Cologne mark
Template:Short description Template:More citations needed The Cologne mark is an obsolete unit of weight (or mass) equivalent to 233.856 grams (about 3,609 grains). The Cologne mark was in use from the 11th century onward. It came to be used as the base unit for a number of currency standards, including the Lübeck monetary system, which was important in northern Europe in the late Middle Ages, and the coinage systems of the Holy Roman Empire, most significantly the 1754 conventionsthaler, defined as <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄10 of a Cologne mark. The conventionsthaler replaced the reichsthaler, <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1⁄9 of a Cologne mark.
The mark is defined as half a Cologne Script error: No such module "Lang". (pound). A Script error: No such module "Lang". is divided into 16 Script error: No such module "Lang". (ounces) of 29.23 grams (about 451 grains). Each Script error: No such module "Lang". is subdivided into 2 Script error: No such module "Lang"., 8 Script error: No such module "Lang"., and 32 Script error: No such module "Lang"..[1] This ounce is the basis of several other pounds, including in England the Tower pound (12 ounces), the merchant's pound (15 ounces), and the London pound (16 ounces).[2]
The Cologne Script error: No such module "Lang". (2 marks) should not be confused with the Script error: No such module "Lang". of around 350 grams, 5400 grains, used in the Nuremberg apothecaries' system (Script error: No such module "Lang".), and is approximately equal to the old Tower pound (<templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />1+1⁄2 marks). This Script error: No such module "Lang". has 12 Script error: No such module "Lang"., each of which contains 36 Script error: No such module "Lang"., with the Script error: No such module "Lang". equal to 0.812 grams (about 12.53 grains).[1]
Throughout Europe, different variants of the Cologne mark have been used. In Castile, a Cologne mark of 230 grams was used since medieval times.[3]In the late Middle Ages, Portugal used local variants of the marks of Cologne (Script error: No such module "Lang".) and Troyes (Script error: No such module "Lang".), the first for coinage and precious metals and the second for Script error: No such module "Lang". (avoirdupois). In mid-15th century, these marks were rounded to establish a relation of 14:13 between the Portuguese variants of Cologne and Troyes, leading to metric equivalences of 228.9 grams and 246.5 grams, respectively.[4]In modern times, the Portuguese mark of Cologne drifted towards 229.5 grams.
See also
References
External links
de:Mark (Gewicht)#Kölner Mark (Kölnische Mark)
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Pio Beltrán, «Introducción al Estudio de las Monedas Medievales Hispano-Cristianas desde la Invasion de los Árabes en el 711», Nvmisma, ano XIII, nº 60, 1963, p. 9-50.
- ↑ Luís Seabra Lopes, "Os Marcos de Colonha e de Tria e a Reforma dos Pesos de Dom João II (1487-1488)", Revista Portuguesa de História, t. 51, 2020, p. 83-105.