Claíomh Solais

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File:Ireland-stamp-1922-sword-of-light-6p.jpg
Definitive 6-pence stamp of Sword of Light, Ireland, 1922–3. Arched caption reads "An Claiḋeaṁ Soluis (Script error: No such module "Lang".)"

The Sword of Light or Script error: No such module "Lang". (Old Irish; modern Template:Langx Script error: No such module "IPA".) is a trope object that appears in a number of Irish and Scottish Gaelic folktales. The "Quest for sword of light" formula is catalogued as motif H1337.

The sword appears commonly as a quest object in the Irish folktale of a hero seeking "The One Story" (or the "Cause of the one story about women"), which culminates in the discovery of a "Tale of the Werewolf" (a man magically turned wolf by an unfaithful wife). However, the sword is uninvolved in the man-wolf portion, and only figures in the hero-adventure frame story.

The sword of light, according to a different commentator, is a fixture of an Irish tale group describable as a quasi-bridal-quest. This characterization is inspired by the formula where the hero gains a beautiful wife (and riches) by gambling against a gruagach aka wizard-champion, but suffers losses which makes him beholden to mount on a hopeless-seeming quest. Like the actual "giant's daughter" bridal quest tales, the sword of light hero often gains assistance of "helpful animals" in completing his tasks or ordeals.

The sword has been regarded as a legacy to the god-slaying weapons of Irish mythology by certain scholars, such as T. F. O'Rahilly, the analogues being the primeval Celtic deity's lightning-weapon, Lugh's sling that felled Balor, the hero Cúchulainn's supernatural spear Gae bulga and his shining sword Cruaidín Catutchenn.

Forms

The spelling as appears in published Irish texts and scholastic commentary is Claidheamh Soluis[1] alternatively (an) cloidheamh solais;[2] but these are pre-reform spelling, and in modernized reformed spelling Claíomh Solais is used.[3] The name has also been transliterated into Hiberno-English as chloive solais.Template:Sfnp The sword may be rendered in English as the "Sword of Light", or "Shining Sword".[4]

Likewise, the Scottish Gaelic form is Script error: No such module "Lang". "glaive of light",[5] or Script error: No such module "Lang". "White Glave of Light".[6][4]Template:Refn

Overview

The folk tales featuring the sword of light may be bridal quests, and the hero's would-be bride often becomes the hero's helper.[7][8]Template:Refn

But also typically the story is a sort of quasi-bridal quest,Template:Efn[9] where the hero wins a bride by wager, but then suffers a loss, becoming oath-bound (compelled by geisTemplate:Refn) to never come home until he has completed the quest for the sword (and other objectives). The opponent who tempts the hero with this gambling game is usually a gruagach ("wizard-champion"[10]) or wizard/druid.Template:Refn[9] and the sword's keeper is often a giant[11][12] (Template:Linktext,[1] Template:Langx[13]) or hag (cailleach),Template:Refn[11] or a sibling of the wizard.[14]

The sword-keeper oftentimes must be defeated (killed), which is not possible except by some secret means. Thus the hero or helper may resort to the sword of light as the only effective weapon against this enemy.[15] But often the sword is not enough, and the supernatural enemy has to be attacked on a single vulnerable spot. The weak spot, moreover, may be an external soul[16] (motif index E710) concealed somewhere in the world at large (inside animals, etc.); or, as in the case of "The Young King Of Easaidh Ruadh", this external soul is encased within a nested series of animals.[5][17]

Typically bound up with the quest for the sword of light is the quest for the "One Story" (' truth about women'), namely, the story of the faithless wife who transforms her husband into a wolf.[18]Template:Sfnp

The hero in some examples are compelled to perform (three) sets of tasks, aided by helpers, who may be the would-be bride,Template:Refn "helpful animals",Template:RefnTemplate:Sfnp or a supernatural being ("little green/red man").Template:Refn

Texts

File:Colum-KOIS(Holt1916)-Pogany-illustr-p000-sword of light.jpg
The King of Ireland's Son thrusts the sword of light.
—Willy Pogany illustr., frontispiece of Padraic Colum, The King of Ireland's Son (1916).Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Below are the lists of tales where the sword of light occurs. Kittredge's sigla (K J L C1 O'F H c m) are given in boldface:Template:RefnTemplate:Refn

Irish folktales

Scottish Gaelic folktales

The publication of tales from the Highlands (Template:Harvp, Popular Tales of the West Highlands) predate the Irish tales becoming available in print.

Commentary

The sword of light (or glaive of light) is a trope artefact that occurs in a number of Gaelic tales.[48] It also occurs in Irish folktales also, as described below. The "Quest for sword of light" (H1337) motif is also listed in Stith Thompson's Motif-Index of Folk-Literature.[49]

Grouping

One strand of the "sword of light" tale has been transmitted in French Canada as the tale of the "Sword of Wisdom",[50] and assigned type 305A. However, the Irish cognate had not been catalogued as a tale type by Aarne-Thompson,[49] though recognized in The Types of the Irish Folktale.Template:Efn[49]

One Story and Werewolf's Tale

The quest for the sword of light is an added layer,[51] attached to the core tale of the quest for "the one story",Template:Refn which forms a frame story to the Irish versions of the medieval werewolf tale, according to George Lyman Kittredge's 1903 study.[52]Template:Sfnp

"The one story" is actually shorthand, and Kittredge generally uses "the cause of the one story about women", as occurs in O'Foharta's version.[53]Template:Sfnp Similar titles[1][40] or sub-titles occur in Irish as well.[54] The form "news of the death of Anshgayliacht" in "Morraha",[28] is deemed to be a corruption.[55]

The werewolf tale, recounted by a man who had once been magically transformed into a wolf by an unfaithful wife, is analyzed by Kittredge for its compound structure, but the in-tale generally does not concern the Sword of Light.[56][14]Template:Refn

It is pointed out that in the sword of light fails to occur in the Scottish version of the werewolf tale, replaced by the hero obtaining custody of the werewolf himself, by bartering his horse.Template:SfnpTemplate:Refn

Quasi-bridal quest

Some tales fall into an actual bridal-quest pattern. In "The Thirteenth Son of the King of Erin", Sean Ruadh (actually the eldest prince) is assisted by the princess who is his would-be bride in slaying the urfeist (sea-serpent).[7] And in the "Widow's Son", the hero promises marriage to the giant's daughter, who also becomes the hero's helper.[8]

Josef Baudiš suggested a slightly different grouping, which similar to the bridal-quest type but distinguishably different: the hero wins a beautiful wife (and riches) as wager in a game played against a gruagach (wizard-champion) figure, but it is a trap, and when the hero suffers a loss, he is compelled to go on a quest, usually for the sword of light.Template:RefnTemplate:Efn[9]

Helpful animals

Kittredge has recognized the presence of "helpful animals" assisting the hero in the tales,Template:Sfnp catalogued in the range of Types B300–590, "Helpful Animals" in Thompson's Motif-Index.Template:Refn Kittedge recognizes the Skilful Companions motif in the werewolf in-story, but that portion does not much concern the sword, as aforementioned.Template:Efn[57]

In O'Foharta's Irish text (O'F) the helpers are a hawk, otter, and a fox ("Hawk of the Grey Wood", the "Otter of the Endless Tempests", and the "Fox of the Pleasant Crag").Template:Sfnp In Campbell's Scottish The Young King of Easaidh Ruadh (c text), the helpers are a dog, hawk, and an otter ("slim dog of the greenwood", "hoary hawk of the grey rock", and "brown otter of the river").[5]Template:Refn In McInnes's Scottish version (m text) there are not three, but four animals.Template:Sfnp[46]

It might be noted that Irish bridal quest of the "giant's daughter" typeTemplate:Refn is recognized as an equivalent to folktale to the Six Go through the Whole World type (ATU 513A),[58] and this type features "magical helpers" or "extraordinary helpers".Template:Sfnp

The secret about women

In the Irish folktale, the hero goes on quest for ' The Only Story' (Template:Langx) which is thought to mean ' truth about women '.Template:Sfnp That meaning is illuminated in versions that provide a more fuller title, e. g., "The Shining Sword and the Knowledge of the Cause of the One Story about Women",Template:SfnpTemplate:RefnTemplate:Refn This has been corrupted to "news of the death of Anshgayliacht" in the L (Larminie) version.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp

Kittredge considered the "secret about women" element to be an essential and original part of the Irish story, as seen in the stemma of texts given by him,Template:Refn even though the "woman" part of it has been lost in some variants, such as Kennedy's Fios Fath an aon Sceil ("perfect narrative of the unique story")[59]

A more familiar Arthurian tale perhaps than Arthur and Gorlagon which embeds the quest of "What is it that women most desire?" is The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnelle.[60]

External soul motif

The external soul motif in Sword of Light stories have been noted for example by Gerard Murphy.[16]

The tale "The Young King Of Easaidh Ruadh" was also given as a typical example of "External soul" motif (E 710Template:Sfnp) by folklorist Katharine Mary Briggs.[17] It has been pointed out that the Easaidh Ruadh refers to a place name in Ireland, probably the Assaroe Falls in Ballyshannon, County Donegal.[61]

The AT 302 "The Giant Whose Heart Was In an Egg" that exhibits this external soul motif applies to some of the tales[62]

A similar Irish tale involving the "external soul" is the Donegal tale "Hung up Naked Man"Template:Refn or "The Bare-stripping Hangman"Template:Refn studied at length by Roger Sherman Loomis (1927). While Loomis does not explicitly state a connection to the sword of light, he remarks that there is parallel to the Irish giant Cú roí,Template:Sfnp whose death-tale Aided Chon Roí is of the external soul type, involving the destruction of a golden apple or ball to kill him, as revealed by Cú roí's abducted and forced wife Blaíthíne,[63]Template:Sfnp and Loomis describes Cú roí a "solar host" or "solar divinity",[64] noting further that Cú roí could only be "slain with his own sword".Template:Sfnp In T. F. O'Rahilly's conception (cf. Template:Section link below), this Cú roí is just one of the names of the Otherworldly God (often a sun god), to be opposed by the Divine Hero (most prominently Cúchulainn) who carries, in later story-telling, the "Claidheamh soluis of [Ireland's] halfpenny postage-stamps" (cf. top image).[65]

Three attempts

In the specimen collected by Kennedy, the hero is assisted by the king who is his own father-in-law, who happens to be the brother of the sword owner, and the hero's antagonist, the Druid demanding the sword.[14]

The Sculloge's rides forth to the dwelling of the sword owner three times, his horse being hacked by the sword in the first two tries, but succeeding on the third.Template:Sfnp The three time's the charm element that occurs here is also present in the Morraha tale collected by Larminie.[28]Template:Sfnp

As a mythological sword

The assertion has been made that Claidheamh Soluis is "a symbol of Ireland attributed in oral tradition to Cúchulainn" (James Mackillop[3]), although none of the tales listed above name Cuchulainn as protagonist. T. F. O'Rahilly only went as far as to suggests that the "sword of light" in folk tales was a vestige of divine weapons and heroic weapons, such as Cúchulainn's shining sword Cruaidín Catutchenn,[66] whose name means 'the Hard-headed Steeling'.[67] This sword (aka "Socht's sword") is said to have "shone at night like a candle" according to a version of Echtrae Cormaic ("Adventures of Cormac mac Airt").[67]

In T. F. O'Rahilly's schema, roughly speaking, the primeval divine weapon was a fiery and bright lightning weapon, most often conceived of as a throwing spear; in later traditions, the wielder would change from god to hero, and spear tended to be replaced by sword. From the heroic cycles, some prominent examples are Fergus Mac Roigh's sword Caladbolg and Mac Cecht's spear. But Caladbolg does not manifest as a blazing sword, and the latter which does emit fiery sparks is a spear, thus failing to fit the profile of a sword which shines. One example which does fit, is Cúchulainn's sword Cruaidín Catutchenn which was aforementioned.[68] And the legacy of these mythological and heroic weapons (Lug's lighting-weapon, his "son" Cúchulainn's remarkable sword, etc. ) survive in the "sword of light" in folklore.Template:Sfnp[65]

Connection to Arthuriana

A broad sweeping parallel has been made between the light or lightning weapons of Celtic tradition and King Arthur's Excalibur, described as brightly shining in several places of the Vulgate cycle Roman de Merlin.Template:SfnpTemplate:Efn Similar passages obviously occur in Thomas Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur, which draws from the Vulgate Cycle as a source.Template:Efn[69]

Wounding by one's own sword

A more precise parallel which has been argued is that just as the sword of light in Irish and Scottish folktales contain a "(fatal) wounding by one's own sword" motif, the Arthurian cycle contains an episode where Arthur is imperiled by his own sword, Excalibur. In the Huth Merlin, Morgan le Fay plots to have Arthur killed with his own Excalibur, by stealing the sword for her lover Accalon, who unbeknownst fights his lord King Arthur with it. The Lady of the Lake intercedes at the right moment to prevent Arthur's death.Template:Sfn The episode has been copied by Malory as wellTemplate:Sfn (with the knight being called Accolon unlike the French original)[70]

Sleeping giant

Dáithí Ó hÓgáin deduces that certain properties of the sword of light (such as screaming when touched in order to alert its owner) is likely borrowed from Arthurian material, because there is evidence that a version of Fios Fatha an Aonsceil ('the knowledge of the cause of the One Story') had been told about Gearóid Iarla (Earl Gerald FitzGerald) of the 14th century, whose family had close ties with Arthurian tradition.Template:Sfnp To the Earl is attached a Barbarossa legend (King asleep in mountain motif),Template:Sfn which makes the figure conducive to be transformed into a "sleeping giant" of folktale.

Grail sword

Other commentators have equated the Sword of Light to the Grail sword.Template:R Loomis also suggested that the sword obtained by Cei (Sir Kay) in the Welsh tale Culhwch and Olwen (i.e., the sword of Gwrnach the giant) must be "related to the sword of light which is the object of the Irish and Scottish folk-tales".[71]

See also

Explanatory notes

Template:Notelist

References

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  1. ↑ a b c d Template:Harvp "Script error: No such module "URL".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".", pp. 276–282. With English summary: "A widow has an only son. They are very poor".
  2. ↑ Template:Harvp, EIHM, p. 68; Template:Harvp.
  3. ↑ a b "Claidheamh Soluis", Mackillop, James (1998) ed., Oxford Dictionary of Celtic Mythology, p. 90. Template:ISBN
  4. ↑ a b Template:Harvp
  5. ↑ a b c d Template:Harvp, No. 1, tr. "The Young King Of Easaidh Ruadh", I: 1–11; ed. "Righ og Easaidh Ruagh" 12–19.
  6. ↑ Template:Harvp
  7. ↑ a b c Template:Harvp, ed. "The Thirteenth Son of the King of Erin", Myths and Folk-lore of Ireland pp. 157–174.
  8. ↑ a b c Template:Harvp, No. 1, variant 2, paraphrase, "Widow's Son Ruadh", I: 47–48.
  9. ↑ a b c Template:Harvp notes that the "quest of the Bride" subtype requiring the hero to attempt "apparently unobtainable quests.. resembles, though only partially, the Irish and Gaelic motive of how a gruagach (or draoidheadóir) tricked the hero; the object which the hero of the Irish tales is sent for is usually the sword of light". Further elaborated in notes 2.
  10. ↑ Template:Harvp tr., p. 97, "wizard-champion", and endnote, p. 455 by Alfred Nutt, after P. W. Joyce.
  11. ↑ a b Template:Harvp : "These are the 'swords of light' or 'glaives of light', usually in the possession of some giant or supernatural 'hag'".
  12. ↑ Template:Harvp
  13. ↑ a b Template:Harvp, No. 6, tr. "Tale of Conal Corvi", I: 125–135; ed. "Sgeulachd Chonail Chrobhie", 135–142.
  14. ↑ a b c d Template:Harvp, "The Story of the Sculloge's son from Muskerry(Sceal Vhic Scoloige)", pp. 255–270.
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". (original printing: London, Methuen & Co., Ltd., 1935 :"The 'sword of light'.. which made the giants of the fairytales invincible.. is always defeated in the end; the hero, the little man, always succeeds in stealing.. and cutting of its lawful owner's head".
  16. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ a b "Separable soul, or external soul", Template:Harvp
  18. ↑ Template:Harvp: "the cause of the one story about women".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Template:Harvp, ed. "The Weaver's Son and the Giant of the White Hill", Myths and Folk-lore of Ireland pp. 64–77.
  21. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Template:Harvp No. XXXIX, "Smallhead and the King's Sons", pp. 135–155. Source is given as Curtin's tale published in "Hero Tales of Ireland" series for the New York Sun, endnote p. 230.
  25. ↑ Curtin, Jeremiah. "hero Tales of Ireland" In: The Sun (New York [N.Y.]), 28 May 1893. Part 2, page 13. Script error: No such module "URL".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".. Lib. of Congress.
  26. ↑ (Reprinted in): Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ "Baranoir, son of a King in Erin, and the Daughter of King under the Wave" in: Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".. Originally published by Curtin, The Sun, 28 May 1893.
  28. ↑ a b c Template:Harvp ed., "Morraha; Brian More, son of the high-king of Erin, from the Well of Enchantments of Binn Edin", pp. 10–30.
  29. ↑ Template:Harvp No. XXXIV, "Smallhead and the King's Sons", pp. 80–96. Source is Larminie, endnote p. 228.
  30. ↑ Template:Harvp ed., "Simon and Margaret", pp. 130–138.
  31. ↑ Template:Harvp ed., "Beauty of the World", pp. 155–167.
  32. ↑ Template:Harvp ed., "The King who had Twelve Sons", pp. 196–210.
  33. ↑ Template:Harvp ed., "Cud, Cad, and Micad", Hero-tales of Ireland, pp. 198–222
  34. ↑ Template:Harvp ed., "Coldfeet and Queen of Lonesome Island", Hero-tales of Ireland, pp. 242–261
  35. ↑ Template:Harvp ed., "Art, the King's son, and Balor Beimenach, Two Sons-in-Law of King under the Wave", Hero-tales of Ireland, pp. 312–334
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".. Taken down from Seághan O Cuineagáin (John Cunningham), village of Baile-an-phuill (Ballinphil), County Roscommon, half mile from Mayo.
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". (Gallica)
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes"., "The Snow, Crow, and the Blood", pp. 151–174.
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". (London edition, Elliot Stock, 1913)
  40. ↑ a b Template:Harvp "An Claidheamh Soluis: agus Fios-fátha-'n-aoin-scéil", pp. 155–163. With English summary: " The son of the king of Connacht is worsted in a game of cards, and must satisfy his opponent's demands, which are that he discovers the Sword of Light and tidings of the death of the Ansgéalaidhe (?)".
  41. ↑ Template:Harvp, No. 7, tr. "The Tale of Connal", I: 143–148; ed. "Sgeulachd Chonaill", 148–152.
  42. ↑ Template:Harvp, No. 17, tr. "Maol a Chliobain", I: 251–256; ed. "Maol a Chliobain", 256–259.
  43. ↑ Template:Harvp, No. 41, variant 2, paraphrased or condensed, "The Widow and her Daughters, 2d", II: 274–275.
  44. ↑ Template:Harvp, No. 46, tr. "Mac Iain Direach", II: 328–340; ed. "Sgeulachd Mic Iain Dirich", 341–350.
  45. ↑ Template:Harvp, No. 46, variant 4, tr. "(variant) 4. An Sionnach, the Fox", II: 353–360.
  46. ↑ a b Template:Harvp, No. 4, "The Herding of Cruachan (Buachaillechd Chruachain)" Folk and Hero Tales, pp. 95–125.
  47. ↑ Template:Harvp "The History of Kitty Ill-Pretts", pp. 185–190
  48. ↑ Template:Harvp, I, 24, "The sword of light is common in Gaelic stories;.." etc.
  49. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  50. ↑ Roy, Carmen. La Littérature Orale En Gaspésie. Bulletin / [National Museum of Canada]. no. 13. Ottawa: 1955. pp. 200, 220.
  51. ↑ Template:Harvp: "the frame-story is complicated by a quest for the Sword of Light".
  52. ↑ Template:Harvp
  53. ↑ Template:Harvp, and passim.
  54. ↑ The in-story, "Fios Fath an aon Sceil", Template:Harvp
  55. ↑ Template:Harvp
  56. ↑ Template:Harvp, p. 211, n2, n3.
  57. ↑ Template:Harvp
  58. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  59. ↑ Summary of I in: Template:Harvp
  60. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  61. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1"., observation attributed to Gaelic scholar Hector Maclean (1818–1893).
  62. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  63. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  64. ↑ Template:Harvp
  65. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  66. ↑ Template:Harvp, EIHM, p. 68, "Cúchulainn possessed not only the spear of Bulga, but also a sword, known as in Cruaidín Catutchenn, which shone at night like a torch. In folk tales the lightning-sword has survived as "the sword of light" (an cloidheamh solais), possessed by a giant and won from him by a hero."
  67. ↑ a b Stokes, Whitley, ed. tr., Scél na Fír Flatha, Echtra Chormaic i Tír Tairngiri ocus Cert Claidib Chormaic ("the Irish Ordeals, Cormac's Adventure in the Land of Promise, and the Decision as to Cormac's Sword"), in Irische Texte III, 1 (Leipzig 1891) pp. 183–229. See translation, § 59 (p. 218ff): "Socht had a wonderful sword..It shone at night like a candle.. the Hard-headed Steeling, Cúchulainn's sword". The Irish name of the sword, it can be confirmed, was "Cruadín Catutchend", as per endnote to the section on p. 227, or the Irish text on p. 199.
  68. ↑ Template:Harvp(EIHM)
  69. ↑ Book I, p. 19, from The Works of Sir Thomas Malory, ed. Vinaver, Eugène, 3rd ed. Field, Rev. P. J. C. (1990). 3 vol. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Template:ISBN, Template:ISBN, Template:ISBN. (This is taken from the Winchester Manuscript).
  70. ↑ Malory, Le Morte D'Arthur, Book IV, Chapters 8-30. Strachey, Sir Edward 1899 ed., Macmillan, pp.80–
  71. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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Bibliography

Irish or Scottish Gaelic texts, some with translations

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Translations or tales collected in English

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Critical studies

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Popularized versions

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External links

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