Constant sheaf

In mathematics, the constant sheaf on a topological space $X$ associated to a set $A$ is a sheaf of sets on $X$ whose stalks are all equal to $A$. It is denoted by $\underset{\_}{A}$ or $A_X$. The constant presheaf with value $A$ is the presheaf that assigns to each open subset of $X$ the value $A$, and all of whose restriction maps are the identity map $A\to A$. The constant sheaf associated to $A$ is the sheafification of the constant presheaf associated to $A$. This sheaf may be identified with the sheaf of locally constant $A$-valued functions on $X$.

In certain cases, the set $A$ may be replaced with an object $A$ in some category $\text{C}$ (e.g. when $\text{C}$ is the category of abelian groups, or commutative rings).

Constant sheaves of abelian groups appear in particular as coefficients in sheaf cohomology.

Basics

Let $X$ be a topological space, and $A$ a set. The sections of the constant sheaf $\underset{\_}{A}$ over an open set $U$ may be interpreted as the continuous functions $U\to A$, where $A$ is given the discrete topology. If $U$ is connected, then these locally constant functions are constant. If $f:X\to \{\text{pt}\}$ is the unique map to the one-point space and $A$ is considered as a sheaf on $\{\text{pt}\}$, then the inverse image $f^{-1}A$ is the constant sheaf $\underset{\_}{A}$ on $X$. The sheaf space of $\underset{\_}{A}$ is the projection map $A$ (where $X\times A\to X$ is given the discrete topology).

A detailed example

File:Constantpresheaf.png

Constant presheaf on a two-point discrete space

File:2 point discrete space.png

Two-point discrete topological space

Let $X$ be the topological space consisting of two points $p$ and $q$ with the discrete topology. $X$ has four open sets: $\varnothing ,\{p\},\{q\},\{p,q\}$. The five non-trivial inclusions of the open sets of $X$ are shown in the chart.

A presheaf on $X$ chooses a set for each of the four open sets of $X$ and a restriction map for each of the inclusions (with identity map for $U\subset U$). The constant presheaf with value $\text{Z}$, denoted $F$, is the presheaf where all four sets are $\text{Z}$, the integers, and all restriction maps are the identity. $F$ is a functor on the diagram of inclusions (a presheaf), because it is constant. It satisfies the gluing axiom, but is not a sheaf because it fails the local identity axiom on the empty set. This is because the empty set is covered by the empty family of sets, $\varnothing =\bigcup _{U\in \{\}}U$, and vacuously, any two sections in $F(\varnothing )$ are equal when restricted to any set in the empty family $\{\}$. The local identity axiom would therefore imply that any two sections in $F(\varnothing )$ are equal, which is false.

To modify this into a presheaf $G$ that satisfies the local identity axiom, let $G(\varnothing )=0$, a one-element set, and give $G$ the value $\text{Z}$ on all non-empty sets. For each inclusion of open sets, let the restriction be the unique map to 0 if the smaller set is empty, or the identity map otherwise. Note that $G(\varnothing )=0$ is forced by the local identity axiom.

File:Constantsheaf intermediate step.png

Intermediate step for the constant sheaf

Now $G$ is a separated presheaf (satisfies local identity), but unlike $F$ it fails the gluing axiom. Indeed, $\{p,q\}$ is disconnected, covered by non-intersecting open sets $\{p\}$ and $\{q\}$. Choose distinct sections $m\ne n$ in $\mathbf{𝐙}$ over $\{p\}$ and $\{q\}$ respectively. Because $m$ and $n$ restrict to the same element 0 over $\varnothing$, the gluing axiom would guarantee the existence of a unique section $s$ on $G(\{p,q\})$ that restricts to $m$ on $\{p\}$ and $n$ on $\{q\}$; but the restriction maps are the identity, giving $m=s=n$, which is false. Intuitively, $G(\{p,q\})$ is too small to carry information about both connected components $\{p\}$ and $\{q\}$.

File:Constant sheaf with product.png

Constant sheaf on a two-point topological space

Modifying further to satisfy the gluing axiom, let

$H(\{p,q\})=\mathrm{F}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{n}(\{p,q\},\mathbf{𝐙})\cong \mathbb{\mathbb{Z}}\times \mathbb{\mathbb{Z}}$

,

the

$\mathbf{𝐙}$

-valued functions on

$\{p,q\}$

, and define the restriction maps of

$H$

to be natural restriction of functions to

$\{p\}$

and

$\{q\}$

, with the zero map restricting to

$\varnothing$

. Then

$H$

is a sheaf, called the constant sheaf on

$X$

with value

$\text{Z}$

. Since all restriction maps are ring homomorphisms,

$H$

is a sheaf of commutative rings.

See also

• Locally constant sheaf

References

• Section II.1 of
• Section 2.4.6 of