptian
- †Orienicydnus Yao et al., 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Yixian Formation, China
- †Pricecoris Pinto & de Ornellas, 1974Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Codo Formation, Brazil
- †Punctacorona Wang et al., 2019Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Burmese Amber, Myanmar
- Cephalocteninae Mulsant & Rey, 1866Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Cephaloctenini Mulsant & Rey, 1866Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Cephalocteus Dufour, 1834Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Heissocteus Lis, 2006Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Scaptocorini Froeschner, 1960Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Afroropus Lis, 1999Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Atarsocoris Becker, 1967Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Pseudostibaropus Lis, 1991Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Scaptocoris Perty, 1833Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Schiodtella Signoret, 1882Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Stibaropus Dallas, 1851Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Cephaloctenini Mulsant & Rey, 1866Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- †Clavicorinae Popov, 1986Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- †Clavicoris Popov, 1986Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Gurvan-Eren Formation, Mongolia, Aptian
- †Cretacoris Popov, 1986Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Daya Formation, Russia, Early Cretaceous, Gurvan-Eren Formation, Mongolia
- Cydninae Billberg, 1820Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Garsauriinae Froeschner, 1960Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Garsauria Walker, 1868Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Garsauriella Linnavuori, 1993Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Sehirinae Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- †Eocenocydnus Popov, 2019Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Bembridge Marls, United Kingdom, Eocene (Priabonian)
In some older classifications, Cydnidae sensu lato includes the subfamily Thyreocorinae (now a separate family, Thyreocoridae), which are known commonly as "negro bugs" or "ebony bugs", and/or the families Thaumastellidae and Parastrachiidae.[8][9]
References
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