Climate of Moscow

File:Humidcontinentalworld2.png

Humid continental climate worldwide

Moscow
Climate chart (explanation)
Template:Climate chart/month header Template:Climate chart/month header Template:Climate chart/month header Template:Climate chart/month header Template:Climate chart/month header Template:Climate chart/month header Template:Climate chart/month header Template:Climate chart/month header Template:Climate chart/month header Template:Climate chart/month header Template:Climate chart/month header Template:Climate chart/month header     53     −4 −9     44     −3 −9     39     3 −4     37     12 2     61     19 8     78     22 12     84     25 15     78     23 13     66     16 8     70     9 3     52     2 −2     51     −2 −7 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C █ Precipitation totals in mm Source:
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     2.1     25 16     1.7     27 16     1.5     37 25     1.5     54 36     2.4     66 46     3.1     72 54     3.3     77 59     3.1     73 55     2.6     61 46     2.8     48 37     2     36 28     2     28 19 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F █ Precipitation totals in inches

Moscow has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) with warm to hot summers and long, cold, winters. Typical high temperatures in the warm months of June, July and August are around , but during heat waves, which can occur anytime from May to September, daytime temperature highs often top sometimes one or two weeks. In the winter, temperatures normally drop to approximately , though there can be periods of warmth with temperatures rising above . Summer lasts from mid-May to the beginning of September, and winter lasts from the beginning of November to the end of March. Humidity is high year-round, although it is lowest during the spring months.

More extreme continental climates at the same latitude- such as parts of Eastern Canada or Siberia- have much colder winters than Moscow, suggesting that there is still significant moderation from the Atlantic Ocean despite the fact that Moscow is far from the sea.

Monthly averages and records for Moscow

File:VVC weather station.png

Location of the VVC weather station on the map of Moscow

The highest temperature ever recorded was on July 29, 2010. The lowest temperature ever recorded was . In 2007 three record highs for the month occurred – January , March , and May ; in 2008, there were new record highs for December and the entire winter: . On July 23, 2010, the temperature reached and continued to set record highs each following day until it finally reached on July 29, 2010. In November 2010 a new month record high of occurred (after +12.6 in 1927).

File:Moscow region temp.PNG

Maximum temperature in Moscow and near regions during the 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat wave

Average annual temperature in Moscow is , but recently (2007, 2008, 2015) it has been higher than . In the first half of the 20th century, there was light night frost in late summer. 2020 become the warmest in the history of meteorological observations, the average annual temperature was (while the monthly averages temperatures were above even in March and November).

Monthly precipitation totals are moderately high throughout the year, although precipitation levels tend to be higher during the summer than during the winter. Due to the significant variation in temperature between the winter and summer months as well as the limited fluctuation in precipitation levels during the summer, Moscow is considered to have a continental climate with no true dry season.

Most of the records and averages are given for VVC weather station, located in the North-Eastern administrative okrug of Moscow. The temperature from this station averages 0.5–1 °C lower than in the city center, and 0.5–2 °C higher than night minimums in the suburbs.

Year of	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year	Year of	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high (max t°C)	2007	1989	2014	2012	2007	2021	2010	2010	1890	1915	2013	2008	2010	high avg t°C	2020	1990	2007	2000	1979	1999	2010	2010	1847	1967	2013	2006	2020
Record low (min t°C)	1940	1929	1913	1879	1885	1916	1886	1885	1881	1960	1890	1940	1940	low avg t°C	1893	1929	1860	1929	1918	1904	1904	1884	1993	1976	1844	1788	1862

Type of precipitation

File:Годовой ход температуры в москве.jpg

Annual course of temperature at All-Russia Exhibition Centre

Most precipitation in Moscow falls as rain, but in winter months almost all precipitation falls as snow, forming firm snow cover. The last wet snow precipitation may be in the beginning of May, and it may restart at the end of September.

Snow cover

Snow cover (averaging 4–5 months per year) forms at the end of November and melts by the start of April, although in recent years has not lasted as long as usual. For example, in the winter of 2006–2007 the snow cover didn't form until the end of January, and melted at the beginning of March; in 2007–2008, the snow cover melted at the end of February, and in the 2008–2009 winter, snow cover didn't form until the end of December, which is two months later than usual. Yet in 2011–2012 it melted in the middle of April.

month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
number of days	31	28	28	4	-	-	-	-	-	3	16	28
height (cm)	26	35	29	2	-	-	-	-	-	-	3	13
max.height (cm)	63	72	78	61	-	-	-	-	-	19	25	45

Wind

Speed of wind

The average wind speed is very high. In the city it is near 5 metres per second; in open places and airports it may top 6 metres per second.

Wind Storms and Tornadoes

A few times per season, often in the May–September period during thunderstorms, wind speed may exceed 15–35 metres per second. The last powerful wind storm was in 1998, when wind speed was 30–35 metres per second. 157 persons were injured, 8 died, and 2157 buildings were damaged.

Tornadoes were recorded in 1904 and 1945Template:Fact in Moscow and in 1970, 1971, the 1984 Yaroslavl tornado, 1987, 1994, and 1997 in Moscow Oblast 100 km south-east from Moscow (near Zaraysk), in 2005 in Dubna, and on 3 August 2007 in Krasnogorsk.

In the 3 June 2009 tornado, F3 registered near Sergiyev Posad, Moscow oblast.

Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	year
2.5	2.5	2.5	2.5	2.2	2.1	1.9	1.8	2.0	2.4	2.5	2.6	2.3

Сloudiness and day light

File:Храм Влахернской иконы Божией Матери в Кузьминках №1.JPG

Church of the Theotokos of Blachernae in Kuzminki at dawn (03:11 UTC+4, 26 June 2013)

Number of clear, cloudy and overcast days

On average Moscow has 1731 hours of sunshine in a year. In 2004–2008, near 1800–2000 hours.

	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	year
Clear (sunshine)	8	9	10	8	11	7	8	10	8	5	3	4	82
Partial sunshine	11	10	13	17	16	20	20	17	16	13	9	10	184
Cloudy (overcast)	12	9	9	5	4	3	4	4	6	12	18	17	98

Daylight, average number of hours/day

Duration of daylight depends on geographical position of Moscow. It varies from 7 hours 00 minutes on December 22 to 17 hours 34 minutes on June 22. The maximum height of the sun above the horizon is 11° on 22 December and 58° on 22 June.

Near the day of the summer solstice (June 22), the sun does not fall below −12°, thus the nautical twilight occurs throughout this period. Nevertheless, lighting of the navigational twilight is not enough for normal human activity, so the streets need artificial illumination, and it is believed that there are no so-called white nights in Moscow, although the sky remains dark blue, and not black, as, for example, in southern Russia.

Hours	Jan (hours)	Feb (hours)	Mar (hours)	Apr (hours)	May (hours)	Jun (hours)	Jul (hours)	Aug (hours)	Sep (hours)	Oct (hours)	Nov (hours)	Dec (hours)
Day	7.9	9.7	11.9	14.3	16.3	17.4	16.8	14.9	12.7	10.5	8.4	7.2
Night	16.1	14.3	12.1	9.7	7.7	6.6	7.2	9.1	11.3	13.5	15.6	16.8

See also

• VVC weather station
• Climate of Russia
• 1904 Moscow tornado
• 1984 Soviet Union tornado outbreak
• 2009 Krasnozavodsk tornado

References

• Calculator (The average air temperature, air rate and deviations from it)