Comparison of multi-paradigm programming languages

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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Programming languages can be grouped by the number and types of paradigms supported.

Paradigm summaries

A concise reference for the programming paradigms listed in this article.

  • Concurrent programming – have language constructs for concurrency, these may involve multi-threading, support for distributed computing, message passing, shared resources (including shared memory), or futures
    • Actor programming – concurrent computation with actors that make local decisions in response to the environment (capable of selfish or competitive behaviour)
  • Constraint programming – relations between variables are expressed as constraints (or constraint networks), directing allowable solutions (uses constraint satisfaction or simplex algorithm)
  • Dataflow programming – forced recalculation of formulas when data values change (e.g. spreadsheets)
  • Declarative programming – describes what computation should perform, without specifying detailed state changes cf. imperative programming (functional and logic programming are major subgroups of declarative programming)
  • Distributed programming – have support for multiple autonomous computers that communicate via computer networks
  • Functional programming – uses evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids state and mutable data
  • Generic programming – uses algorithms written in terms of to-be-specified-later types that are then instantiated as needed for specific types provided as parameters
  • Imperative programming – explicit statements that change a program state
  • Logic programming – uses explicit mathematical logic for programming
  • Metaprogramming – writing programs that write or manipulate other programs (or themselves) as their data, or that do part of the work at compile time that would otherwise be done at runtime
    • Template metaprogramming – metaprogramming methods in which a compiler uses templates to generate temporary source code, which is merged by the compiler with the rest of the source code and then compiled
    • Reflective programming – metaprogramming methods in which a program modifies or extends itself
  • Object-oriented programming – uses data structures consisting of data fields and methods together with their interactions (objects) to design programs
    • Class-based – object-oriented programming in which inheritance is achieved by defining classes of objects, versus the objects themselves
    • Prototype-based – object-oriented programming that avoids classes and implements inheritance via cloning of instances
  • Pipeline programming – a simple syntax change to add syntax to nest function calls to language originally designed with none
  • Rule-based programming – a network of rules of thumb that comprise a knowledge base and can be used for expert systems and problem deduction & resolution
  • Visual programming – manipulating program elements graphically rather than by specifying them textually (e.g. Simulink); also termed diagrammatic programming[1]

Language overview

Template:Sticky header

List of multi-paradigm programming languages
Language Template:Vert header Template:Vert header Template:Vert header Template:Vert header Template:Vert header Template:Vert header Template:Vert header Template:Vert header Template:Vert header Template:Vert header Template:Vert header Template:Vert header Template:Vert header Template:Vert header Template:Vert header Template:Vert header Other
AdaTemplate:Wbr[2]Template:Wbr[3]Template:Wbr[4]Template:Wbr[5]Template:Wbr[6] 5 YesTemplate:Wbr[a 1] — — — Yes — — Yes Yes — — YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] — — — —
ALF 2 — — — — — Yes — — — Yes — — — — — —
AmigaE
Script error: No such module "Unsubst".		 2 — — — — — — — — Yes — — YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] — — — —
APL 3 — — — — — Yes — — Yes — — — — — — Array (multi-dimensional)
BETA
Script error: No such module "Unsubst".		 3 — — — — — Yes — — Yes — — YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] — — — —
C++ 7 (15) YesTemplate:Wbr[7]Template:Wbr[8]Template:Wbr[9] LibraryTemplate:Wbr[10] LibraryTemplate:Wbr[11]Template:Wbr[12] LibraryTemplate:Wbr[13]Template:Wbr[14] LibraryTemplate:Wbr[15]Template:Wbr[16] Yes YesTemplate:Wbr[17] YesTemplate:Wbr[a 3] Yes LibraryTemplate:Wbr[18]Template:Wbr[19] LibraryTemplate:Wbr[20] YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] LibraryTemplate:Wbr[21] — LibraryTemplate:Wbr[22] Array (multi-dimensional; using STL)
C# 6 (7) Yes — LibraryTemplate:Wbr[a 4] — — YesTemplate:Wbr[a 5] — Yes Yes — Yes YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] — — — ReactiveTemplate:Wbr[a 6]
ChucK
Script error: No such module "Unsubst".		 3 Yes — — — — — — — Yes — — YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] — — — —
Claire 2 — — — — — Yes — — — — — YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] — — — —
Clojure 5 YesTemplate:Wbr[23]Template:Wbr[24] — — Yes — YesTemplate:Wbr[25] YesTemplate:Wbr[26] — — LibraryTemplate:Wbr[27] — — YesTemplate:Wbr[28] — — Multiple dispatch,Template:Wbr[29] AgentsTemplate:Wbr[30]
Common Lisp 7 (14) LibraryTemplate:Wbr[31] LibraryTemplate:Wbr[32] LibraryTemplate:Wbr[33] YesTemplate:Wbr[34] LibraryTemplate:Wbr[35] Yes Yes YesTemplate:Wbr[36] Yes LibraryTemplate:Wbr[37] Yes YesTemplate:Wbr[a 7]Template:Wbr[a 2]Template:Wbr[38] LibraryTemplate:Wbr[39] LibraryTemplate:Wbr[40] LibraryTemplate:Wbr[41] Multiple dispatch, meta-OOP system,Template:Wbr[42] Language is extensible via metaprogramming.
Curl 5 — — — — — Yes — YesTemplate:Wbr[a 3] Yes — Yes YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] — — — —
Curry 4 Yes Yes — — — Yes — — — Yes — — — — — —
D (version 2.0)Template:Wbr[43]Template:Wbr[44] 7 YesTemplate:Wbr[a 8] — — — — Yes YesTemplate:Wbr[45]Template:Wbr[a 3] YesTemplate:Wbr[a 3] Yes — Yes YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] — — — —
Delphi 3 — — — — — — — YesTemplate:Wbr[a 3] Yes — — YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] — — — —
Dylan
Script error: No such module "Unsubst".		 3 — — — — — Yes — — — — Yes YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] — — — —
E 3 Yes — — — Yes — — — — — — YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] — — — —
ECMAScriptTemplate:Wbr[46]Template:Wbr[47] (ActionScript, E4X, JavaScript, JScript) 4 (5) PartialTemplate:Wbr[a 9]Template:Wbr[a 10] — — LibraryTemplate:Wbr[48]Template:Wbr[49] — Yes — — Yes — Yes YesTemplate:Wbr[a 11] LibraryTemplate:Wbr[50]Template:Wbr[51] — — Reactive,Template:Wbr[a 12]Template:Wbr[52] event drivenTemplate:Wbr[a 13]Template:Wbr[a 14]
Erlang 3 Yes — — Yes Yes Yes — — — — — — Yes — — —
Elixir 4 Yes — — — Yes Yes Yes — — — — — Yes — — —
Elm 6 Yes — Yes Yes — Yes (pure)Template:Wbr[a 15] — Yes — — — — Yes — — Reactive
F# 7 (8) YesTemplate:Wbr[a 8] — LibraryTemplate:Wbr[a 4] Yes — Yes — Yes Yes — Yes YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] — — — ReactiveTemplate:Wbr[a 6]
Fortran 4 (5) Yes — — — — YesTemplate:Wbr[a 15] — YesTemplate:Wbr[a 16] — — — YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] — — — Array (multi-dimensional)
Go 4 Yes — — — — — — — Yes — Yes — Yes — — —
Haskell 8 (15) Yes LibraryTemplate:Wbr[53] LibraryTemplate:Wbr[54] Yes LibraryTemplate:Wbr[55] Yes (lazy) (pure)Template:Wbr[a 15] YesTemplate:Wbr[56] Yes Yes LibraryTemplate:Wbr[57] — PartialTemplate:Wbr[a 17] Yes Yes LibraryTemplate:Wbr[58] Literate, reactive, dependent types (partial)
Io 4 YesTemplate:Wbr[a 8] — — — — Yes — — Yes — — YesTemplate:Wbr[a 11] — — — —
J
Script error: No such module "Unsubst".		 3 — — — — — Yes — — Yes — — YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] — — — —
Java 6 Yes LibraryTemplate:Wbr[59] LibraryTemplate:Wbr[60] — — Yes — Yes Yes — Yes YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] — — — —
Julia 9 (17) Yes LibraryTemplate:Wbr[61] LibraryTemplate:Wbr[62]Template:Wbr[63] LibraryTemplate:Wbr[64] Yes Yes (eager) Yes Yes Yes LibraryTemplate:Wbr[65] Yes PartialTemplate:Wbr[a 18] Yes — LibraryTemplate:Wbr[66]Template:Wbr[67] Multiple dispatch,
Array (multi-dimensional); optionally lazyTemplate:Wbr[68] and reactive (with libraries)
Kotlin 8 Yes — — — — Yes Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes Yes — — —
LabVIEW 4 Yes — Yes — — — — — — — — Yes — Yes — —
Lava 2 — — — — — — — — — — — YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] — Yes — —
LispWorks (version 6.0 with support for symmetric multi-processing, rules, logic (Prolog), CORBA) 9 Yes — — — Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes Yes YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] — — Yes —
Lua
Script error: No such module "Unsubst".		 3 — — — — — Yes — — Yes — — YesTemplate:Wbr[a 11] — — — —
MATLAB 6 (10) ToolboxTemplate:Wbr[69] ToolboxTemplate:Wbr[70] YesTemplate:Wbr[71] — ToolboxTemplate:Wbr[72] — YesTemplate:Wbr[73] YesTemplate:Wbr[74] — — YesTemplate:Wbr[75] YesTemplate:Wbr[76] — YesTemplate:Wbr[77] — Array (multi-dimensional)
Nemerle 7 Yes — — — — Yes Yes Yes Yes — Yes YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] — — — —
Object Pascal 4 Yes — — — — Yes — — Yes — — YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] — — — —
OCaml 4 — — — — — Yes — Yes Yes — — YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] — — — —
Oz 11 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes — — Yes Yes — YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] Yes — Yes —
Perl
Script error: No such module "Unsubst".		 8 (9) YesTemplate:Wbr[78] — YesTemplate:Wbr[79] — — Yes Yes — Yes — YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] Yes — — —
PHPTemplate:Wbr[80]Template:Wbr[81]Template:Wbr[82] 4 — — — — — Yes — — Yes — Yes YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] — — — —
Poplog 3 — — — — — Yes — — Yes Yes — — — — — —
Prograph 3 — — Yes — — — — — — — — YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] — Yes — —
Python 5 (10) LibraryTemplate:Wbr[83]Template:Wbr[84] LibraryTemplate:Wbr[85] — — LibraryTemplate:Wbr[86] Yes YesTemplate:Wbr[87]Template:Wbr[88] YesTemplate:Wbr[89]Template:Wbr[90] Yes LibraryTemplate:Wbr[91] Yes YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] — — — Structured
R 4 (6) LibraryTemplate:Wbr[92] — — — LibraryTemplate:Wbr[93] Yes — — Yes — Yes Yes YesTemplate:Wbr[94] — — Array (multi-dimensional)
Racket 10 YesTemplate:Wbr[95] YesTemplate:Wbr[96] YesTemplate:Wbr[97] — YesTemplate:Wbr[98] Yes Yes — Yes Yes Yes Yes — — — LazyTemplate:Wbr[99]
Raku 10 YesTemplate:Wbr[100] LibraryTemplate:Wbr[101] YesTemplate:Wbr[102] — LibraryTemplate:Wbr[103] Yes YesTemplate:Wbr[104] YesTemplate:Wbr[105] Yes — YesTemplate:Wbr[106] YesTemplate:Wbr[107] Yes — — Multiple dispatch, lazy lists, reactive.
ROOP 3 — — — — — — — — Yes Yes — — — — Yes —
Ruby 5 — — — — — Yes Yes — Yes — Yes YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] — — — —
Rust (version 1.0.0-alpha) 6 YesTemplate:Wbr[a 8] — — — — Yes YesTemplate:Wbr[108]Template:Wbr[109] YesTemplate:Wbr[110] Yes — — Yes — — — Linear, affline, and ownership types
Sather
Script error: No such module "Unsubst".		 2 — — — — — Yes — — — — — YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] — — — —
ScalaTemplate:Wbr[111]Template:Wbr[112] 9 YesTemplate:Wbr[a 8] — YesTemplate:Wbr[a 19] Yes — Yes Yes Yes Yes — Yes YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] — — — —
Simula
Script error: No such module "Unsubst".		 2 — — — — — — — — Yes — — YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] — — — —
SISAL 3 Yes — Yes — — Yes — — — — — — — — — —
Spreadsheets 2 — — — — — Yes — — — — — — — Yes — —
Swift 7 Yes — — — — Yes Yes Yes Yes — Yes YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] — — — Block-structured
Tcl with Snit extension
Script error: No such module "Unsubst".		 3 — — — — — YesTemplate:Wbr[113] — — Yes — — YesTemplate:Wbr[a 11]Template:Wbr[114] — — — —
Visual Basic .NET 6 (7) Yes — LibraryTemplate:Wbr[a 4] — — Yes — Yes Yes — Yes YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] — — — ReactiveTemplate:Wbr[a 6]
Windows PowerShell 6 — — — — — Yes — Yes Yes — Yes YesTemplate:Wbr[a 2] Yes — — —
Wolfram Language & Mathematica 13Template:Wbr[115] (14) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes YesTemplate:Wbr[116] — Yes Knowledge Based

See also

Notes

Template:Reflist

Citations

Template:Reflist

References

  • Jim Coplien, Multiparadigm Design for C++, Addison-Wesley Professional, 1998.

Template:Programming paradigms navbox Template:Types of programming languages

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3, Section 9: Tasks and Synchronization
  3. ↑ Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3 Annex E: Distributed Systems
  4. ↑ Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3, Section 12: Generic Units
  5. ↑ Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3, Section 6: Subprograms
  6. ↑ Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3, 3.9 Tagged Types and Type Extensions
  7. ↑ Thread support
  8. ↑ Atomics support
  9. ↑ Memory model
  10. ↑ Gecode
  11. ↑ SystemC
  12. ↑ Boost.Iostreams
  13. ↑ Boolinq
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ OpenMPI
  16. ↑ Boost.MPI
  17. ↑ Boost.MPL
  18. ↑ LC++
  19. ↑ Castor Template:Webarchive
  20. ↑ Reflect Library
  21. ↑ N3534
  22. ↑ Boost.Spirit
  23. ↑ Clojure - Concurrent Programming
  24. ↑ Clojure - core.async
  25. ↑ Clojure - Functional Programming
  26. ↑ Clojure - Macros
  27. ↑ Clojure - core.logic
  28. ↑ Clojure - Threading Macros Guide
  29. ↑ Multimethods and Hierarchies
  30. ↑ Agents and Asynchronous Actions
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ [1] constraint programming inside CL through extensions
  33. ↑ [2] dataflow extension
  34. ↑ [3] by creating DSLs using the built-in metaprogramming; also see note on functional, constraint and logic paradigms, which are part of declarative
  35. ↑ [4] MPI, etc via language extensions
  36. ↑ template metaprogramming using macros (see C++)
  37. ↑ [5] [6] [7] Prolog implemented as a language extension
  38. ↑ Common Lisp Object System see Wikipedia article on CLOS, the Common Lisp Object System.
  39. ↑ implemented by the user via a short macro, example of implementation
  40. ↑ - Visual programming tool based on Common Lisp
  41. ↑ [8] rule-based programming extension
  42. ↑ [9] Template:Webarchive through the Meta Object Protocol
  43. ↑ D Language Feature Table
  44. ↑ Phobos std.algorithm
  45. ↑ D language String Mixins
  46. ↑ The Little JavaScripter demonstrates fundamental commonality with Scheme, a functional language.
  47. ↑ Object-Oriented Programming in JavaScript Template:Webarchive gives an overview of object-oriented programming techniques in JavaScript.
  48. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  49. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  50. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  51. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  52. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  53. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  54. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  55. ↑ Cloud Haskell
  56. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  57. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  58. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  59. ↑ https://jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=331 JSR 331: Constraint Programming API
  60. ↑ https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/DataflowJavaSDK Google Cloud Platform Dataflow SDK
  61. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  62. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  63. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  64. ↑ https://github.com/davidanthoff/Query.jl Query almost anything in julia
  65. ↑ https://github.com/lilinjn/LilKanren.jl A collection of Kanren implementations in Julia
  66. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  67. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  68. ↑ Lazy https://github.com/MikeInnes/Lazy.jl
  69. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  70. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  71. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  72. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  73. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  74. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  75. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  76. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  77. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  78. ↑ interpreter based threads
  79. ↑ Higher Order Perl
  80. ↑ PHP Manual, Chapter 17. Functions
  81. ↑ PHP Manual, Chapter 19. Classes and Objects (PHP 5)
  82. ↑ PHP Manual, Anonymous functions
  83. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  84. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  85. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  86. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  87. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  88. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  89. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  90. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  91. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  92. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  93. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  94. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  95. ↑ Racket Guide: Concurrency and Synchronization
  96. ↑ The Rosette Guide
  97. ↑ FrTime: A Language for Reactive Programs
  98. ↑ Racket Guide: Distributed Places
  99. ↑ Lazy Racket
  100. ↑ Channels and other mechanisms
  101. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  102. ↑ Feed operator
  103. ↑ https://github.com/perl6/doc/issues/1744#issuecomment-360565196 Cro module
  104. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  105. ↑ https://perl6advent.wordpress.com/2009/12/18/day-18-roles/ Parametrized Roles
  106. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  107. ↑ https://docs.perl6.org/language/classtut Classes and Roles
  108. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  109. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  110. ↑ The Rust Reference §6.1.3.1
  111. ↑ An Overview of the Scala Programming Language
  112. ↑ Scala Language Specification
  113. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  114. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  115. ↑ Notes for Programming Language Experts, Wolfram Language Documentation.
  116. ↑ External Programs, Wolfram Language Documentation.


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